Signals intelligence played a vital role in the Allied defeat of the U-boats during the Battle of the Atlantic. This book presents documents which show the role of signals intelligence during the Battle of the Atlantic. Focusing on the collection, analysis, and employment of signals intelligence materials by the Royal and United States navies during the Second World War, this volume throws new light on how the Allies obtained victory over the U-boats during the Battle of the Atlantic.
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INDEX Aaborg, 78, 84 Abbotscliffe, 380 Abe, Vice Admiral Katsuo, 307, 309, 311 Abwehr, 86 Achilles, Kapitanleutnant zur See Albrecht, 263, 264 Aden, 375 Adler group, 144 administrative and auxilary code, 408–9 Admiral Commanding Northern Waters, 78 Admiral Commanding U-boats, see BdU Admiralty, 18, 22, 143, 171, 182, 194, 209, 210, 211, 225, 254, 280, 282, 289, 303, 312, 337, 345, 347, 349, 360, 365, 369, 384; Historical Branch of, 23; Operational Intelligence Centre of, 206, 362–4,363, 367. See also Operational Intelligence Centre. Aegean, 227 Affermann, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hans-Jurgen, 110, 111, 112 Africa, 143, 293n Africa radio frequency, 36 Air Ministry, 369 air to surface radar, 190 Aix, 285 Alaska, 99 Albrecht, Oberleutnant zur See Fritz, 250 Albrecht, Oberleutnant zur See Karl, 336 Algeciras, 39n Alicante, 160–2 Allied communications, compromise of, 137, 139–40, 167,76, 177–9, 180–4, 191–9, 236–40, 406–18 Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee, see ASDIC Altafjord, 223 Alusana, 253 America radio frequency, 366 American submarine tracking room, 103, 353–67 Andfjord, 287 Andrews, Admiral Adolphis, 102 Anegada, 366 Anglesey, 342n Anhelt Island, 309n Ansel group, 148–9, 152–3, 168 Anzio, 414 Apendrade Foerde, 41, 46, 48–9 Aphrodite, 189–91, 202n, 260–1, 292, 319 Arabia, 96 Archangel, 86 Arctic, 78, 89, 228, 267, 325, 329, 360–1, 364, 393 Argentia, Newfoundland, 173, 174n Argentina, 182, 199 Arkona, 40 Ascension Island, 6, 205, 373 ASDIC, 185–6 Aster radio frequency, 319 Athens, 226, 330 Atlantic, 127, 155, 165, 205, 220, 230, 250, 257–8, 267, 271, 325, 332, 361 Azores, 111, 129, 162, 205, 243–4, 253, 278, 293, 313n 338n, 342n, 366; importance of D/F station in, 385 Auckland, N.Z., 373 Australia, 314, 371 Awarua, N.Z., 373 Baddon Research Laboratories, 377 Baden, Oberleutnant zur See HansHeinrich, 274 Badoglio, Maresciallo d’Italia Pietro, 410 Bagush, 374 Bahia, 99 Bahr, Kapitanleutnant zur See Rudolf, 156 Bainbridge Island, 92, 95, 97–9 INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 433 Baltic, 16, 43–4, 220, 276, 284, 287, 290, 293, 318, 325–6, 328–9, 339, 342, 348, 361, 382–3, 392–3, 400; U-boat exercising area, 39–41, 48; Italian submarines in, 50; U-boat trails in, 106–8; U-boats from 293; U-boats in, 317; U-boats working up in 326 BAMS, 139, 167, 169, 172–4, 178–80, 182–3, 196, 237–9 Barentsburg, 224 Barley, Temorary Commander Frederick, 23 Barrett, R.J., 389n, 405–6 Bartals, Kapitanleutnant zur See Robert, 158, 265 Barrow, 372 Bartram, Lieutenant W.S.L., 90 Bataria, 206, 313–4 Battle of the Atlantic, histories of, 23–5, 348–53 Bauer, Oberleutnant zur See Hermann, 157 Bayeut, 291 Bayly, Professor B., 91 Bay of Biscay, See Biscay Bay of Seine, 277–8, 280 B-bar, 33, 36–8, 81–3, 144n BdU (Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote), 1–3, 13–14, 16–17, 29, 41, 54–5, 59, 73, 101, 109, 111, 119–20, 122, 124–6, 128, 132, 140, 145–6, 148–51, 153, 160–3, 166, 168–71, 175, 177, 179, 181, 186, 188, 195–8, 202, 219, 222–3, 238, 241–2, 244, 246–8, 258–60, 270, 286, 291, 303, 313, 315, 336, 347–8, 351, 359, 361, 364–5 Beachy Head, 380 Bear Island, 86–9, 223–4 Becker, Kapitanleutnant zur See Richard, 179, 281, 284, 289 Beckmann, Oberleutnant zur See Heinz, 191 Beesly, Lieutenant Commander Patrick, 22, 345, 350, 354, 390, 304, 404; memorandum on U-boats in Biscay ports, 295 Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote, see BdU Belts, Battle of, 339, 342 Bennet, Ralph, 24 Bergen, 30, 154n, 278, 280–3, 285, 293, 327, 340n, 342n Berlin, 109, 182, 229, 274, 285, 298, 307, 309, 318, 336 Bermuda, 98, 191–4, 370, 373 Bernbeck, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hinrich-Oscar, 156 Berry Head, 280 Bertelsmann, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hans-Joachim, 274 B groups, 227–8 Bight, 78 Biscarosse, 214–15 Biscay, 33, 37–8, 49, 81–4, 86, 119, 126, 146, 163, 205–6, 216, 231, 252, 258, 268, 277, 279–80, 283, 285, 287–8, 290, 293, 303–4, 352, 359; U-boat position reports from, 32; U-boat operations in, 282, 284–91; Beesly memorandum on U-boats in, 295; estimates of U-boat fuel in region of, 297 Bishop, 239n, 296n Black Sea, 230, 267, 361 Blair, Clay, 25 Blauert, Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Jörg, 158n Blaylock, Lieutenant Commander L.B., 90 Bleichrodt, Kapitanleutnant zur See Heinrich, 47 B Leitstelle, 30 Bletchley Park, 8, 13, 16, 20, 371, 392–3, 399 Bloemfontein, 373 Blohm & Voss, 155–9, 307–8 Boddenberg, Oberleutnant zur See Karl, 256, 280, 282 Boehmer, Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang, 274 Boland, Lieutenant(jg), John V., 358, 361–2 Boldverfahren, 187, 200–1 Bolitho, Major Richard John Bruce, 377 Bombay Port, 373 Borchers, Kapitanleutnant zur See Rolf, 281 Bordeaux, 49, 84, 127, 146, 164, 198, 214, 217, 286, 295 Borkeum radar detector, 322 Borkum, 226 Borkum group, 257 434 THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 434 Bornholm, 48, 106–8 Bothe, Oberleutnant zur See Friedrich, 156 Botwood, Newfoundland, 373 Boyle, G.M.M., 391 BP, see Bletchley Park Brand, Captain Eric S., 103–4 Brans, Kapitanleutnant zur See HansJoachim, 233, 250 Brauel, Oberleutnant zur See Wilhelm, 256, 286 Brazil, 182, 205; D/F stations in, 98 Bremen, Oberleutnant zur See Hanskur von, 256, 356 B report, 34–5, 39 Bremen, 302, 309, 328n, 335 Brest, 30, 32, 34, 46, 104–5, 127, 217, 226, 229, 244, 277, 279–81, 284–5, 289, 292, 295, 304, 339n Brisbane, 313 British Admiralty Delegation, 355 British and Allied merchant ship code, see BAMS British Broadcasting Corporation, 368 British Guiana, 93 British Joint Staff Mission, 77n British Security Coordination, 91, 95, 97 British X machine, 194 Brown, Captain H., McD., 90 Brunning, Kapitanleutnant zur See Herbert, 157, 235 B Service, 34, 291 Buchholz, Korvettenkapitan zur See Heinz, 157 Buenos Aires, 199 Buk Lighthouse, 40 Bulawayo, 373 Bulow, Korvettenkapitan zur See Otto von, 144, 200 Burghagen, Korvettenkapitan zur See Walter, 336 C, see Menzies, Sir Stewart C-bar, 189 Cabo de la Heo, 160 Caddy, C., 380–1 Calcutta, 93 Canada, 91, 94–7, 140 Canaries, 30, 112, 162, 246 Canberra, 373 Cap d’Espoir, 373 Cape Agulhas, 206 Cape Barfleur, 278, 283, 286, 288 Cape Finisterre, 119, 172 Cape Hatteras, 366 Cape Juby, 162 Cape May, 142 Capetown, 93, 206, 336, 395 Cape Verde Islands, 296n 336n Cape Wrath, 35, 39, 338n, 342n, 345n caproni one man submarine, 274–5 Caribbean, 143, 245, 293, 366 Carlsen, Oberleutnant zur See ClausePeter, 158–9 Casablanca, 162n Cazaut, 215 Ceylon, 93 Channel, see English Channel Chatham, Mass., 237 Chelmsford, 372, 377 Cheltenham, 98 Cherbourg, 277, 281, 284, 286, 288, 291, 293 Chevalier, Ensign R.B., 358 Chicksand, 370 Chilbolton, 372, 275 China, 96 Christophersen, Kapitanleutnant zur See Erwin, 156 Church, C., 380 Churchill, Ont., 93 Churchill, Winston, 396n CINCCNA, 169, 171, 173, 176, 178–9, 193, 210, 236–9 CINCWA, 22, 173, 179–80, 196–7, 