Admiralty College, at St. Petersburg, 62; its members began to act, ib. ; functions of, 63 Antufipf, Captain, 92 Apraxin, Count, Captain, 64-5, 80 Apraxin, Frederick, Count, General Admiral, sits on a court-martial, 25 ; member of the Admiralty, 62; member of the Board for drawing up Articles of War, 74 ; character of, 77; is rather esteemed than beloved by the Tsar, 78-9 ; a humane man, 80-1 ; disputes with the Tsar in favour of Sievers, 85-6; mistrusts Gordon, 85 ; returns from the Caspian, nS. Mentioned: 5, 22, 42, 52, 65-7, 69, 76, 121-2 Armfelt, Swedish General, 21 Armitage, Captain, 92 Arseenoff, Captain, 57 Asof, capture of, i ; given back to the Turks, 14 Baggs, master block-maker, 6 Baker, Captain, 30, 48, 50 Baltic, the Tsar wants a port in the, 107 Barbarous ravages of the Russians, 49, 50, 81 Batting, Captain, 44, 52, 66 Bent (or Bents), Peter, masterbuilder and captain, 10, 13, 14, 44, 57-8, 62-3, 92 Bering, Vitus Jonassen, Captain, the famous discoverer, 25, 41, 44-5, 92, 128 Besemacher, Captain, 50 Block, Captain, 45 ; struck his pennant to the English Admiral, 46 ; was imprisoned and died of excessive drinking, ib. Blorey, Captain, 55, 63 Brant (or Brants), Captain, 18,30, 41,92 Bredale, Captain, 30, 35-6, 41, 44-6, 50, 55, 58; Commodore, 88-9 Brown (or Browne), Richard, master-builder, 10, 17, 20, 100, 124 Bruce, Jacob Daniel, General, Russian plenipotentiary, 57 Buss, Count de, rear-admiral of the galleys, 19, 25 ; his ignorance, 22 ; his death, 43 Buturlin, Ivan Ivanovitz, General, 69 Captains, their pay and precedence, “9. Carabin, Captain, 89 Careybashes, timber vessels on the Ladoga Lake, 111 Chalks, one-masted flat-bottomed vessels on the Caspian, 3, 20 Chancellor, Richard, opened Russia to Western Europe, xi Chapezan, Captain, 55, 66, 92 Chapman, Frederick Henry, master shipwright of Sweden, 142 Chapman, Thomas, captain in the Swedish navy, 142 Charles XL, reorganises the Swedish navy, xxii, 136-7 ; founds Karlskrona, ib. Charles XIL, the character of, fatal 156 INDEX to Sweden, xv; incapable of seeing that conditions had changed, ib. Charnishoff, General, member of the Admiralty, 62 Clerck, Hans I., Swedish admiral, 141 Clerck, Hans II., Swedish lieutenant-admiral, 141 Clerck, William, a captain in the Swedish army, 141 ColmerofF, Captain, 89 Cooper, Mr., engaged for the Tsar’s service, 120 ; quarrels with Gordon, 121 ; is not well received by the Tsar, ib. ; in charge of naval stores, 125 Cosens, Richard, master-builder, 5, 100 Cramer, Captain, 28, 39, 50, 128 Cronenburg, Captain, sits on a court-martial, 26 Croyers, timber vessels on the Ladoga Lake, 111 Cruys, Vice-Admiral, enters the Russian service, 5 ; commands at Kronslot, 12 ; tried by courtmartial, 25 ; sentenced to death, 26; the sentence changed to banishment, ib. ; recalled and made vice-president of the College of Admiralty, 40, 62 ; memoir of, 40; admiral of the blue, 88. Mentioned : 5, 9, 17-19, 22, 24, 88, 96, 121 Danes in the Russian service, 5 Davenport, builder’s assistant, 5 ; made master-builder, 62, 100 Deane, John, master-builder and captain, 5, 41, 44, 45, 48, 50, 53-5, 57, 64-5, 7i Delap, John, Lieutenant, 39 ; Captain, 65 Duffus, Lord, at St Petersburg, 92; superintendent of the yard, 92 ; rear-admiral, 120 Eckoff, Captain, 41, 45, 53 Edwards, Captain, 50 Ehrenskiold, Nils, Swedish Admiral, 35-6 ; dangerously wounded, 37; carried to St Petersburg, 38 ; detained a prisoner till the peace, 35-8 ; is promoted, 38. Mentioned : 61, 84 Ehrensvard, Augustin, MajorGeneral, his scheme for the naval defences of Sweden, 145-6 English Fleet in the Baltic, 66-7 English merchant-ships convoyed by Russian men-of-war, 55 Englishmen in the Russian service, 5 Erik, King of Sweden, continues the naval policy of Gustavus Vasa, 133-4 Evers, one-masted vessels on the Caspian, 3, 117 Falkenberg, Captain, 92 Fasting, very hurtful to the fleet, 105 Ferguson, teacher of mathematics, .55 Fitch, Captain, 30 Flags, divisional for the galleys, 95 ; the Russian, 121 Fleet, Russian, for the Mediterranean, 108 ; or the Indies, ib. ; in the Baltic, to be superior to the Swedes, 112 ; badly manned, 121 Flotilla on the Don, broken up, 14 Foreigners in the Russian service, 101 ; pay of, ib. ; rarely permitted to depart, ib. ; bad usage of, 117; engaged for the Tsar’s service. 120 Galitzin, General, 69 ; commander of the army in Finland, 80 Galley fleet, despised by the officers of the men-of-war, 94 -6 Gardiner, builder’s assistant, 6 Golovin, Captain, Count, 66, 89 Golovin, Count Feodore, admiral of the fleet, 4 Golovin, Count Nicolas, 63-4 Golovin, Surveyor-General, 101 INDEX 157 Golovkin, Great Chancellor, Count, 67 Gordon, Thomas [Charnock;s Biog. Nav. iii. 309], Commodore, 56; rear-admiral of the red, 61 ; Tsar’s esteem for, 62,90; member of the Board for drawing up Articles of War, 74 ; unfriendly relations between, and Sievers, 84-7 ; disparages Sievers to the Tsar, 84; is opposed by Apraxin, 85 ; had set his native country ; in a flame, 85 ; vice-admiral, 120 ; pay reduced, 126. Mentioned : 66, 68, 76, 87-8, 98 Gortz, Baron, Swedish diplomatist, Gosler, member of the Board for drawing up Articles of War, 74 ; commodore, 88, 89; returns from the Caspian, 118 Gouter, Major-General of the Artillery, 75 Griese, Captain, 44 Guard-marines, eduction of, 56 Gustavus Adolphus, greatly increases the fleet, 134; organises the manning of the navy, 135 ; instituted a standing corps of seamen, 136 Gustavus Vasa, founder of the Swedish navy, 133-4 Gwyn, teacher of mathematics, 56 Hadley, builder’s assistant, 5, 19; made master-builder, 62, 100 Hango Head, defeat of the Swedes at, 34-8, 116, 144; banquet in honour of the battle of, 84 Harding, Mr., built the Royal Sovereign, n ; built several ships for the Tsar, ib. Hay, Captain, 56, 92 Hollanders in the Russian service, 5 Hoogstraten, Captain, 92 Hutchisson, Captain, 44 Ismaiwitz, Commodore of the galleys, 36; rear-admiral, 43 ; vice-admiral, 88 ; a good soldier, 94-5 ; Jagosinski, Paul, Adjutant- ; General, 36 i Johnston, builder’s assistant, 6, 19 |I Kasheloff, Captain, 92 Kilkin, Alexander, execution of, 55 Kronslot, is settled, 10 ; fortified, II ; works at, 75 Lane, Captain, chief engineer at Kronslot, 66, 73 ; Commodore, directs the works at Kronslot, 90, 123 ; a sober, ingenious man, 93 Laurence, James, Captain, 83, 91 Lesley, General, 69 Lieutenants, are generally Russian, 102 ; ill-treat the warrant officers,. ip2 ; Russian^ are worthless, 114 Lillie Swedish vice-admiral, 31 LobanofF, Captain, 48, 57 Lopakin, Captain, 66, 80 Lotkeys, small vessels in the Baltic, 8 ; small galleys, 95 Lubrass, Major, an engineer, 25 ; makes the new canal, 123 Lybecker, George, Swedish general, leads a body of troops through Finland, 13 ; retires with precipitation, ib. Masnoy, Captain, 89 Medals for victory at Hango Head, 40 Menshikoff, Prince, 17 ; commodore, sits on a court-martial 25, 42 ; rear-admiral of the blue, 56, 60 ; of the white, 61 ; president of a court-martial, 72; viceadmiral of the white, 88 MishecofF, Zacharia, Lieutenant, sits on a court-martial, 26; member of the Board for drawing up Articles of War, 74; captain, 83, 89 Muconoff, Captain, 50, 92 Nelson, Captain, sits on a courtmartial, 26 Ney, Joseph, master-builder, 5, 100 158 INDEX Nieroth, Colonel, commands the Swedish troops at Kronslot, 12 • takes service with the Tsar, id. Norris, Sir John, commands an English fleet in the Baltic, 43, 46, 66, 76 ; entertains the Tsar and Tsarina, 43, 47 ; salutes the Tsar’s flag, 48 Norroff, Colonel, member of the Admiralty, 62 Ofdyth, Gabriel, Russian shipbuilder, 101 Officers, Russian, lists of, 17, 22, 29, 34, 42, 49, 52, 60, 68, 87-8, 128-30 ; warrant, are not good in the Russian navy, 102 ; want of, 103 Ostergarn, taken by the Russians, Oto, Commodore, Master of Naval Ordnance, member of the Board for drawing up Articles of War, 74 Oxenstjerna, Axel, takes a special interest in the Swedish navy, 148 Paddon, George [Charnock’s Biog. Nav.) iii. 312], rearadmiral, 52, 54-5, 58, 60, 98; died, 61 Palsecoff, Philip, Russian shipbuilder, 101 Pay, of officers, 96-101; of officials, ib. y rates of Russian and British compared, 97 ; of ship-builders, 100; of foreign officers, 101 ; of Russians, 101 ; officers’, deductions in, 126; of the English navy, 149 Perry, John, Captain, 6 Peter the Great, many of his reforms had been attempted before, xi; his municipal reforms, extensions of existing institutions, xii ; his nautical procedure not without precedent, ib. ; his foreign policy not a new departure, xiii; his predecessors had endeavoured to win access to the sea, ib. ; his genius was pre-eminently practical, xiv ; he discerned the secret of the Swedish Empire, xv ; his immediate objective, the command of the Baltic, xvi ; the first to conceive the possibility of making Russia a naval power, ib. ; his early intention to have the Baltic, xviii: his visits to Holland and England, xix; ruthless in exterminating opponents, xx; not a doctrinaire, ib. ; understood the laws of political physics, xxi, xxii; was a lover of shipping, i ; captures Asof, ib. ; orders ships of war to be built, 2 ; builds ships on the Volga, 3 ; his travels, 4 ; quells the rebellion, ib. ; captures a Swedish squadron at Kronslot, 7-9 ; resolves to build St. Petersburg, 9 ; makes a settlement on Kronslot, ib. ; has some small vessels on Ladoga Lake, i r; favoured by the mistakes of the Swedish, 13; his disasters on the Pruth, 14; surrenders Asof, ib. ; assumes the character of rear-admiral, 15 ; sits on a courtmartial, 25, 29 ; addressed as rear-admiral when on board, 31 ; commands the fleet off Revel, 33; commands the Russian fleet at Hango Head, 34-8 ; lands in a gale of wind, 39; advanced to the rank of vice-admiral, 40 ; commands the fleet, 58, 60; member of the Admiralty College, 62; builds the ship Lesnoy, 66; hoists his flag, 67; at the Hango Head banquet, 84 ; disputes with Apraxin, 85-6; excuses himself to Apraxin as having been drunk, 86 ; tries to reconcile Sievers and Gordon, 87 ; made admiral of the red, 88 ; jealous of the reputation of his fleet, 115 ; returns from the Caspian, 118; claims an exemption from the Sound dues, 122. Referred to passim. INDEX ’59 Ramsey, made master-builder, 62, 100 Rays, Captain, 30 Rouble, value of, 99 Rue, Captain, 30 Rumanzoff, Adjutant-General, 71 Russian fleet in presence of Swedish, off Revel, 33 Russians, have an aversion to the sea, 102; failure of an attempt to educate, ib. ; will fight well in smooth water, 114; their ships sail well, ib. but are badly manned, 115; and badly manoeuvred, ib. Saunders, Commodore, 56, 59- 60, 63, 68 ; rear-admiral, 87, 88- 90, 98 ; pay reduced, 126 Savage, Jacob, Lieutenant, 119 Savage, James, Captain, 83, 91 Scampavias, small galleys, 95 Schaftiroff, Baron, Vice-Chancellor, a converted Jew, 68 Scheltinga, Commodore, 17, 22, 24 ; tried by court-martial, 25 ; sentenced to serve as youngest captain, 27; restored, 27 ; commodore, 29, 32-4, 41, 46, 49, 52 ; rear-admiral of the red, 56 ; is paralytic, 57 ; death, of, 58 Schootes, timber vessels on the Ladoga Lake, 111 Seamen, Russian are not good, 102; great want of, 103 ; apt to forget their knowledge in the Baltic, 104; Russian, much afflicted with scurvy and vermin, ib. ; their obstinacy in fasting, 105 ; are improved by success, ib. ; necessity of finding employment for, 109 ; very few, in the fleet, 113; sea-sick, 116; inex- . perienced, ib. ; employed in coasting trade, 117 Serocold, Captain-lieutenant in Russian service, 56 Sheldon, Charles, Swedish master shipwright, 142 Sheldon, Francis John, Swedish master shipwright, 142 Sheldon, Francis, Swedish master shipwright, 141-2 Ships, Russian, fitted with engines spouting liquid fire, and boarding bridges, 28; attempt to haul upon dry land, 74 ; causes many accidents, 75 ; Russian trade in Russian, 107 ; advantage to Russia, ib. ; Russian, short-lived, 112 ; scheme for officering and manning, 112-13; want of able seamen for, 113 ; Russian, sail well, 114 ; are well provided, ib. ; Russian, have never been in action, 116; to be sent up the Mediterranean, 118 Ships, Russian, lists of, 17, 19, 22, 29, 34, 42, 49, 52, 60, 68, 82, 87-8, 91, 127 ; general list of, 130-2 Ships, Swedish, list of, 138-40 Ships:— Arundel, 30, 32, 48-9 Astrakhan, launched, 83 Bolingbroke, (52), 25 Britannia, 41 Cruiser, launched, 124 Devonshire, 45, 65, 71-2, 118 Diana (snow), 30, 32, 57-8, 66 Dumcraft, 18; condemned, 59 Egudel, 44, 45, 50, 55, 58, 65, 83 ; unfit for service, 91 Elias (snow frigate), 39; allows a small privateer to escape, 53-4; officers of, tried by court-martial, 54; captain and lieutenant of, cashiered, 54,64 Espe’rance, 30, 52, 118 Firme, 30,52 ; condemned, 59 ; rebuilt, 125 Fortune, 30, 34 ; wrecked, 51 Fredrikstadt, launched, 73, 76 Freedmaker, launched, 83 Gabriel, 39; condemned, 59 Hango Head, launched, 61 ; tried, 76 Ingermanland, 44, 47, 73 Isaak Victoria, launched, 66, 67 Katharina (60), 20, 33, 38, 73 ; name changed to Viborg, 83 i6o INDEX Ships (cont.):— Kronslot, New, 55, 66-7, 70-1, 118 Lansdowne, 24,52,55, 64-6 Lesela, 18 ; cast away, 50 Lesnoy, launched, 6r, 66; weighed up, 73, 76 London, 41 ; wrecked, 71 Marlborough, 45 Moncure (snow), 21 Moscow, 44, 50, 73 Narva (60), 41 ; blown up in 1715, 124 ; weighed, ib. Ormonde, 30, 55, 63, 119 Oxford, 24, 34, 44 Pearl, 30, 38, 44-5, 54-5, 57-9, 64, 66 ; rebuilt, 124 Pernau, 18 ; condemned, 59 Poltava (54), 20; allows a small privateer to escape, 53-4; officers of, tried by court-martial, 54; to be rebuilt, 72 ; rebuilt, 124 Portsmouth, 45, 53-4, 65; wrecked, 71 Prince Alexander, pink, launched, 51, 52, 54-5, 59, 64 Princess (snow), 32-3 ; lost, 50 Randolph, 24, 52, 57-8, 62-3 Revel, launched, 55 Richmond, 41 ; condemned, 59 Riga, 24 Royal Sovereign, 125 Royal Transport yacht, 44 Salafiel, 44, 46 Samson, bought in Holland, 17, 18, 30-1, 41,44-5,48, 50, 53-5, 57-9, 64, 66-7 Severnoi Oril (North Eagle), launched, 73, 76 Slutelburg, 41, 50, 52, 125 St. Alexander, launched, 55, 67 St. Andrea, launched, 89 St. Antonio, 24 ; wrecked, 51 ; hospital ship, 56 St. Jacob (frigate), 20, 57-8 St. Katharina, launched, 83 St. Michael, 30, 59 • launched, 124 Ships (cont.) :— St. Nicholas, 25 ; condemned, 59 St, Paul (frigate), 20, 30-1, 35, 38, 41, 44 St. Peter, launched, 89 St. Raphael, 30, 66 Standard, condemned, 55 Stafford, 24, 34, 44-6, 48; i condemned, 124 I Uriel, 44,46, 55, 57-8,65,83 i Varakiel, 44, 59, 66 Viborg, bilged and burnt, 24 ; another, formerly Katharina, 83 . Victoria, condemned, 124 Victory, 24, 34, 50 Sievers, Peter, Captain, 22, 26; commodore, 27, 29, 34-5, 45, 47, 49, 52, 60 ; rear-admiral of the blue, 61, 67-8, 70, 76 ; account of, 61 ; favoured by Apraxin, 62 ; member of the Board for drawing up Articles of War, 74; unfriendly relations between, and Gordon,- 84-7 ; vice-admiral, 88-9, 122; appointed to sit in the College, 90 Simpson, Andrew, Captain, 27-8, 30 Sinavin, Ivan, Lieutenant, 17, 28 ; captain, 41,44; a sordid, drunken, ignorant fellow, 46 ; commodore, 88 Sinavin, Nahum, Captain, 44-5, 62-3, 65 ; commodore, 66, 68, 6?> ** Skargards fleet, the, 116, 144 Sklave, Fedorsee, Russian shipbuilder, 101 Slitehamn, Russians repulsed from, Sparre, Count, Swedish admiral, 76 Stegman, Lieutenant, 58 ; captain, 66 St. Petersburg, building of, determined on, 9; the Tsar’s determination to hold, 106 ; measures for the safety of, ib. Strouds, flat vessels on the Volga, no INDEX 161 Stubbs, Captain, 92 Sweden, kings of, neglected the surest element of their power, xxii ; the naval weakness of, under Charles XII., xxii Swedes, essentially a maritime people, xxi ; attack Kronslot, 12 ; are repulsed with great slaughter, 12 Swedish army, marches through Finland, 13; seized with panic, ib. Swedish fleet in presence of Russian, off Revel, 33 Swedish squadron captured at Kronslot, 7-9 Thofft, Captain, 45 Timber for ship-building, no; transport of, 111 Tobago, the Tsar’s claim to, 108 Tormeshoff, Secretary of the Admiralty, 62 Trade, course of Russian, 107 Tressel, Captain, 64 Tressel, Rear-Admiral, his death, 40 Turnhoud, Captain, 57, 66 Urquhart, Captain, 56; killed, 71 Vandergun, Captain, tried by court-martial, 50-1 ; injustice towards, 51 Van Gent, Captain, 54 Van Hofft, Captain, 55, 57, 63-4 ; commodore, 68 ; rear-admiral, 88, 91 Van Merch, Prussian Privy Councillor, 65 Van Rosen, Captain, 92 Van Werden, Charles, enters the Tsar’s service, 9 ; captain, 56 ; surveys the Caspian, 82 ; returns to the Caspian, 89 Vaughan, Captain, 30, 41 Vianen, Captain, 64 Villebois, Captain, 70, 80, 89 Volga, the, floods of, 110 ; navigation of, in Webb or Webby, builder, 6 Webb or Webby, Peter, builder, 41 Webhamey, Captain, 28 Wilster, Captain, 83, 92 Wilster, Vice-Admiral, enters the Tsar’s service, 83 Wright, master mast-maker, 6 Yacht given, to the Tsar by the King of Prussia, 58 Youths, Russian, apprenticed in England and Holland, 51 Zotoff, Conon, Lieutenant, sits on a court-martial, 26; captain, 65-6, 92 ; member of the Board for drawing up Articles of War, 74