Spencer was First Lord of the Admiralty 1794-1801, virtually throughout the wars against Revolutionary France, and his correspondence with officers and politicians is of central importance to the naval history of the times.
This volume runs up to the battle of St Vincent in 1797, including the Quiberon and West Indian expeditions.
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INDEX ABERCROMBY ABERCROMBY, General Sir Ralph, expedition to West Indies, 51, 152, 159, 165- 190 passim. Letters from, 171-2, 178-9; letters to, I5> 5i> *33-4> *36, 142, 159, 161, 163, 167, 169-70, 173-5* 176, 179, 180, 185, 189, 201, 213, 214, 215, 217, 241, 281, 295, 323 Address to Parliament, from the Navy, 194, 200 Admiralty, 10, 179, 183, 194- 5, J 98, 379; first – lord’s patronage, n ; Lords of, xiv, 10 n., 12, 115, 234 ; organisation of, 7-15 Affleck, Vice-Admiral Philip, xiv, 10 Algegiras, 340 Alicante, 338 Allemande, Captain Zacharie, 265, 366 Alvarez, Don Francisco, 353 Amblimont, Rear – Admiral Count de, 353 America, South, proposed operations in, 326 American War, 20 Americans, 158, 262, 272, 355 Amsterdam, 303 Antigua, 59 Antillon, Don Bernardino, 353 Appreciations, by Buckingham, 303-4 ; Camden, Earl, 378- 9 ; Christian, Admiral, 141- 4; Dundas, 148-9, 153, BAKER 160, 240, 317-8, 321-2, 330- i ; Jervis, Sir John, 4, 55-7 ; the King, 320 ; Middleton, 51-2, 149-50 ; Nay lor, Mr., 257-9 ; Spencer, Earl, 323- 9; Smith, Sir Sidney, 23, 36-9; Warren, Sir J. B., 104-5, 365-6; Windham, William, 19-21, 25, 122—3 Archangel trade, 17 Archduke Charles, 299, 302, 3*9, 335 Archer, Captain, 60 Armament of ships, 25, 59, 107, 145-6, 245, 306, 315. See also Gunboats. Arnheim, 24 Arnold, John, watchmaker, 32 Artois, Compte de, (Monsieur), 89, 99, 108, 117 Audierne Bay, 381, 385 Austria, influence of, 335 ; loans to, 224 ; policy of, xiii Austrian army, 24, 117, 124 Autrain, victory of Vendeans, 20 Auvergne, Cap tain, R.N., Prince de Bouillon, 266, 268-9, 270 Aux Cayes, 249, 283 BAKER, Lieutenant, of the Valiant lugger, 95 Baker, Mr., 292. Letter to, 283-4 Baker, Edward, of the Leviathan, 284 D D 2 404 THE SPENCER PAPERS BALE Bale, treaty of, 274 Baltic trade, 17 ; station, 54 Barbados, 132, 134, 149, 164, 195, 241, 290 Barges, west country, 38, 40 Barham, Admiral Lord. See Middleton. Baring (afterwards Sir) Francis, ii Barlow, Captain (afterwards Admiral Sir) Robert, 372 Barn Pool, 390 Barrington, Admiral the Hon. Samuel, 28 Basque Roads, 299 Bastia, 135 Bath, 22, 223 Bathe, Captain (i5thregiment), 59 Batz (Isle of), 267 Bay, The, 31 Barbary States, 258 Bell, Lieut. George, 384, 386 Bell, Mr., a master, 246, 373 Belle Isle, 48-9, 67, 69, 74, 76, 78, 79, 83, 89, 92, 94, 97, 100, 109 Bentham, General Sir Samuel, 3, 46, 48, 50 Bentham, Jeremy, 46 Beon, regiment of, 87, 89 Berbice, 281 Bergeret, Captain, 244 Bermuda, 59, 270 Bertheaume road, 315, 369, 372 Bertie, Captain Albemarle, 97, 109, 115 Bickerton, Captain Sir R., 60, 241 n. Biscay, army of, 108 Bishop of Dol, 86 Bishop of London, 16 Blackett, J., letter from, 276-7 Bligh, Admiral, 242, 269 Blockade (winter), 16 Bologna, 233 CADOUDAL Bomb-vessels, 146 Bonaparte, 319 Bordeaux, 274, 317 Borwicke, Mr., 211 Boscawen, Admiral, 182 Bouillon, Prince de. See Auvergne. Bourgneuf, 109, 113 Bouvet, Rear-Admiral, 370 Bo wen, Captain Richard, 37 Boyd, 224 Bravo, Brigadier don Gregorio, 353 Brazil fleet, 260-1 Bremen, 29 Brest, 23, 31, 42, 48, 53, 54, 67-8, 74, 77, 79, 95, 96, 99, 100, 115, 126-7, I 43» I47~8> 153, 162, 244, 255-6, 260, 262-3, 2^9, 273, 274, 281, 315-16, 327, 335, 364-8, 372, 376-8, 388-9, 391-2, 396-9 Bridport, Admiral Lord, 3, 26, 49, 50-1, 67-8,. 