209, 327, 398, 400 cipher, see cypher Citadel, 381–2, 389, 400 Civilian Shore Wireless Service, 371, 379 Clausen, Oberleutnant zur See Emil, 157 Clausen, Kapitanleutnant zur See HeinzEhlert, 172 Clausen, Kapitanleutnant zur See Nicolai, 111 Clayton, Rear Admiral J.W., 404 Clophill, 372 Clyde, 35n, 181–2 Coburg Castle, 346 codes, security of, 2–3; German 9; Italian, 9, 95; Japanese, 95; Vichy French, 95; INDEX 435 INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 435 codes, security of (contd.) Portuguse, 96; South American, 96; Turkish, 96; Russian, 97; breaking of Allied codes, 177–80, 191–2, 194–8, 229, 236–7, 267–76, 406–18. See also cyphers. Coester, Oberleutnant zur See ChristianBrandt, 240 cofox code, 415 Colepaugh, William C., 312n, 324 Colombo, 373 Colpoys, Captain Geoffrey, 348, 350 combined assult code, 414 combined cypher no. 3, 169, 172 combined cypher mechine, 413 Cominch, 6, 9–10, 18, 76–7, 100, 116, 135–8, 143, 178, 180–3, 191–4, 199, 209, 224, 269, 294, 337, 345, 349–51, 353–4; U-boat tracking at, 353–67. See also OP-20–GI-2. Command, see BdU Commander-in-Chief, Canadian Northwest Atlantic, see CINCCNA Commander-in-Chief, US Fleet, see Cominch communications intelligence, BritishCanadian-American discussions on, 90–100 Comsubs, see BdU Comsubs, Middle, 285 Conrad radio frequency, 319 Consubs, West, 283–5, 291–2 convoy, strategy of, 17; numbers of and losses from, 344–5 convoys, BX 55, 193 EC 50, 35 EMC 17, 305, 306 Flight 10, 191–2 FN, 35 GUF 3, 111–12 HG 53, 58 HG 70, 50, 54–5, 57, 59, 62–4, 67–9, 71, 72n HG 73, 54, 57, 59, 62, 68–70 HG 76, 79 HX 121, 54, 60 HX 124, 138–40 HX 126, 54–5, 58–9, 61 HX 131, 54, 61, 66, 68, 70 HX 140, 34 HX 141, 34 HX 162, 58 HX 175, 79–80 HX 224, 119, 123 HX 226, 134 HX 231, 16–17 HX 237, 167–76 HX 239, 177–9 HX 240, 180 HX 261, 236–7 HX 265, 238–9, 244 MKF 25, 241 MKF 29, 242 OB 69, 68 OB 73, 65 OB 287, 54, 60–1 OB 288, 53–4, 57–8, 60–1, 66, 68 OB 289, 54 OB 290, 54, 57–8, 60–1 OB 318, 54, 58, 61, 68 OG 69, 50, 54, 56n, 57, 61–4, 66–7, 69–71 OG 71, 55, 62, 63, 67–8, 71 OG 73, 62–3, 71 OG 75, 56, 62–5, 71 ON 28, 56, 62–3, 71 ON 63, 79 ON 166, 135, 176, 194–8 ON 202, 208–9, 218 ON 203, 210 ON 212, 238 ONS 2, 144 ONS 5, 18, 147–54, 168 ONS 18, 208–9, 218 ONS 20, 228 ONS 22, 238 OS 4, 55, 62–3, 65, 71 OS 57/KMS 31, 242 Paddel, 34 Pattearn, 39 PQ 12, 86–8 PQ 13, 84–9 PQ 14, 86 PQ 17, 20n QP 8, 86 SC 26, 54, 58, 68 SC 42, 54–6, 59, 68, 70 SC 44, 59 SC 48, 53, 56–7, 62–3, 68, 70–2, 74 436 THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 436 SC 118, 118–26 SC 129, 167–76 SC 130, 18 SC 142, 218–23 SC 143, 223n SC 146, 244 SL 78, 55, 61, 69–70 SL 84, 59, 62–3, 71 SL 87, 56, 68 SL 90, 74n SL 138/MKS 28, 240 SL 139/MKS 30, 245 TM 1, 12, 110–16 TO 2, 137 Torch convoys, 111, 119 UC 1, 128–34 WN convoys, 34–5, 39 Cook, Major E.F., 90 Cool Harbour, 373 Copes, J., 25 Cordes, Kapitanleutnant zur See Ernst, 233, 271 Coverack, 380 Crawley, 372 Cunningham, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Andrew B., 400 Cupar, 370–2, 386 Curacas, 293 Curly, see FAT Cuxhaven, 226 cyphers, German breaking of, 3, 169, 172, 174, 180–1, 183, 192–7, 229, 406–18. See also codes. Cyprus, 374–5 Danzig, 16, 48, 106, 302, 304, 307, 310–1 Danzigerwerft, Danzig, 155, 157 Darwin, 374 Deetz, Kapitanleutnant zur See Friedrich, 202 DeLany, Rear Admiral W.S., 116 de Marbois, Commander J.M.B.P., 91 Denning, Captain Norman, 390, 393, 401, 404 Denniston, Alistair, 91 Deschimag, Bremen, 157, 307–8 Deschimag, Seebeck, Bremerhaven, 155–8 Deutschewerke, Kiel, 156, 159, 276n, 308 Deutschewerft, Finkenwerder, Hamburg, 156 D/F, 1 2, 4, 6–0, 13, 19–20, 31, 33–4, 36–8, 42, 45–7, 59–60, 81–3, 94, 104, 117–8, 207, 369; Allied system, 4–5; German, 30, 229–30; German knowledge of Allied system, 35–8; British-American-Canadian arrangements, 98–9; in Pacific area, 99; tips off, 327; proceedures, 326–7; stations, 372–7; plotting of bearings at the Admiralty, 380–5; fixes, 383; group system, 387; German attempt to defeat, 388; Allied organization of, 386–9; British apparatus, 372–4, 377 Diana radio frequency, 191 Dieterichs, Kapitanleutnant, zur See Horst, 208 direction finding, see D/F Direction Island, 374 Dobberstein, Oberleutnant zur See Erich, 235 Dobbert, Oberleutnant zur See Max, 240 Doenitz, Grand Admiral Karl, 141–2, 186–7, 246, 249, 279, 281, 283, 303, 311, 317–18, 355 Dolphin code, 9n, 10–11, 393 Dolphin group, 111–12, 115 Dommes, Korvettenkapitan zur See Wilhelm, 205, 262, 265 group, 179 Donegan, M.E., 391 Douarnenez, 283 Doud, Lieutenant Colonel H., 90 Dougall, Captain Maitland, 184 Douglas, W.A.B., 25 Dover, 380 Drake, Captain E.M., 90 Drewitz, Kapitanleutnant zur See HansJoackim, 203 Drossel group, 172–5 Dultgen, Oberleutnant zur See Gert, 233 Dunbeath, 39 Dunk, 379 Durban, 374 Dyer, Commander George 101, 104 E-bar, 7, 33–4, 36–8, 72, 81; in sighting reports, 44–6 Ebersbach, Oberleutnant zur See HansJoachim, 234 Edelston, Rear Admiral J. H., 400–401, 403 INDEX 437 INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 437 Edwards, Captain Ralph, 396 Edwards, Rear Admiral Richard S., 101–2, 358 Eck, Kapitanleutnant zur See HeinzWilhelm, 234 Eckelmann, Oberleutnant zur See Heinz, 157 Eckernforde, 339n Eckersley, Peter, 377 Egypt, 93, 369 Eick, Kapitanleutnant zur See Alfred, 265 Eisenhart group, 238, 240 Elbe, 43–4 Elb group, 168, 170, 175 Elekra-Sonne beacons, 98, 320, 324 Engel, Kapitanleutnant zur See Herbert, 157 England, 86, 96, 140, 168, 171 English Channel, 267, 278–80, 285–6, 290, 292–3, 303–5, 330–1, 341–2, 357, 382, 386, 393, 414; U-boat operations in, 278–9, 281, 283–4, 287–91 Engstrom, Lieutenant Commander H.E., 90 Enigma, 2, 11, 16, 33, 44–5, 58–9, 72, 175, 270, 364, 407 Epatoria, 226 Erskine, Ralph, 24 Escort Groups: Escort Group 1, 148 Escort Group 2, 296, 328–9, 341 Escort Group 3, 148 Escort Group 5, 174, 341 Escort Group 9, 329 Escort Group 10, 328–9, Escort Group 11, 296, 342 Escort Group 12, 284 Escort Group 14, 339, 342 Escort Group 19, 339 Escort Group 25, 329 Escort Group C2, 171–4 Escort Group C3, 237 Escort Group W6, 169–74 1st Support Group, 18 Esquimalt, B.C., 92, 98–9, 370, 374 F-21 (Secret Room), see Cominch. F-211 (Combat Intelligence, Atlantic Section), see Cominch. Faatz, Kapitanleutnant zur See GeorgWerner, 156 Faeroes, 35, 86, 205, 285, 290, 374 Falke, Oberleutnant zur See Hans, 235 Falke group, 140–1 Falkland Islands, 93, 374 Falmouth, 281, 284, 286, 289–90 FAT torpedo, 184–5, 166, 249–50 Fayreness, 380 F-bar, 58 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 312 federapparat torpedo, 166n Feiler, Kapitanleutnant zur See Gerhard, 203 Felixstowe, 380 Fenley, Pay Lieutenant J.F., 390 Feodosia, 226 Ferro, Oberleutnant zur See Otto, 158n Feste Funknamen, alphabetical list of, 189 Fiehn, Kapitanleutnant zur See Helmut, 157 Finlaison, J.D., 390 Finland, 214, 328, 329n Fink group, 149, 168 Firth of Forth, 39 Fiske, Lieutenant Commander Eric R., 345, 350, 394, 399–400 Fitzgerald, D.F.N., 380 Flanders, 226, 229 fleet code, 413–4 Flemish Cap, 168, 236 Flenderwerke, Lübeck, 308 Flensburg, 345 Flensburger Schiffban, Flensburg, 155 Flieder, Japanese submarine, 263 Fliege, aerial, 289 Flowerdown, 34, 370–2, 386 Folkers, Kapitanleutnant zur See Ulrich, 110–12 Forster, Oberleutnant zur See Heinz, 156, 170, 175–6 Forster, J.R., 91 Foxton, 372 France, 104, 120, 125, 142, 159, 166, 251–2, 277–8, 317; railroads in, 292 Franco-Italian Armistice Commission, 96 Franken, Kapitanleutnant zur See Wilhelm, 233 Franz, Oberleutnant zur See Ludwig, 234 438 THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 438 Freetown, 93, 184, 199, 202, 366, 370, 374–5 Frenchman Bay, Maine, 312n Friedman, William F., 90 Friedrich, Kapitanleutnant zur See Rudolf, 157 Furth, F.R., 90 G7 torpedo, 184–5 GAMA, 189 Gardermen, 84 Gardner, W. J. R., 24 GC & CS, 4, 8–9, 12–13, 42n, 77n, 91n, 209–12, 237, 312, 318, 326, 349, 351, 368–70, 376, 390. See also codes, cyphers, and OP-20–GI-1. Gdynia, 117, 307 Geltinger Bucht, 340n Gemini signals, 36–8. See also E-bar General Post Office, 372–3 Georgetown, 98, 374 Gerat Y, 46n Gerlach, Oberleutnant zur See Peter, 274 Gerlach, Oberleutnant zur See Wilhelm, 234 German codes, 10–11, 92 German naval grid, 50–1 German offizier code, see Offizier German wireless intelligence, 30 Germania, Kiel, 308 Gibraltar, 3, 30, 39, 78, 116, 129–30, 137, 172, 191, 205, 216, 244, 366, 369–70, 374, 386; German intelligence from, 108–10; German operations against convoys to and from, 240–9 Giessler, Captain Hans-Heinrich, 190 Gimpel, Erich, 312n Gironde, 49 Gjenner, 40, 48–9 Gnat torpedo, 241, 243–4, 247, 334 Godrey, Rear Admiral John, 76, 368, 391, 396, 401–2, 405n Gordon, R.E., 90 Gorleston, 380 Goteborg, 340n Government Code and Cypher School, see GC & CS Graef, Oberleutnant zur See Adolf, 263 Gran Canaries, 162 Grandefeld, Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang, 176–7, 264 Great Belt, 339, 343 Greece, 214 Greenland, 16, 93, 140, 224, 229 Greenland radio frequency, 36, 44 Gretschel, Oberleutnant zur See Gunther, 155, 198 Grimm group, 278 GSR, 321–2 Guernsey, 291 Guinea, Gulf of, 136, 166 Gysae, Korvettenkapitan zur See Robert, 265 Habicht group, 141 Haelbich, Kapitanleutnant zur See Gerhard, 234 Haigh, Major J.D., 90 Haines, Captain Jasper, 369 Halifax, 98, 177 Hall, Captain Sir Reginald, 402–3 Hall, Commander R.A., 403 Hamburg, 157, 227, 302, 309, 335–6 Hamburg Finkenwaerder, 276 Hancock Point, Maine, 312n Hanert, Kapitanleutnant zur See Klaus, 234, 272 Hankey, Maurice, 1st Baron, 368 Hansen, Kapitanleutnant zur See Otto, 233 Happe, Oberleutnant zur See Werner, 158 Happla Fjord, 44 Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, 374 Harlfinger, Kapitanleutnant zur See KarlHeinrich, 233 Harstad, 340, 342 Hartlen, 374 Hartmann incident, 160–1 Hartmann, Oberleutnant zur See Otto, 160–1, 163 Hartmann, Kapitan zur See Werner, 157, 265 Harwich, 380 Hasenschar, Kapitanleutnant zur See Heinrich, 176, 188 Hashagen, Oberleutnant zur See Berthold, 233, 272 Hasle, 106–8 Hastings, Captain Edward, 77 Haudegaen group, 118–22, 141 Haupt, Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Jurgen, 157 INDEX 439 INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 439 Hawaii, 93, 99 Hawkinge, 380 Heard, Captain William A., 100 Hebern cypher machine, 96 Heinrich, Oberleutnant zur See Gunther, 272 Heinsohn, Kapitanleutnant zur See Heinrich, 154n Hela I, II submarines, 276 Heligoland Bight, 226 Hellriegel, Kapitanleutant zur See HansJürgen, 273 Hendrick, Wing Commander M.M., 91 Henning, Kapitanleutnant zur See Fritz, 233 Hepp, Kapitanleutnant zur See Horst, 256 Hesse, Korvettenkapitan zur See HansJoachim, 111, 113 Hessler, Gunter, 23 Heydemann, Kapitanleutnant zur See Gunther, 111, 113 Heyse, Kapitanleutnant zur See Ulrich, 112 HF/DF, 4–5, 58–9, 69, 72, 78n, 314–15; shipborne, 378; organization of, 386–9. See also D/F. Hilbig, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hans, 312–13 High frequency direction finding, see HF/DF. Hildebrandt, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hans, 158n Hinein, 256n Hinsley, F. H., 24, 312 Hohentweil-U radar, 322 Holsenoy, 328 Holtenau, 44 Holtring, Kapitanleutnant zur See Horst, 197, 207 Hoover, Vice Admiral J.H., 116 Hope, Lieutenant E., 91 Horton, 328 Horton, Admiral Sir Max, 391 Hossenfelder, Oberleutnant zur See Albert, 233, 270, 273 Hourtin, 215 Howaldswerke, Hamburg, 157 Howaldt, Kiel, 308 Howalt and Deutsche Werke, Kiel, 261 Howard-Johnson, Captain C.D., 350 Hubertus radio frequency, 168, 191 Hungershausen, Kapitanleutnant zur See Heinz, 256 Huth, Oberleutnant zur See Wather, 155 Iceland, 35–6, 85–6, 93, 119, 122, 140, 205, 229, 270, 277–8, 285, 290, 327, 367, 374, 376 Iceland-Faeroes minefield, 212–13 Iceland-Faeroes Passage, 277 Incon codes, 416–17 Icefjord, 223–4 Indian Ocean, 205–6, 250–1, 257–8, 262–7, 293, 311, 325, 332, 359, 360–1, 413 Inter Service Committee on Radio Interception, 368 Ionosphere Bureau, 377 ionospheric disturbances, 315 ionospheric measurements, 93 Ireland, 215–16, 229, 341n Ireland radio frequency, 366 Irish Sea, 330–1 Islay, 34 Isle of Wight, 281 Ismailia, 374 Ismay, Major General Sir Hastings, 76 Italian submarines, 49–50 Ites, Oberleutnant zur See Rudolf, 256 Jaguar group, 119–21, 140–1 Jamaica, 98 Jandakot, 374 Jan Mayen, 85–7, 229 Japan, 97 Jebsen, Kapitanleutnant zur See Johann, 234, 274 Jeschonnek, Oberleutnant zur See Wolf, 159 Johannsen Oberleutnant zur See Hans, 179 Judgement operation, 340 Junker, Fregattenkapitan zur See Ottoheinrich, 156n, 157, 265–6 Just, Kapitanleutnant zur See Paul, 234, 276 Kahan, David, 24 Kaiser, Oberleutnant zur See Karl-Ernst, 234 Kalbfus, Admiral Edward, 351 440 THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 440 Kandler, Oberleutnant zur See HansAlbrecht, 158, 274 Kandzior, Oberleutnant zur See Helmult, 233 Kattegat, 43, 340n Keeling Island, 374 Kemp, Lieutenant Commander Peter, 380–2, 386n Kameke, Kapitanleutnant zur See HorseTessen von, 193–4 Kentrat, Korvettenkapitan zur See EitelFriedrich, 157, 265 Kenworthy, H.C., 91 Ketels, Kapitanleutnant zur See HansHeinrich, 289 Kildinning, 372 Kiel, 40, 43–4, 154n, 226, 261, 285, 315, 325, 328, 335–6, 340n, 394 Kiel Bucht, 328n Kiel Canal, 43–4 Kiel Förde, 43 Kildin, 88 Kilindini, 370–1, 375 Kilwinning, 372 King, Admiral Ernest J., 100, 102n 143, 192n, 358, 362–3 Kingston, Jamaica, 374 Kinzel, Kapitanleutnant zur See Manfred, 157 Kirkenes, 78, 85, 88–9, 214, 226, 229 Kloevekorn, Kapitanleutnant zur See Friedrich, 234 Knackfuss, Oberleutnant zur See Ulrich, 233, 289 Knowles, Commander Kenneth A., 1, 10, 21, 224, 268–9, 353–5, 358, 362; Uboat plot security, 135–6; radar detection 201–2; special intelligence, 225; activities of escort aircraft carriers, 235–6; radio security measures to be adopted by American submarines, 252–3; Walter U-boats, 261–2; U-boat deployments for Overlord, 267–8; security of ultra, 294–5; Baltic U-boat radio traffic, 326; award for Winn, 337–8; summary of U-boat fleet, 345–6; U-boat records, 346–50; history of Battle of the Atlantic, 351–3; U-boat tracking, 356; importance of ultra, 387 Kobe, 313 Koitschka, Oberleutnant zur See Siegfried, 156 Kola Inlet, 85, 88–9, 329n, 339, 343 Kolbus, Oberleutnant zur See Hans, 234 Kolzer, Oberleutnant zur See Karl, 235 Komatiport, 374 Konenkamp, Kapitanleutnant zur See Jürgen, 160 Konigsburg, 328 Kootwijk, 30, 36, 59 Kottmann, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hermon, 154n Krause, Captain Roland, 351 Krech, Kapitanleutnant zur See Gunther, 187 Krankenhagen, Kapitaleutnant zur See Detlef, 271, 273 Kriegsmarinewerft, Kiel, 158 Kriegsmarinewerft, Wilhelmshaven, 308 Kristiansand, 338n Kuchiag, 374 Kummer, Kapitanleutnant zur See Heinz, 159 Kuntzee, Kapitanleutnant zur See Jürgen, 158n Kuppisch, Kapitanleutnant zur See Herbert, 203 Kurier method of radio transmission, 316, 319, 323 Kurrer, Kapitanleutnant zur See Helmut, 158 Kurtz, Captain Thomas R., 102 Laird, Jr., Lieutenant George H., 101n Lamby, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hermann, 127 Lambda, 36n La Pallice, 49, 104–5, 127, 217, 278, 280, 289, 291, 295, 304 Land’s End, 35, 289–90, 329n, 372–3, 386 Landsknecht group, 119 Landwrite group, 277 Lange, Oberleutnant zur See Gerhard, 158n Lange, Kapitanleutnant zur See Kurt, 156 La Rochelle, 287 Lauzemis, Oberleutnant zur See Albert, 191 INDEX 441 INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 441 Lawaetz, Oberleutnant zur See Ulf, 234, 272 Leghorn, 227 Le Havre, 277–8 Lehsten, Oberleutnant zur See Detef von, 283, 289, 373 Leu, Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang, 234 Leuthen group, 209–11 Le Verdon-sur-Mer, 49 Lewis-Smith, J., 380 Liberia, 136 Lielich, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hansl, 234 Lisbon, 253; German intelligence from, 108–10 Little Belt, 340, 343 Little, Admiral Sir Charles, 100, 103 Lirvecchi, Yoeman lst Cl. Samuel P., 358 Liverpool, 173, 179 Lizard, 277–8, 283 Llewellyn, B., 380 Loch Ewe, 34–5, 183 Loewe, Kapitanleutnant zur See Odo, 158–9 Lo Fjord, 44 Lofoten Islands, 214, 296n London, 6, 20, 97–7 Londonderry, 122, 125 Looe, 380 Lorient, 32–3, 45–6, 49, 58, 104–5, 217, 227, 291–2, 295, 304 Loughram, A., 391 Low, Rear Admiral F. S., 20, 102, 143–4, 224, 235, 268n, 292, 358 Lowenherz group, 16–17 Loxen, 415 Loxo code, 414–15 Lübeck, 339, 343 Luftflotte III, 214–15 Luftflotte IV, 214 Luis, Korvettenkapitan zur See Wilhelm, 176 Lut torpedo, 334 Luth, Korvettenkapitan zur See Wolfgang, 112, 114, 265 Lybster, 373 Lydd, 372, 386 Lyme Bay, 280 Lyme Regis, 380 Madagascar, 205–6 Madeira, 111, 205, 366 Madrid, 109 Magask, 372 magnetic pistol, 185 Maidment, Captain K. J., 91 Malta, 364, 370, 374 Mangold, Oberleutnant zur See Ernst, 235 Mannesmann, Kapitanleutnant zur See Gert, 234 Manseck, Kapitanleutnant zur See Helmut, 198 Mantel, Oskar, 312–13 Manke, Kapitanleutnant zur See Rolf, 155 Marawhao, 99 Mar del Plata, 342n Martin, Major, 135 Marseilles, 227 Mattke, Kapitanleutnant zur See Willy, 234, 273 Mauritius, 375 McMicking, Sub Lieutenant G.T., 390 McKesson, Lieutenant L.J., 90 meaconing, 98 Mediterranean, 160, 185, 188, 214, 227, 230, 251, 257, 267, 287, 303, 332, 359, 361, 382 medium frequency, 43, 47, 70, 72–5, 79; D/F, 41, 50, 73; beacons, 56–7; traffic, 80; homing signals, 88 Meermeier, Kapitanleutnant zur See Johannes, 234 Meise group, 144 Melbourne, 370 Mengersen, Kapitanleutnant zur See Ernst, 165 Menzies, Sir Stewart, 368 merchant ship code, 416 Mersigs II, 417 Metcalf, Rear Admiral Martin K., 101 Methil, 34–5 metox, 190 Metz, Oberleutnant zur See Helmut, 157, 167 M/F, see medium frequency MI 5, 91n MI 6, 91n Milnertown, 375 Minches, 324, 331 Minckler, Lieutenant Colonel R.W., 90 442 THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 442 Ministry of Defence, 23 mime asdic, 323 Moglich, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hans, 156 Mohlmann, Kapitanleutnant zur See Helmut, 111–12, 115, 144 Mona Passage, 293 Monsum group, 205–6, 265, 360 Montevideo, 181–2 Montpellier, 226 Montreal, 375 Moore, Vice Admiral Sir Henry, 401 Moray Firth, 39, 329n Morgan, Charles, 368n, 392 Morgan, Squadron Leader S.G., 91 Morison, Lieutenant Commander S.E., 23, 348, 351 Morehoe, 380 Mosel group, 177, 179, 188 Mueller, Kapitanleutnant zur See HeinzEberhard, 144 Muhs, Oberleutnant sur See 234 Muller, Oberleutnant zur See, Bernhard, 157, 159 Muller, Oberleutnant zur See Willi, 282 Munnich, Kapitanleutnant zur See Ralph, 155 Murman Coast, 88 Murmansk, 84–7, 120 Musenberg, Fregattenkapitan zur See Werner, 263 Nahariya, 374–5 Narvick, 78, 226, 278, 339n Narwhal code, 393 Naval Cypher no. 1, 409–11 Naval Cypher no. 2, 409, 411 Naval Cypher no. 3, 3, 77, 138–40, 169, 172–4, 180–1, 183, 193–7, 229, 409–12, 417 Naval Cypher no. 4, 229, 411–3 Naval Cypher no. 5, 229, 413, 417 Naval Service Headquarters, see NSHQ Naylor, Sub Lieutenant H., 390 Neckel, Kapitanleutnant zur See Herbert, 158 Neide, Kapitanleutnant zur See Kurt, 157, 191 Nemo operation, 293 Neptune group, 134–5, 194–7, 303, 408, 414 Netherlands, 30n New Brunswick, 375 Newfoundland, 119, 146, 148, 170n Newfoundland Banks, 324 New York, 91n, 96, 102, 168, 205 Neumann, Korvettenkapitan zur See Hans-Werner, 144 Neumunster, 226 New Zealand, 93, 370 Nibelung sonar, 323n NID 8, see Admiralty NID 9, see Y Nissen, Kapitanleutnant zur See Jurgen, 12 Njoerring, 226 Nollau, Kapitanleutnant zur See Herbert, 274 Nordheimer, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hubert, 235 Norddeich, 36, 59, 214, 227 Norddeich basic frequency, 327 Norddeich off frequency, 225, 270n, 315 Normandy, U-boat invasion summaries, 285–92 North Cape, 87 North Channel, 216, 283, 285, 330–1, 338n North Minch, 283, 285 North Russia convoys, 84–9 North Sea, 37, 44, 81, 382, 386, 393, 410, 414 Norway, 37, 51, 84–5, 88, 92, 142, 212, 214, 224, 252, 277–8, 280–2, 284–5 Norwich, 372 NSHQ, 104, 136, 173 Nyko code, 415–6 Oban, 372 off frequency, 252–3, 319, 327 Offerman, Oberleutnant zur See Hans, 264 Office of Strategic Services, 161 Offizier, 50, 137, 167, 169–70, 173–5, 178, 180, 183, 192, 199, 211, 237–40 OIC, see Operational Intelligence Centre and Admiralty Oliver Strachey teleprint, see Ost Omo, 339, 343 INDEX 443 INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 443 Op-20–GI-2, 13, 118, 136, 209–12, 164, 191, 225, 316, 319, 349–51, 359–60, 362, 364–5, 367; U-boat bases, 126–7; operations of Group, Robbe, 127–8; operations Groups Neptune, Ritter, and Knappen, 134–5; U-boat operations, 144–5; bearings on convoys, 164–5; Aphrodite 189–91; German grid squares, 203–4; Norddeich transmissions, 214; U-boat identifications, 233–5; tonnage of U- 801, 250; FAT, 249–50; Albrecht’s assignment, 250; forecast of U-boat activities, 250–2; Hilbig’s task, 312–3 Operational Intelligence Centre, 8–10, 12–3, 21–22, 206, 360, 364, 377; war diary destroyed, 21; D/F plotting, 380–5; U-boat tracking, 389–406. See also Admiralty Oran, 160 Oshima, Lieutenant General Hiroshi, 309 Oslo, 43–4 Ost, 86, 109–10 Ottawa, 6, 99, 103, 370, 375, 384 Otto, Kapitanleutnant zur See PaulFriedrich, 157, 233 Ouessant, 288 Overlord, U-boat deployment for, 267–8; invasion summaries of U-boat activities, 277–92 outcom, 416–17 Owers Lightship, 283, 286 Oyster mines, 303 Pacific, 99, 230, 413 Paepenmoller, Oberleutnant zur See Klaus, 234 Pahls, Oberleutnant sur See Heinrich, 265 Panama, 293, 366 Panama Canal Zone, 93 Panzer group, 186 Paris, 109, 283, 285 Parke, Lieutenant Commander L.W., 90 Parsons, Lieutenant J.E., 353, 357n, 358, 362 passage reports, 80–1 P-bar, 36n Pembroke, 373 Penang, 205–6, 315, 336, 359, 375 Penmarch, 375 Pennefield, 375 Pentland Firth, 34, 39 Pentland Skerries, 34 Peterson, Lieutenant Commander C.H., 90 Petersen, Kapitanleutnant zur See Kurt, 250 Petersen, Oberleutnant zur See Theodor, 234 Pfeil group, 119–21, 124 Pich Kapitanleutnant zur See Helmuth, 158, 266 Piening, Korvettenkapitan zur See Adolf, 191 Pietzsch, Kapitanleutnant zur See Werner, 156 Pillau, 30, 227, 261, 328 Plaice code, 393 Plymouth 280–1, 289–90, 293, 380, 395, 399 Point Halifax, 374 Polarnoe, 370 Political Warfare Executive, 91n Popp, Kapitanleutnant zur See Klaus, 272 Porpoise code, 9n Port Elizabeth, 209, 375 Portland, 380 Portrush, 376, 386 Portsmouth, 281, 286, 303n, 380 Pound, Admiral Sir Dudley, 20n Priaroggia, Lieutenant Commander Gazzana, 136 Pryce, Captain, 350 Puckler, Kapitanleutnant zur See WilhemHeinrich von, 111–4 Purkhold, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hubertus, 271 Pulst, