The aim of this critical edition of Admiral Nelson’s letters to Lady Hamilton is to bring together the important letters of Nelson to Lady Hamilton that have only been published in parts over the last 200 years. Only by bringing the letters of Nelson to Lady Hamilton together is it possible to assess their relationship and to present certain insights into Nelson’s personality that are not revealed in his official correspondence. Thorough research into this side of Nelson’s personality and into the nature of his notorious and unconventional relationship with Lady Hamilton has been hampered in the past by a desire not to look too closely at Nelson’s personal morality.
To a considerable extent their relationship was regarded as a challenge to traditional gender roles and it indeed did not conform to stereotypes that are usually attributed to men and women in a heterosexual relationship. Lady Hamilton was so obviously lacking in the subservience and passivity expected from women in that era that authors over the course of time started to exclude her in their accounts of the public sphere by reducing her to a private weakness of Nelson’s, who could be successful at sea, where he was far away from the enthralling influence of a manipulating woman.
The letters in this edition testify how Admiral Nelson’s life at sea was not exclusively public nor was Lady Hamilton’s life ashore solely private. It also shows how the two supposedly separate spheres of male and female lives were connected. A fresh approach and a thorough discussion of this important and neglected aspect not only of Nelson’s life, but of gender history, demands this exact and scholarly edition of the primary material, which consists of about 400 letters that Nelson wrote to Lady Hamilton over the course of the last seven years of his life and about a dozen letters of her to him that have survived.
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Note: There are no index entries for those terms – such as Germany, Great Britain, Royal Navy, Tirpitz, etc. – that would necessitate a referral to almost every page of the volume.
Agadir (Second Moroccan) Crisis (1911) 280, 282, 283, 326, 378, 475
Ahlefeld, Hunold von 93, 97, 173–4, 219
Allenby, Reginald Arthur 252
Amendment(s) (Supplementary Bills) to the Navy Law (see Navy Laws)
Ammon, Georg von 302, 316
Amsterdam 133, 256, 358
Anglo-German Naval Agreement, German view on 278, 282, 285–7, 291–3, 298–301, 303–7, 307–14, 319–20, 320–23, 399–400
Antwerp 247, 258, 356, 430
Arnold-Forster, Hugh O. 107, 120, 132–7, 138, 141–3
Asquith, Herbert Henry xxii, 372, 389, 418, 421, 437, 439
Austria-Hungary 182, 306, 364–7, 421–2, 461, 475
Aviation 343, 354–5, 415, 441, 443, 454–5, 467, 468, 469
Bacon, Reginald 361
Baddeley, Vincent 255, 379, 419
Balkan Crisis 398–9
Ballard, George Alexander 244, 257, 352, 416, 417, 427, 431, 437, 461
Baltic Sea xlix, 18, 40, 99, 120, 121, 125, 128–9, 130, 132, 134, 136, 142, 145, 149–50, 187, 189–93, 197, 225, 238–40, 245, 248, 252–3, 256, 259, 263, 269–72, 274, 275, 280, 314, 326–31, 333, 335–7, 339–40, 353, 357, 375–6, 380, 390, 416, 419, 421, 433, 437, 445, 447, 449–51, 454, 459
Battenberg, Prince Louis of 108, 148, 152, 153, 237, 354, 421, 437, 462
Battle, German view as to its central role 42–4, 81–2, 192, 194–6, 288, 331–2, 340–41
Baudissin, Friedrich Count 279–80, 288, 298, 314
Beaumont, Sir Lewis 109, 110
Becker, Willy xxxix
Behncke, Paul 402, 414
Belgium 110, 189, 245, 357, 364, 425, 427, 430, 431, 461
Bell, Christopher M. xxxi–xxxii, 422
Beresford, Lord Charles 240, 262, 265
Berghahn, Volker R. xliii–xlvi
Bethell, the Hon. Alexander 382
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von xxxvi, 278, 280–87, 312, 314, 322–3, 324, 398–9, 401–3, 409, 412
Bieberstein, Adolf Freiherr Marschall von 399
Blockade (commercial) 11, 40, 62–3, 101, 163, 188–9, 190–92, 222–6, 245, 247, 256, 257–9, 288, 327, 334, 352, 366–7, 389, 390–93, 394, 411, 428–9, 431
Blockade (military/observational) xxxi, 40, 105, 188–9, 190–92, 280, 288–9, 291, 327, 329–30, 334, 335, 339, 340, 353, 355, 385–8, 390, 394, 402, 416–18, 423, 439, 440–42, 445–6, 447–8, 462, 468, 469
Boer War (Second South African War) 9, 309
Borkum 40, 191, 360, 383–5, 386–7, 389, 394, 448–51, 454
Brest, as considered by German authorities 42
Bridge, Sir Cyprian 124
Bridgeman, Sir Francis 393
Brooks, John xxxiv, 355
Bülow, Bernhard von xxxvi, 98, 122, 155, 159, 161–2, 164, 176, 222, 225, 230, 231–2, 277–80, 290, 291, 298, 303–7, 307–8, 310–14, 404
Bürkner, Hans 168–9, 174, 302–3, 316, 318
Burns, John 371
Callaghan, Sir George 390, 415, 417–18, 455, 467
Capelle, Eduard von 86, 159, 161, 171, 198, 219, 227, 286, 319, 320, 397, 411
Caprivi, Leo Graf von xlvii, 4
Chalmers, Sir Robert 426, 427–8, 431
Cherbourg, as considered by German authorities 42
Churchill, Winston Spencer xv, xxxi– xxxii, 249, 349, 371, 388, 399–400, 410, 411, 415, 417–18, 421–3, 439, 457, 462, 474, 475, 477–8
Commerce Raiding, Cruiser (Commerce) Warfare, German view on 5–6, 39–40, 42, 81, 163, 192, 197, 289, 414
Construction Rate (German) xliii, 8–10, 14, 28, 52–4, 67, 86, 88–9, 155–7, 159–60, 164, 178, 180, 198–9, 201–5, 230, 231–2, 277, 292–3, 312–13, 322, 347, 410, 411–12
Continuous Voyage 247
Contraband of War 224, 247, 260, 307, 386
Cromarty 265–6, 268, 418, 444, 465–7, 472
Cronberg 277, 299–300, 308
Cunard Steam Navigation Company xxxiii, 128, 144, 250–51
Curzon-Howe, Assheton 264
Custance, Sir Reginald N. 106–8, 113, 114–17, 119, 121, 124–5, 138, 237
Dähnhardt, Harald 86, 159, 198
Danish Navy, as considered by German authorities 19
Danzig 189, 193, 197
Dehio, Ludwig xlii–xliii
Denmark 5, 132, 163, 189, 191, 197, 240, 245–6, 252, 255–6, 258, 260, 270–72, 274, 327, 392, 421, 430, 435–7, 448–53
Desart, Earl of 420, 424
Destroyers (British), role and disposition of xxv, xxx–xxxii, 122, 148–52, 353–5, 359–60, 376, 382–3, 385–8, 389, 390, 392, 416–17, 418, 422–3, 438, 440, 441, 455–8, 475
Diederichsen, Otto 92
Dienstschrift IX xlvi, 2–5, 7, 39
Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth 34
Dogger Bank Incident 10, 99
Dual Alliance xlvi, 5, 11, 99, 402
Dumas, Philip Wylie 254–5, 257–61, 264, 268, 357–9, 362
Durnford, Sir John 249
Economic Warfare xvi, xxvi, xxix, xlvi, 239, 240, 241, 256, 357–61, 419–20, 424–31
Edward VII, King 277, 299
Eickstedt, Rudolf von 94, 166–7, 170–71, 173–4, 217–18, 227–9
Elbe, as considered by German authorities 18, 190, 192–6, 290, 333–6
Entente Cordiale xlix, 10, 11, 13, 159, 237, 243
Erhardt Company 350, 368–70, 373
Esher, Viscount 420, 428–9, 431
Ewart, Arthur 124
Fergusson, Sir James 388
Fischel, Max von 314
Fisher, Sir John Arbuthnot xv, xxiii–xxiv, xxv–xxvii, xxxi, xxxii–xxxiv, 103–8, 148, 153, 244, 249, 250, 253, 273, 275, 309, 311, 352–5, 422
Fitzgerald, Charles 243
‘Flotilla Defence’ Theory xxv, xxx–xxxiii, 354–5
France, French Navy (as considered by German authorities) 16–19, 40, 98–9, 101, 170, 179, 213
Frisian Islands 191, 196, 448–9, 451
Galster, Karl xxxix, xlviii, 279
Gamble, Douglas 114
Gerdes, Gerhard 172, 303, 316–17
German Bight, as considered by German authorities 326, 328–31, 334, 338, 403, 414
Giffen, Sir Roger 261
Gladstone, William Ewart 34, 388
Goetz, Adolf 94, 97, 229
Goschen, Sir Edward 278
Goschen, George Joachim 111, 112, 114
Grey, Sir Edward 255, 275, 287, 307, 402, 411
Grierson, James 109
Hague Conference (Second) 162, 242, 255, 352, 461
Haldane, Richard Burdon 285–6, 401, 409
Hallgarten, George W. F. xlii
Hallmann, Hans xxxvii
Hamburg, as considered by German authorities 18, 194
Hamilton, C. I. 106
Hankey, Sir Maurice 257
HAPAG 40, 120, 135, 285
Harcourt, Lewis 371
Hardinge, Sir Charles 277, 299, 308, 310
Harwich 139, 149, 444, 472
Hassell, Ulrich von xxxvii
Heeringen, August von 14, 93, 95–6, 173, 216, 218, 227, 229, 284, 323, 332, 397
Heligoland (Helgoland) 6, 40, 42, 148, 191, 196, 313, 330–32, 334, 336, 338, 340, 354, 359, 383–5, 388–9, 391–2, 449, 450, 458
Heligoland (Helgoland) Bight 192, 331, 333, 340, 354, 359, 360, 386, 387, 402, 418, 462, 468
Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty 388
Hobson, Rolf xlv–xlvii, 11
Hollmann, Friedrich von 3, 5
Holstein, Friedrich von 98, 122
Holtzendorff, Henning von 323, 324, 326, 338, 339, 397
Hopkins, Sir John 111
Hopman, Albert 398, 402, 414
Hubatsch, Walther xli, xlii
Hüllmann 316
Humber 265–6, 268, 464, 471–2
Hurst, Cecil James, 430, 431
Ingenohl, Friedrich von 397, 402, 414
Inglefield, Edward 379
Invasion (of Britain) xxiii, xxv–xxvi, xxx–xxxi, xxxiii, 110, 163, 225, 263, 416, 418, 444–6, 472–3
Italy 113, 143, 144, 260, 303, 364, 365, 367, 425, 427
Jackson, Henry B. 273, 370, 417, 446
Japan xxiii, xxxiii, 23, 98, 99, 101, 113, 143, 144, 213, 221, 227
Jellicoe, Sir John 423, 478–83
Kehr, Eckart xl, xli, xliii
Kemp, Peter 148, 263, 352
Kennedy, Paul M. xxiv, xlv, 104, 287, 404
Kerr, Mark 416, 458
Kerr, Lord Walter 113, 116, 125
Kiel, as considered by German authorities 179, 190, 193–4, 197, 315, 326–7, 334–6, 339–40
Kiel (Kaiser Wilhelm) Canal 14, 18, 57, 92, 134, 145, 157, 171, 189, 190, 192, 259, 264, 274, 280, 313, 327, 328–9, 331, 333, 338, 340, 379, 390, 451
Kiel (Kaiser Wilhelm) Canal 27, 194, 314, 325, 334, 341
King-Hall, Herbert 267
Knorr, Eduard von 3, 26
Kronstadt, as considered by German authorities 42
Krupp Company 175, 176, 351, 361, 362, 363, 368–70, 372–4, 379, 406, 453
Lambert, George 371
Lambert, Nicholas A. xxv, xxvii, xxxi, xxxii, xlvii, 104–5, 239, 354–5, 419, 422
Lambi, Ivo Nikolai xlv Lansdowne, Marquess of 122
Lascelles, Sir Frank 122, 123, 137, 147, 242
Lloyd George, David 349–50, 371
London, as objective of German naval schemes 5, 40, 101
London, Declaration of 352, 391–2, 411
Lüttwitz, Arthur Freiherr von 109–10
Macdonough, George 431
Mahan, Alfred T. xlvi, xlvii, 38, 223, 256, 403
Manoeuvres, German view on British 288, 327, 329
Manoeuvres (German Navy) 447–55
Manoeuvres (Royal Navy) 437–46, 467–74
Marder, Arthur Jacob xix, xxiii, xxiv, 103–4, 116, 240, 242, 245, 350, 363, 458
May, Henry J. 128–32
May, William Henry 273, 375, 385, 419, 458
McKenna, Reginald 371
Mediterranean xxii, 84, 104, 105–6, 111–12, 113, 118, 120, 121, 128, 135, 136, 238, 242, 246, 365–7, 421–2, 461, 475, 476, 479
Mediterranean Fleet (British) 111, 116, 128, 135, 152–3, 262, 421
Merchant Ships (British)
Lusitania xxiii, 128, 144, 250
Mauretania xxiii, 128, 144, 250
Merchant Ships (German)
Bundesrath 260
Deutschland 120, 135
General 260
Herzog 260
Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse 120
Kronprinz Wilhelm 120
Metternich, Paul Count Wolff 283, 287, 299–300, 308–10, 312, 314
Mine Warfare 190–91, 197, 255–6, 259, 271, 279, 291, 298, 327, 337–8, 360, 381, 385, 386, 437–9, 414, 454, 460, 468
Moltke, Helmuth von 312, 314
Monetary Requirements Calculation(s) see Navy Law(s)
Morgan, J. P. 126
Morgan-Owen, David xxxi, 355
Moroccan Crisis, First (1905) 159, 223, 237–40, 242, 246, 281
Müller, Georg Alexander von 298, 303–7, 313, 314, 323, 397–8, 405
Mulliner, H. H. 350, 361, 372–4
Naval Necessities 250–51
Naval Scare, German view on 304–5, 307, 309–10
Naval Scare (1909) 273, 349–51
Navy Law(s) (Naval Law, Navy Act, Navy Bill)
General design and purpose of xliii, 10, 86–91, 155–6, 158, 176–8, 180–82, 184, 232, 407, 410
(First) Navy Law (1898) xlvi, 7, 8, 49–52, 52–5
(Second) Navy Law (1900) (Amendment to the [First] Navy Law) xlvi–xlvii, 8, 9, 55–8, 59–80, 81, 158
1906 Amendment 155–9, 171, 176, 178–9, 184–6
1908 Amendment 164, 198–211, 219–21, 230–31, 231–2, 232–5
1912 Amendment 164, 277, 280–87, 304, 312, 321–3, 324–6, 341–7
Monetary Requirements Calculation(s) 72–80, 157–8, 160–61, 164, 206–11, 219–20
Navy Law(s) (Naval Law, Navy Act, Navy Bill), British opinion of 109, 113, 147, 273–4, 349, 377–8
Navy League (German) 159, 164, 179, 181–3, 230, 311, 378, 447
Netherlands, as considered by German authorities 189
Norddeutsche(r) Lloyd 40, 120, 224
Norway 129–32, 238, 239, 245, 260, 375, 392, 421, 432–3, 440, 442, 461–2, 467, 468
Offer, Avner xlv
Oil 135, 316–18, 409, 415, 466
Ottley, Sir Charles Langdale xxix, 240, 242, 246, 247, 254–5, 255–6, 257, 354, 372, 374, 388, 419
Owen Committee 267
Padfield, Peter xxiv, 104
Paris, Declaration of 225
Pitt, William (the Elder), st Earl of Chatham, Tirpitz’s view on the policy of 38, 101
Plessen, Hans von 298, 303, 305
Pohl, Hugo von 397, 414 Pollen, Arthur H. xxvi Poore, Sir Richard 249
Raids, German view on 5, 13, 40, 101, 163, 192, 197, 225, 289
Rampold, Paul 94
Richards, Sir Frederick William 109, 110, 111, 124
Richmond, Herbert 418, 463
Richthofen, Oswald Freiherr von 98, 100
Right of Capture, German position concerning the 13, 100–102, 162, 222–6
‘Risk Fleet’ (‘Risk Theory’) xxxvii–xlii, xlv–xlvii, 11–13, 57, 63, 81–2, 89, 155, 162, 182, 277, 280–82, 292, 306, 319, 410, 411
Rollmann, Max 316–17
Rosyth 138, 266–8, 329, 402, 418, 440, 444, 466
Rotterdam 133, 247, 258, 356, 357, 430
Rudloff, Johannes 94, 96–7 Russell, Alexander V. F. V. 383–5
Russia, Russian Navy, German view on 16–19, 40, 98–9, 277
Russo-Japanese War xxxiii, xxxvii, 10, 13, 98–9, 159, 243, 252, 331, 421, 456
Salewski, Michael xliv
Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of 57
Scapa Flow 268, 367, 402, 466, 471
Scheer, Reinhard 170, 229
Scheibel, Georg Friedrich 93–4, 97
Schlieffen, Alfred Graf von 98
Schmidt, Gustav 297
Schrader, Friedrich 96, 413
Schultz, Max 409
Schulze-Hinrichs, Alfred xli
Schüßler, Wilhelm xlii
Sedan, battle of 223
Selborne, Earl of 107, 108, 117, 119, 122, 123, 124, 126, 137, 146, 148, 154, 237
Senden-Bibran, Gustav Freiherr von 3, 58
Shipyards (German)
Blohm und Voss 374
Germania 374
Schichau 114, 363, 374
Vulcan 363, 374
Skagerrak, German view on as deployment area 326–31, 333–4, 339–40
Slade, Sir Edmond John Warre 240, 269, 274, 350, 352, 356, 362, 363, 364–8
Smith, Aubrey 432
Stadelmann, Rudolf xlii, xliii
Standards of Strength (British) 146–7, 154, 278, 300, 304, 305, 311, 319, 372, 422, 461, 474–5
Stosch, Albrecht von 4, 5, 37
Submarines
as considered by German authorities 157, 178, 207, 220, 279, 291, 330–32, 334, 338, 340, 342, 343, 346, 347, 414
German fear of British developments 290, 327, 334
Submarines (British) xxv, xxx, xxxi–xxxii, 115, 264, 273, 353, 355, 376, 385–6, 422, 442, 445, 459–60, 464, 472
Sumida, Jon T. xxv, xxxiii–xxxiv, xlvii, 104–5
Surtees, H. Conyers 368
Sweden 238, 239, 245, 260, 270–72, 274, 275, 359, 430, 432–4
Sylt 191, 360, 376, 383–5, 389, 448, 450–51, 455
Thames, as on objective of German naval schemes 40, 41, 197
‘Tirpitz Plan’ as Historiographical Conception
in Terms of a Secondary Integration xv, xl, xli, xliii–xlvi, 1
in Terms of the Ideology of Sea Power xlv–xlvii, 5, 12, 162
Trade Protection (British) xxv–xxvi, xxix–xxx, xxxiii, 106–7, 120–21, 126–8, 135, 143–4, 239–40, 250–51, 459–60, 475–7
Transvaal Crisis 3, 5, 37, 39, 404
Trotha, Adolf von 167
Troubridge, Sir Ernest 425–6, 428, 430, 455
Tweedmouth, Lord 275, 372
Two-Power Standard, German view on 300, 304–5, 311
Tyne 471–2
United States, United States Navy 101, 213, 228
Valentini, Rudolf von 303–4
War Plans and Orders, German discussion of 326–32, 332–8, 338–41
War Plans and Orders (British) xxxi, xlv, 257, 262–4, 352–5, 359–61, 375–7, 390–93, 416, 438–9, 462, 475
War Plans and Orders (Schlieffen-Plan) xlvii, 162–3, 186–98, 280, 288–91, 298, 314–15, 323–4, 414
War-preparedness, (or Readiness for War), German naval 13–14, 20–22, 188, 281, 324–5, 326–7, 333–7, 343, 411–12
Warships (American)
Alabama 127
Michigan Class 173, 228
Warships (British)
Admiral Class 253
Andromanche 385
Anson 253
Apollo 385
Archer Class 254
Benbow 140, 253
Boadicea Class 273
Camperdown 253
Canopus Class 112, 474
Collingwood (pre-dreadnought) 253
Colossus 480
Conqueror (pre-dreadnought) 254
Cressy 385
Dreadnought xlix, 173, 212, 213–15, 228–9, 255, 361
Duncan Class 152
Euryalus 385
Formidable Class 474
Forth 129
Gleaner 130
Hero 254
Hogue 385
Hood 253
Howe 253
Invincible Class xxvi, xxxii–xxxiii, xlix, 160, 161, 215, 216, 217, 218, 250, 251, 294, 302, 303, 365, 378
Iris 129
Iron Duke Class 434
King Edward VII Class 94, 153
King George V 480
London 131
Lord Nelson Class 478–9
Magicienne 130
Majestic Class 153
Malaya 477, 479
Mercury 129
New Zealand (battle cruiser) 479
New Zealand (battleship) 153
Nile 112, 254
Queen Elizabeth Class 400, 415, 477, 479, 481
Queen Mary 480
Retribution 130
Resolution 131
Royal Sovereign Class (predreadnought) 140
Sans Pareil 112, 140, 142, 254
Seagull 130
Sealark 249
Spartan 130
Speedwell 130
Sutlej 385
Swiftsure 216, 365
Thames 129
Thetis 385
Tiger 434
Trafalgar 112, 140, 254
Triumph 216, 365
Warships (French)
Henri IV 367
Jémmappes 367
Republique Class 153
Warships (German)
Ägir 119
Blücher 175–6, 217–18, 315, 336
Brandenburg Class 15, 16, 53, 67, 119
Braunschweig Class 92, 165, 170, 203, 327
Comet 24
Derfflinger (Large Cruiser ‘K’) 315–18
Deutschland (ironclad, large cruiser) 53, 66
Deutschland Class 93, 203, 327, 333
Friedrich Carl (ironclad) 16
Fürst Bismarck 19, 135
Gefion 24
Grosser Kurfürst 16
Hagen 119
Hansa (ironclad) 16
Hela 25
Helgoland 377
Hertha (Hansa) class (cruisers) 67, 322
Irene 24
Jagd 24
Kaiser (dreadnought) Class 293, 296–7, 302, 408
Kaiser (ironclad, large cruiser) 33, 53
Kaiser Class (pre-dreadnought) 53, 66, 119, 202
Kaiser Friedrich III. (Ersatz Preußen) 3, 16, 30, 202
Kaiser Karl der Große 53
Kaiserin Augusta 24, 29, 53–4, 66
König Class 408
Konig Wilhelm (ironclad) 53, 66
Kronprinz (ironclad) 16
Mackensen Class 406, 413
Moltke 336, 378
Moltke Class 226, 229, 294, 296–7
Nassau 269, 315, 377
Nassau (Ersatz Sachsen or Ersatz Bayern) Class 173–5, 212–14, 217, 221, 228–9, 295, 316–17, 326
Oldenburg (pre-dreadnought) 27, 53–4, 66–7
Oldenburg Class 162, 221, 226–9, 326
Ostfriesland 377
Posen 269, 377
Rheinland 269, 377
Sachsen Class 15, 16, 53–4, 66–8, 74, 119, 131, 177
Schlesien 268
Schleswig Holstein 268
Seydlitz (Large Cruiser J) 293–7, 302–3
Siegfried Class 15, 27, 28, 31, 43, 53, 55, 56, 67, 68, 145, 180, 183, 193
Thüringen 377
Victoria Luise 130
von der Tann (Large Cruiser F) 160, 216–17, 217–19, 294–5, 336, 378
Westfalen 269, 315, 377
Wittelsbach Class, 53, 203
Warships (Japanese)
Aki 213
Satsuma 213
Warships (Russian)
Novik 130
Pallada 130
Svietlana 130
Watson, Hugh Dudley Richards 419, 435, 447–55
Watts, Sir Philip 139, 141–3
Webb, Richard 420, 475–6
Weeding (of archive documents) xvii– xviii, xix, 116, 350
Wegener, Edward xlv, xlviii
Wegener, Wolfgang xxxix, xl
Weizsäcker, Ernst von xxxv, xxxvi, xl
Wilhelm II, Emperor 2, 3, 159, 162–3, 231–2, 277–8, 281, 283–4, 298, 306, 398, 401, 405
Wilhelmshaven, as considered by German authorities 92, 179, 193, 196, 326, 334, 336–8
Wilson, Sir Arthur Knyvet 244, 245–6, 249, 253–4, 263, 354, 390, 415, 475
Wilson, Keith xxiv
Winsloe, Alfred 273, 370
Dr. Marianne Czisnik trained and practiced as a lawyer in Germany before researching aspects of Nelson’s life, image and iconography at the University of Edinburgh. A leading Nelson scholar, she has published on a wide range of subjects related to Nelson.
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