69, 74> 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 89, 92, 94, 96, 102, 103, 115, 122, 153, 204, 339, 367, 374-6, 3^7, 392, 394, 396-400 Bristol, Lord. See Hervey, Augustus Broughton, Captain, 29 Bruce, Major-General, 195 Bryant, Captain, 263 Buckingham, George Nugent Grenville, Marquis of, 299. Letters from, 301-2, 302-5 CABINET, responsibility for appointments, 178, 183 ; meetings of, 21, 319 n., 336 Cadiz, 162, 261, 263, 269-70, 290-1, 293, 316, 320, 325, 327, 33i, 336, 338, 350, 355- 6 ; proposed attack on, 336 Cadoudal, General Georges, 125 INDEX 4<>5 CALDER Calder, Captain Robert, 358 Caldwell, Vice-Admiral Benjamin, 52, 169 Camdeij, John I. Pratt, Marquis of (Lord-lieutenant of Ireland), 374-9, 391 Canaries, 263 Canning, Mr., 318 Cap Fran9ois, 131, 139, 283, 286, 289 Cape of Good Hope, expedition to. See Elphinstone. Captain of the Fleet, 294 Carr, Captain Dawkins, 249 Cartagena, 326, 349 ; squadron at, 320, 322, 324-5 Champion, Lieutenant W., 189 Channel Islands, 39, 66, 271, 273 Charette, General, 65, 68, 71-2, 76, 79, 83, 85, 86, 89, 98- 100, 102, 104, 106-7, IIO> 114, 117, 121, 124-6 Chartre, La, regiment, 104 Chatham, John Pitt, 2nd Earl of, xiii, xiv, 5, 8, 9, 16 Cherbourg, 119 Chichester, Earl of. See Pelham, Thos. Chouans, 68 et seq., 115 Christian, Rear-Admiral Sir Hugh W. Cloberry, 121, 133- 5, 140, 145, 150, 159, 161, 163, 166-7, 169-70, 171-2, 174-5, 176, 196, 209, 212- 13, 214, 235-6, 241-2, 281. Letters from, 140-4, 187-8, 192-3, 201 ; letters to, 184-6, 188-90, 191, 197-8 Chronometers, 29, 30, 32 Cole, Captain Francis, 126, 370, 372 Colpoys, Rear-Admiral, 31, 204, 269-70, 365-6, 368-9, 374, 375, 377* 392-9, 4°°» 4O1 – Letters from, 367 CORVO Combined armaments, 33, 67 et sea., 215, 299, 303, 336, 338, 37° Commerce protection, 16-18. See also Convoys, Trade Commission of inquiry into public offices, 10, n Concentration, Dundas on, 233, 240, 323, 331-2 Contades, M., 104 Contraband, 82 n. Convoys, defence of, 146-7, 149, 258, 277, 328, 340, 364, 392, 398 ; East Indian, 61, 364 ; Mediterranean, 51, 56, 127, 243 ; Portuguese, 260 ; of stores, 35, 106, 113, 238, 286, 324 ; trade, 42, 48-9, 54, 146, 162, 243, 250, 258-9, 269, 287 ; of troops, 29, 108, no, 127, 134, 149, 158, 288, 338 Cooke, Mr., 387 Copley medal, 29 Cork as naval base, 33, 52, 62, 149, 166, 301, 391 Cork squadron, 17, 61, 158, 164, 378, 392, 395, 398 Cornwallis, General Charles, ist Marquis of, master of the ordnance, 26, 28, 223-4. Letter to, 229 Cornwallis, Vice-Admiral the Hon. William, 42 ; his retreat, 47, 48-9, 50, 67, 74 ; ordered to West Indies, 134, 137, 164, 181, 204, 212; his court-martial, 220-9, 244. Letters from, 202, 209-10, 210-11, 215-16, 218-19, 220- i, 222, 225-6; letters to, 214- 15, 216-17, 221-2, 227 Corse, Cape, 320 Corsica, xv, 23, 56, 143, 274, 318-19, 320, 323, 329, 332, 334 Corvo Island, 259-60 406 THE SPENCER PAPERS COTTON Cotton, Admiral Sir Chas., 220 Cotton, Lieutenant, 98 Council of war, 320 n. Courts-martial, Cornwallis’s, 220-229,244; jurisdiction of naval, over soldiers, 135-7, 191-219 Cow Bay, 251 Cowth, Mr., 224 Craig, General James, 240, 241 Cruiser squadrons, Bay, 42 ; Brest, 54 ; Channel Islands, 35, 66, 74, 233 ; Downs, 269 ; Irish, 61 ; Ushant, 234 Curtis, Admiral Sir R., 365, 400 Cutforth, Mr., 48 Cuyler, 132 DALRYMPLE’S Memoirs of Great Britain, 337 Damas, 87, 89, 104 Danes, 158, 272, 315 Dauphin (Louis XVII), 108 Delays in getting to sea, 15, 134, 254, 388, 397, 400 Demerara, 281 Demurrage, 156, 288 Desiderade, 150 D’Hervilly, Compte, 66, 78, 80, 87, 88, 104 Dick, Sir John, Bart., n Dietary for the tropics, 151 Dockyards, underpaid posts, 10 ; reorganisation of, see Bentham Dominica, 57 Douarnenez Bay, 368, 388-9 Douglas, Lieutenant Dunbar, 189 Dover, 154, 265 Downs, 264 Downs Squadron, 17 Doyle, Major-General, 104, 106, 307 Drake, Sir Francis, 336 ELLIOT Dreguer, droger, or drogher (a small vessel) 249 Drinkwater, Lieutenant – Colonel, 355 Drugs, 152 Drury,CaptainWilliam O’Brien, 287, 299, 301, 304 ; his plan, 305-7, 308. Letters from, 307-8, 309-10 Duckworth, Captain John T., 215. Letters from, 283—4, 285 —8 ; letters to, 289-293, 293-4 Duels between naval and military, 135 Duncan, Admiral Adam, 43, 54, 234, 264-5, 303, 307, 309; his veto on Texel plan, 299. Letter from, 190 Dundas, Mr. Henry, secretary for war (afterwards Lord Melville), xiii, xvi-xvii, 3, 5, I 32~3> I 36> J 47» X 78, 185, 191, 195, 233, 251, 313. Letters from, 5-7, 14-15, 28, 93, 152-4, 158, 159-161, 161- 2, 163-4, 168-70, 172-3, 239- 41, 247-8, 294-5, 308-9, 317-18, 318, 321-3, 329-33, 334 ; letters to, 165-8, 173-6, 179-82, 190, 235-6, 241-3, 319, 323-9, 334, 335-7 Dunkirk, 17, 338 Durham, Captain Philip C., 36, 96, 105, 121 Diisseldorf, 304 Dutch West Indies, 154, 237, 242 EAST India Company, letter to, 61-2 East Indies, 239, 330 Eddystone, 29 Elba, 319, 339, 355 Elbe river, 28 Elliot, Mr. William, letter from, 387 INDEX 407 ELLIOT Elliot, Sir Gilbert (afterwards Lord Minto), 319, 329, 355 Ellison, Captain Joseph, 76 Elphinstone, Vice-Admiral Sir George K. (afterwards Lord Keith), 241-2, 276. Letters from, 32-3 Elsinore, 264 Embden, 328 Emms river, 29 Entick’s General History of the late War. 388 Etches, Richard Cadman. Letters from, 255-7 Evans, Captain, 269 Evans, Ephraim, master, 316 Expeditions. See Combined Armaments. Eyles, Captain Thomas, 81, 87, 92 FALMOUTH as naval station, 17, 21, 22, 42, 125, 262, 275, 363, 365, 367-8, 37 1 -2 ‘ 388- 390 Farnborough, Lord, 30 Febvre, Le (secret service agent), 71, 99, 100 Fellowes, Captain Edward, 189 Ferrol, 327, 381 Finisterre, Cape, 48, 56, 327-8, 37i Fireships, 301, 305-6, 309, 337 Fisher, Mr., 248 Fitzgerald, Lieutenant Gerald, 135-6, 207 Flanders, 24 Fleet, distribution of British, 5> 8, 6, 391—2 ; of French, 53 ; of Spanish, 263, 290 ; British in commission (1794), 19 Flores Island, 259-60 Flotilla, for Dutch inland waters, 24-5 Flushing, 268 Ford, Commodore, 283 GUADELOUPE Fort PenthieVre, 68-9, 87, 105 Fort Royal, 59 Fort Sans Culottes, 80 Four, Passage du, 388 Fremantle, Mr. W., 302 Frotte, M. de, 120 Fuller, General, 283 GAMBIER, Captain James (afterwards Lord), 12 ; rearadmiral, 44, 47, 48, 234. Letters from, 263-5, 269-70 Gardner, Rear-Admiral Sir Allan (afterwards Lord Gardner), xiv, 195, 270; vice-admiral, 237. Letter to, 237-8; letter from, 243-4 Genoa, 23 George, Mr., commissioner, 238 Gibraltar, 37, 43, 56, 134, 154, 260, 274, 320, 323-4, 326-7, 332, 336, 352, 365, 396 Goulette La (of Brest), 368, 388 (Goulet) Cozier, 141 Graham, General Thomas (afterwards Lord Lynedoch), 69, 89 Granada, 58, 134, 281 Grande Terre, 141, 144 Grantham Packet, 218 Granville Bay, Jersey, 272, 276. Letter from, 223-4 Grattan, Mr., 387 Grenville, Lord, xvii-xviii, 20, 120, 132, 153, 158, 173, 223, 327. Letters from, 335-7. 338-9; letter to, 259-61 Grenville, Mr. Thomas, xiii Grey, General Sir Chas., 132-3, 142 Groix (Isle de), 68, 75, 77, 95 Guadeloupe, 37, 52, 58, 131, 133-4, Hi, 150, 153-4; 4o8 THE SPENCER PAPERS GUADELOUPE memorandum in favour of attacking, 140; plan of operations for, 140-4 Gunboats, 25, 36-8, 67, 76, 77, 80, 83, 85, 86, 97, 105, 269, 3<>3> 34° HAGUE, The, 27, 303 Haley, watchmaker, 32 Halifax, 49, 132 Halliday, Lieutenant, 32 Hamilton, Henry, letter from, 57-6i Harvey, Rear-Admiral Henry, 112, 116, 152, 239, 241, 291, 326 Harwich, 304 Haulbowline yard, 33, 50 Havre, 35, 256, 263, 267 Hawke, Lord, 380, 388 Hector, M. d’, 73, 80, 89 Helder, expedition to, 299, 303 Herrera, Brigadier Don Francisco, 353 Hervey, Commodore Augustus (afterwards Lord Bristol), 388 Hibbert, Mr., 247, 250 Hispaniola, 249 Hoche, General, 65, 68, 82, 88, 117, 273, 338, 363-4°! Hoedic Island, 69, 78, 89, 94, 107 Hogue, La, 146 Holland, xiii, xv, 234, 256, 299, 303 Home, Captain Roddam, 283 Hood, Admiral Lord, xiv, xv, 3, 10, 31, 43 Hospital ships, 38, 40-1, 151 Hotham, Admiral William, 23, 27, 42, 44, 54, 135-6, 150, 162 Houat, Isle of, 69, 89, 92, 94, 104, 107 Ho we, Admiral Earl, xv, 3, 22, JERVIS 26, 27, 28, 133, 169, 226, 227. Letters from, 195-6, 196-7; letter to, 228 Hugues, Victor, 133-4, I 4° Humbert, General, 370, 380 Hunt, Captain, 246 Huskisson, Mr. William, undersecretary for war, 141, 177, *79> 318. Letter to, 178-9. Hyeres, 23 Hynes, Mr. Thomas, 249-50 ILDEFONSO, treaty of, 274 Inchiquin, Lord, 34 India, 233, 239, 277 Insurance, 156, 249 Intelligence, 153, 234, 255-7, 257-9, 262, 271, 284, 286, 290, ^i5-i7> 366, 375, 378, 393~4> 396-8 ; suggested department for, 3, 13 Invasion, danger of, 378 ; protection against, 335. See Ireland. Ireland, 34, 274, 281 ; invasion of, 318, 363-401 ; measures to allay panic in, 375, 378 Irish Parliament, 387 Iroise passage, 370 Italy, 257, 274, 322, 329 JACOBINS, 123 Jamaica, 131, 139, 187, 213, 247, 283, 285, 287-8, 290, 2 93> 33 1 i squadron, 57, 168, 237, 248, 317; list of ships captured and lost, 251-4 ; importance of, 3 81. Letter from, 48-55. Jefferson, Mr., 211 Jersey, 35, 238, 266, 270-1, 272-3 Jervis, Admiral Sir John, xxi, 28, 54-5, 132-3, 142-3, 260, 270, 313, 320, 328-9, 336-7, 338> 348, 356, 358-9, 396, INDEX 409 JERVIS 401 ; his prescribed order of battle, 358-9 Johnston, Dr. J., 150-2 Johnstone, Lieutenant-Colonel, 60 Jones, Sir William, xi Jourdan, General, 319 Journaie, La, treaty of, 72 KEATS, Captain (afterwards Sir Richard Goodwin), 98, 389 Keith, Lord. See Elphinstone Kempenfelt, Admiral Richard, xiv, 233 King, the (George III), 45, 46, 135, 184, 198. Letters from, 26, 30-1, 57, 236, 320-1 ; letters to, 21-2, 27, 31-2, 54-5, 319-20 King, Vice-Admiral Sir Richard, 21 Kingsmill, Vice – Admiral Robert, 52, 61, 149, 378, 392 Kingston (Jamaica), 132, 249 Kinsale, naval stores at, 33 LABRADOR, 366 Laforey, Vice-Admiral Sir John, 58, 60, 132, 135, 150, 221, 222 ; supersession of, 165- 190 ; unpopularity of, 169 Lagos, 352, 356 Langara, Don Juan de, 320, 34°, 366 Langrishe, Sir Hercules, 387 Lansdowne, Lord, 223 Law officers of the Crown, 191, 195-6 Leek river, 24, 25 Leeward Islands, 52, 134, 147, J 53, 156, 161, 166-7, J 73> 176, 181, 210, 242; squadron, 49, 51, 167, 181, 186 Leghorn, 27, 326 Leith squadron, 17, 264 MEDITERRANEAN Leogane, 133, 283 Lisbon, 234, 259-60, 269, 327, 33^-7. 338, 37*> 373, 396 Liverpool, 52 Lizard, the, 244-5, 367, 376, 394, 399, 4°° Lloyd, Lieutenant, 263 Long, Mr., 247 Long, Charles (afterwards Lord Farnborough), 30 Longitude, Board of, 30 L’Orient, 53, 68-9, 77, 79, 92, 94, 99, 100, 115, 126-7, I4°> *53, 255-6, 316, 366 Louis XVII, the Dauphin, 108 Louisbourg, 182 Lymmington, 72 MACARTNEY, Lord, 240 MacBride, Vice-Admiral John, 21, 242 Mclver, Captain, 57 Mahon, Port, 55 Mann, Rear-Admiral Robert, xxi, 43, 44, 163, 236, 260-1, 319-20, 336 Manning, Dundas on, 331; of French ships, 262 Marcou, or St. Marcouf, 266, 271, 274 Mariegalante, 58, 134 Marines, 18, 57, 95, 135, 154, 197, 200, 217, 246, 386; troops as Marines, 18, 191 et seq. Maroons, 254 Martin, Mr. Roger, 163, 236 Martin, Captain Byam, 265 Martinique, 52, 59, 131, 142, 195, 287 Mathilde (Fort), Guadeloupe, 37 Medical officers’ report, 150-2 Mediterranean, 42, 44, 52, 54-5, 135, H3, 148, 153, I9i, 260, 269, 396; abandonment of the, 313-59 4io THE SPENCER PAPERS MELVILLE Melville, Lord, first lord of admiralty. See Dundas. Merchants, general meeting of, 277 Merchantmen as cruisers, 233, 235 ; seizure of, 305 Mersey, 47 Mevagissey Bay, 363, 365, 388 Middleton, Sir Charles, Bart., vice-adm. (afterwards Lord Barham), xiv, 3, 6, 7, 134, 174 ; on admiralty organisation, 8-12; memoranda by, 42—9 ; on commerce protection, 16-18 ; supersession of, 167-90 ; causes of resignation, 134-5, 182-4 I Dundas’s opinion of, 61. Letters from, 7-8, 15—16, 50-4, 182-3, 184 Middleton, Lady, 263 Midshipmen, promotion of, 214 Minorca, 324 Miquelon, 132 Mitchell, Mr. Charles, 248 Moine, Le, Chouan chief, 98 Moira, General Lord, formerly Lord Rawdon, 20, 66, 69, 73, 89, 92, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, 106 Mole St. Nicholas, 132, 250-1, 283, 289, 290 Molleson, Mr., comptroller of army accounts, n Monneront, Mons., 154 Monolier, M. de, 120 Moore, Colonel (afterwards Sir John), 135-6 Morard de Galles, Vice-Admiral, 37° Moreau, General, 319 Moreno, Lieutenant – General Don Joachim de, 349 Morgan, Sir Charles, 135, 207 Morlaix, 256 Mudge, Lieutenant (afterwards Admiral) Zachary, 29, 30, 32 OSTEND Murray, Vice-Admiral George, 59, 241. Letter from, 261-2 Mykonos, 41 NAGLE, Sir Edward, 100, 275 Naples, 322, 323, 333 ; French treaty with, 334 Nantes, 86-7, 95, 105, 256 Navy Board, 10, 34, 36, 38, 50, 105, 218, 265 Naylor, Mr. F. Hare. Letter from, 257-9 Nelson, Captain Horatio, 319, 344> 355, 357-8 Nepean, Mr. Evan, xv, 48, 95, 141, 182, 214, 243-4, 257, 267, 386. Letters from, 226, 227 ; letters to, 225-6, 244-7 Neutral ships, 303, 315 ; American, 35, 82, 84, 158, 262, 355-6; detention of, 40, 272 Neutrality, violation of, 41 New Deep, the, 305 Newcastle, 304 Newfoundland, banks of, 293, 366 Nice, 23 Noirmoutier Island, 83, 85, 99, 102, 106-7, I1: 3> I 54> *68 Normandy, 233, 238, 266-7 North American station, 59 North Sea fleet, 28, 31, 55, 323, 326-7, 334 Norway, Lieutenant, 246, 386 O’BRIEN, 368 O’Connor, Lieutenant, 386 Oporto, 51, 269 Ordnance Board, 9, 36, 79 Ormond, Duke of, 337 Osborne, Shean, 249 Osnabriick, 29 Ostend, 17 INDEX 411 PAKENHAM PAKENHAM, Captain the Hon. Thomas, 135, 387. Letter from, 204-6 ; letter to, 206-7 Parker, Captain Richard, 283 Parker, Rear-Admiral Sir Hyde, 239, 290-1, 294, 301 ; his squadron for West Indies, 290, 293 Parker, Rear-Admiral Sir Peter, 21, 35 Parker, Rear-Admiral William, 213, 251, 254, 283, 285-7, 288-9, 290, 339, 355, 358, 397, 401 ; his plan, 288-9 ; his illness, 287-91 Parma, Princess of, 55 Patterson, commissioner, 12 Patton, Captain Philip, 121 Paulet, Captain Lord Henry, 3i Pelham, Thomas (afterwards Lord Chichester), 33, 379, 387 ; intelligence sent by, 315-17. Letters to, 33-4 Pellew, Captain Sir Edward, 21, 22, 42, 54, 234, 366, 396. Letters from, 124-5, 126-7, 244-7, 262-3, 368-71, 372-4. 379-82, 382-6 ; letters to, 367 Pellowe, Lieutenant, 246-7 Penmarcks, the, 48, 67, 74, 77, 275. 385-6 Perigord, Mons. de, 104 Perregaux, Neufchatel banker, 155 Philadelphia, 250 Phillips, Lieutenant, 264 Piacenza, the French at, 259 Pichegru, General, given possession of Dutch fleet, 28 n. Pierson, Lieutenant Robert, 266-8 Pilotage, difficulties of, 309 Pitt, Wm., xii, 6, 97, 99, 132, 158, 160, 162, 172, 177-8, 179, 224, 241-3, 295, 318, PULLING 321, 327, 334; his war policy, xvi-xx, 131. Letters from, 5, 158, 359 ; letter to, 212-13 Plymouth, 21, 36, 38, 40, 44, 48-9, 86, no, 127, 245, 247, 261, 301, 331, 386, 392, 394, 399 Point d’Antigue, 141 Point St. Mathieu, 315 Pointe a Pitre, 58-9, 134 Pole, Rear – Admiral Charles Morice, 175, 177, 210, 213, 241-2 Popham, Captain Home Riggs, 24 Port au Prince, 132 Portland, Duke of, home secretary, xi, 34, 377 Port letters, 9 Port Louis, 69 Port Mahon, 326 Port Royal, 249, 284 Porto Ferrajo, 319 Portsmouth, 21, 49, 72, 95, 97, 116, 119, 121, 155, 159, 187, J 93, *95» X 98, 214, 225, 227, 262, 271, 390, 392 Portugal, 56, 123, 234, 259, 322, 327, 339, 365-6, 377> 393, 398 Potemkin, Prince, 47 Preston, Captain, 263 Prince of Wales, 224 Pringle, Rear-Admiral Thomas, 242 Prisoners, 256, 263 ; massacres of, 98 Privateers, 52, 120, 248-51, 254-5, 258 Protectorate in S. Domingo, 132-3 Prussia, policy of, xv Puisaye, Compte Joseph de, 65-6, 68, 71, 75, 78, 80, 103, 118, 123, 125 Pulling, Lieutenant, 391 412 THE SPENCER PAPERS QUEBEC QUEBEC, 49 Quiberon Bay, as naval station, 122 Quiberon Expedition, 39,42, 49, 65—127, 162, 165,173 ; bibliography of, 65 ; lessons from, 69-70 RAINIER, Rear-Admiral Peter, 242 Ralph, 121 Raphael, Cape, 287 Rawdon, Lord, 20 Raz, Passage du, 369, 370 Reduced crews, 331 Rennes, 99 Reynolds, Captain Robert Carthew, 127, 246, 380, 383 Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 29 Reynoso, Don Domingo, 353 Rhine, campaign on the, 299, 302, 308, 316, 319 Richery, Rear-Admiral Richard de, 162—3, 261, 263, 290-1, 293> 3i6, 364, 366-8, 372-3 Roberie, M. de la (or de Robree), 71, 124 Rochefort, 53, 100, 107, 133, 140, 162, 255, 274, 281, 366 Rodney, Lord, 211 Rohan regiment, 104 Rooke, Lieutenant-General, 337 Roseau, 57 Ross of Bladensburg, General, 223 Rowan, Hamilton, 273 Rowley, Commodore, 133 Royalists, French, 123-4, 2 33> 238, 266-7 Rudsdale, Captain, 72 Russell, Lieutenant John, 189, (captain) 238 Russia, convention with, 299 ; her interest in Corsica, 332 Russian fleet, 43, 54, 264 SELLERY SABLER, Captain, 141 St. Anne d’Auray, 98 St. Clair, Lieutenant Matthew 288 St. Davids, 251 St. Domingo, 94, 131, 133-4, 139-40, 147, 153, 161, 164, 165-6, 168-9, 213, 250-1, 254, 281-95 passim, 331 ; memorandum in favour of attacking, 139 St. Helena, 32 St. Helen’s Road, 17, 39, 41, 202, 238, 243, 260, 376, 397 St. Jean de Mons (sands), 125 St. Kitts, 59, 133 St. Lucia, 58, 131, 134, 142, 154, 281 St. Malo, 35, 53, 68, 92, 256, 273 St. Marcouf, 266, 271, 274 St. Pierre, 132 St. Vincent, battle of, 339-59 ; list of Spanish officers lost, 353-4; British order of battle, 358 St. Vincent, Cape, 56, 150, 339, 351 ; island of, 58, 134, 281 Saints, the, 370, 373 Saldanha Bay, 32, 276 Salm regiment, 89, 104 Sambreuil, Comte de, 87, 98 Sandwich, John Mountague, fourth Earl of, 46 Sapineau, 86 Savage, Captain Henry, R.N., 306-7, 309 Scepaux, 103, 124 Schoonoven, 24, 25 Scilly, 363 Scott, Lieutenant, 284 Scott, Sir William (afterwards Lord Stowel), opinion by, 272 Scurvy, 94, 100, 101, 103 Seine river, 36 Sellery, Don Carlos, 353 INDEX 413 SEYMOUR Seymour, Vice-Admiral Lord Hugh, 115, 160, 161, 194, 210, 215, 241, 260-1 Shannon river, 61 Shee, Sir George, 72 Shelbourne, Lord, 223 Ships :— Abergavenny, 289 Achille, 7 Africa (64), 283-4 Alarm (32), 189 Albacore (74), 189 Albion (74), 106 Alexander, 269 Alfred (74), 201, 287 Amazon, 119, 203, 245, 247, 368, 380, 382-6 America (Fr.), 7 Amiston, 32 Anson, 67, 86, 97, 105, 275 Arab, 249 Arethusa, 21, 67, 83, 165 Argo, 124, 127, 245 Artois, 67, 83, 99, 275 Astraea (32), 31, 220, 222 Atlante, 351 Barfleur (98), 358 Beaulieu (frigate), 141, 145 Bellerophon, 48, 269 Blenheim (98), 358 Brigida (Bridget), 352 Britannia (100), 155, 358 Brunswick, 48, 269 Bull-dog, 58 Canada (74), 161-2, 165 Captain (74), 358 Carmagnole (40), 265 Caroline, 203 Censeur (74), 162 Ceres, 236 Ceres (Spanish), 350 n. Colossus (74), 197, 201, 358 Commerce de Marseilles, 147-8, 149 Concepcion, 342, 350-2 | SHIPS Ships—continued Concorde, 22, 23, 67, 73, 74* 77» 83, 99, 245-7 Conquistador, 351 Constitution (Fr.), 317 Culloden (74), 204, 355, 358 Curseur, 291 Daphne, 266, 317 Defiance, 395 Diadem (64), 135, 358 Diana (Spanish), 350 Diamond, 35, 36, 38, 41, 203, 238, 267 Dolly (cutter), 105 Douglas, 316 Droits des Hommes (74), 373, 380 Duke, 395 East India ships, 149, 157, 165-6 Eclair, L’, 20, 189 Edgar, 367, 395 Egmont (74), 358 Excellent (74), 44, 358 Experiment (lugger), 78, 79, 81, 83, 86 Falcon (cutter), 100, 109, 127 Firme, 319, 351 Flora, 44 Formidable, 50 Fortune, 22 Fox, 49 Fraternite (frigate), 370 Fury, 22, 23 Galatea (32), 67, 113, 118, 364, 3 89 Ganges, 60 Gloire, 31 Glorioso, 351 Goliath (74), 358 Guitille, 31 Hannibal (74), 31 Hebe, 35 Hector (74), 61 Hermione, 293″J 4±4 THE SPENCER PAPERS SHIPS Ships—continued Impetueux, 7, 395 Impregnable, 44, 189, 197, 201 Indefatigable, 125, 244, 262, 317, 372-3, 380-1, 382-6 Invincible (74), 50, 204 Irresistible (74), 356, 358 Jason, in, 165 Jupiter, 249 Lapwing, 288 Lark (sloop), 250 Leda, 44, 54, 97 Leviathan (74), 283-4, 286, 292 Majestic, 60, 395 Marlborough, 370 Mathilde, 340, 350 n., 353 Melampus, 35, 266 Melpomene, 54 Mercedes, 350 Mexicano (112), 345-6, 350-1, 353 Minerve (38), 355 Minotaur, 220, 395 Monarch, 32 Monmouth (64), 388 Montague, 78 Namur (90), 358 Nassau, 264 Nepomuceno, 351 Niger, 35, 51 Northumberland (Fr.), 7 Oberyssel (Dutch), 43 Oriente (74), 34I~2, 344, 349, 350 Orion (74), 358 Pallas (frigate), 388 Paula, 351 Paz, 350 n. Pelayo (94), 340, 345~9, 350-1 Penelope, 237 Perla (Pearl), 341, 350 n. Phaeton, 367 Phoebe, 369, 372 SHIPS Ships—continued Pique (38), 145 Polyphemus, 43, 149 Pomona, 67, 72, 76, 77, 80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 92, 94, 101, 102, 106, 109, H3, 275, 363 Powerful, 394-5 Prince (98), 44, 397 Prince Frederick (64), 276 Prince George (98), 201, 358 Principe d’Asturias (112), or Prince, 141-4, 348-9, 35i Promptitude, 31 Providence, 29 Quebec, 287 Queen, 269 Raisonnable, 286, 293 Ramilies, 60 Regla (112), 341-4, 348~9, 353 Renommee (44), 287 Resolution (Fr.), 291 Revolutionnaire (38), 75, 126, 245, 369, 370, 372 Robust, 67, 100, 105, 303 Roebuck (44), 57, 59 Romney, 41 Royal Sovereign, 202, 217, 2l8, 221, 222, 225 Russell (74), 149, 303 St. Albans (74), 127, 260 St. Fiorenzo, 400 St. George, 327 Saldanha (38), 276 n. Salisbury (50), 283 Salvador (112), 345, 348, 354, 356 San Antonio, 350 San Domingo, 349, 351 San Firme, 349, 351 San Firmin (74), 341, 344, 349, 35i ” San Ildefonso, 351 ^ San Josef (112), 345, 548 INDEX SHIPS Ships-continued San Nicholas (8o), 345, 348, 354 San Pablo, 340,’ 348-9, 35°-1 San Ysidro (74), 345, 348, 354 Sans-Pareil, 7, 243, 302 Santa Margarita (36), 265 Santissima Trinidad (130), 341-8, 350, 355 Scipio, 52 Sibylle, La, 41 Sir Edward Hughes, 155 Soberano (74), 345, 350-I, 353 Spencer, 269 Sprightly, 100 Stag (cutter), 77, 83 Standard, 67, 73, 74, 76, 77, 113 . Sullivan, 157 Swan, captured off Belle Isle, log Swift, 367 Swiftsure (74), 283, 286, 394-5 Syren, 35, 41, 119, 203 Teaser, 106, 114 Temeraire, 120 Terpsichore, 37 Thames (32), 265 Thunderer, 67, 96, 97,g8, 100, 115 Tigre (74), 75, 389, 390 Tribune (Fr.), 75 Triumph, 243, 367 Trusty, 269 , Unicorn, 44, 52 ‘ Union, 211 Unite, La, 126-7, 245 Uranie (36), 265 Valiant, 86, 95, 105 Venerable,’ 190, 309 Vengeur (120), 263, 315 Venus, 97 {E-{ Victoire (Fr.),~291 STANDARD Ships-continued Victorious, 32 Victory (100), 356, 358 Vindictive (24), 276 Virginie (Fr.) (44), 244-7 ; capture of, 276 Volage, La, 127 Wasp, 249 Ships, light draught, 108-9, 119 Sick and Hurt Board, 9 Simcoe, Major-General, 337 Smeaton, Dr. John, F.R.S., 29 Smith, Lieutenant, 106, 112 Smith, Sir William Sidney, 3, 44, 66, 146, 233, 263. Letters from, 22-4, 35-9, 119-20, 198-200, 238-9; letters to, 39-41, 203-4 Solano, Don Jose (Marques del Socorro), 290-1 Soldiers as marines, 18, 191 et seq~ Sotheron, Commander -Frank, 22 Spain, xvi, 55-6, 123, 234, 274 ; war with, 291, 293, 313-59, 325, 333 Spanish fleet, 263, 275, 290, 320, 336, 366 Spanish pilots, 353 Spencer, Charles, Earl of Sunderland, xi Spencer, George John, znd Earl, vii-xvi Spencer, Lavinia, Countess, xi, 33, 93,’ 163, 189, 223, 224 Spencer, Mr. Henry, 293 Spithead, 49, 119, 214, 220, 236, 269, 331, 365, 367, 394, 397, 399, 400 Spry, Rear-Admiral Thomas (formerly Davy), 388 Standard of naval strength, 321-2, 325, 33° 416 THE SPENCER PAPERS STEPHENS Stephens, Mr. (afterwards Sir) Philip, secretary, xiv, 8, 195 Sterling, Captain Charles (afterwards vice-admiral), in Stimpson, Captain, 249 Stofftet (general of army of Poitou), 71, 99, 121, 124 Stowel, Lord, 292 Strachan, Captain Sir Richard, 22, 35, 66, 105, 233, 274. Letter from, 266-8 ; letters to, 268-9, 270-1 Stuart, General Charles, xv, 338 TALBOT, Mr., 383 Tallien, Jean Lambert, 68, 88, 98 Tate, Mr., 107 Taylor, Mr. Simon, 250-1 Telegraphs (visual), 261, 301 Teneriffe, 32 Texel, 28 n., 43, 237, 264; projected attack on, 299-310 Tiburon, Cape, 133 Tinteniac, M. de, 86 Thomson, Lieutenant, 246, 373, 381, 386 Thompson, Vice – Admiral >'” Charles, 358, 364 Three-deckers, 393 Tobago, 132 Torbay, 367, 389, 394, 399 Toulon, 23, 53, 55, 143, 147, 150, 162, 255, 320, 322, 325-6, 364, 393, 399 Trade, enemy’s, in neutral bottoms, 272 Trading committees, 17 Transport Board, 79, 121, 133, 157,159-60; contracts, 155-7 Transports, Dundas’s proposal for, 160 Trigge, General, 135-6, 215 Trinidad, 323, 326 WALMER Troops, movement of, over seas, 69 Trotter, Dr. T., 150-2 Truguet, Vice-Admiral, 364,367 Turkish fleet, 47 Turnbull, John, letters from, 277, 278 Tuscany, xv Tyler, Captain, 135, 208 UNIACKE, Colonel, D.Q.M.G. in Munster, 391 Ushant, 67, 245, 262, 267, 369, 372, 382, 385, 388 VAAL river, 24, 27 Valkhuys, financier, 224 Vancouver, Captain, 29 Vandeput, Vice – Admiral George, 127, 260 Vannes, 68, 88, 99 Vaughan, General Sir John, 52 Vendean insurgents, 20, 68 et seq. Vend6e, La, xiii, 74, 92, 99, 107, 115, 117 Victualling, 9 Villaret-Joyeuse, Vice-Admiral Louis Thomas, 48, 67, 69, 74, 366, 370 Villebrune, M., 266 Villeneuve, 364 Virginia, pilot-boats, 161, 251 Vittoria, 123 WALDEGRAVE, Vice – Admiral Hon. Sir William (afterwards Lord Radstock), 50. Letter from, 193-4 > on battle of St. Vincent, 355-7 Wallace, Vice – Admiral Sir James, 366 Walmer Castle, 158, 172, 176 INDEX 417 WARREN Warren, Captain Sir John Borlase, 22, 39, 42, 57, 67, 69, 71, 93, 122, 124, 153, 233, 272. Letters from, 72—3, 74-5, 76-7, 77-8, 80-2, 82-3, 84-5, 86-7, 87-91, 92-3, 94-5, 97-9, IOO, IOI-2, IO2— 6, 106-8, 109-11, 113—15, 116-18, 165, 272-5, 363, 365, 388-90; letters to, 96-7, 111-13, 116, 276, 363-4. 365, • – 366, 390 Warren, Lady, 75 Weser river, 28 West India Expedition P.P., 131-229, 281-95, 3 23 ‘» produce and trade, 139, 233, 269 West Indies, xv, 51-2, 94, X 75> 23 6> 239, 258, 262, 269, 2?4> 33i West Indies, Spanish, 287 Weymouth, 73, 318 Whitby, Captain John, 218 White, Mr., 95, 100, 276 Whyte, Major-General, 281, 287 Wickham, Mr. William, British representative in Switzerland, 153, 338 YSSEL Williams, Lieutenant, 246 Wilson, Lieutenant, 386 Wimbledon, 176, 191, 318, 321 Windham, Mr. William, secretary at war, xiii, xv, xviiixx, 35, 84, 95, 97» 99, 105, 168, 238-9. Letters from, 19-21, 24, 28—30, 71-2, 120- 3, 132 ; letters to, 162-3 Windward Islands, 131, 293 Windward Passage, 139 YARMOUTH, 264, 304, 306, 309 Yarmouth Roads, squadron at, 17 Yellow fever, 283-4, 286, 289 Yeu, Isle d’, 106-7, IO9> I]C 3-4» 116, 118, 126, 165, 307 York, Duke of, H.R.H., xiii, xv, 24, 68, 135-6; his convoy with the Dutch, 24 ; his naval establishment, 24- 5 ; his new regulations, 135- 6, 191-219. Letter to, 207-9 Young, Rear-Admiral George, 270 Yssel river, 24
Julian Corbett was born on 12 November 1854 was educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge where he took a first class degree in law, becoming a barrister in the Middle Temple in 1877, practising until 1882, when he turned to writing, starting with historical novels about the Tudor period. He died on 21 September 1922.
In 1896 he accepted an invitation from John Knox Laughton to edit a volume of documents on the Spanish War of 1585-87, and he soon became known as one of the Royal Navy’s leading intellectuals. From 1901 to 1922 he wrote regularly on naval strategy and history. From 1902 he lectured at the Royal Naval College Greenwich (founded in 1900). In 1903 he gave the Ford Lectures at Oxford University. In 1905 he became the Admiralty’s unofficial adviser on strategy, serving as secretary of the Cabinet Historical Office. He was knighted in 1917, and awarded the Chesney Gold Medal in 1914.
Like Mahan Corbett saw naval warfare as part of a nation’s larger policies, and was influenced by Clausewitz and Laughton. Unlike Mahan he placed less emphasis on fleet battle, which upset many in the Royal Navy. He set out to formalize the theories and principles of naval warfare, focusing on the art of naval warfare, defining the differences between land and naval warfare. His principles of sea control, focus on the enemy, and manoeuvre for tactical advantage still form the foundation of today’s naval manoeuvre warfare. Through his lectures at the Naval War College Corbett was trying to convey to those attending his ideas on limited war and strategic defence, which were very different from the accepted norms of naval theory and strategy of the time.
His publications include
• Papers Relating to the Navy during the Spanish War, 1585-87 (Navy Records Society, 1898).
• Drake and the Tudor Navy, with a History of the Rise of England as a Naval Power (Longmans, 1898).
• The Successors of Drake (Longmans, 1900).
• England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power within the Straits, 1603 – 1713 (Longmans, 1904).
• Fighting Instructions: 1530 – 1816 (Navy Records Society, 1905).
• England in the Seven Years War (Longmans, 1907).
• Signals and Instructions, 1761-1794( Navy Records Society 1909).
• The Campaign of Trafalgar (Longmans, 1910).
• Some Principles of Maritime Strategy (Longmans, 1911).
• Private Papers of George, Second Earl Spencer, First Lord of the Admiralty, 1794 – 1801 2 volumes (Navy Records Society, 1914).
• The League of Nations and the Freedom of the Seas (O.U.P., 1918).
• History of the Great War Naval Operations, Based on Official Documents, Volumes I and II (Longmans 1920 and 1921).
Writings about Corbett include
• D M Schurman The Education of a Navy: the development of British Naval Strategic Thought 1867 – 1914 (Cassell, 1965).
• J Goldrick and J Hattendorf Mahan is not Enough: Proceedings of a Conference on the Works of Sir Julian Corbett and Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond (Naval War College Press, 1993).
• Eric Grove (ed) Some Principles of Maritime Strategy (Naval Institute Press, 1988).
• D M Schurman Julian S Corbett, 1854 – 1922: Historian of British Maritime Policy from Drake to Jellicoe (Cassell, 1981).
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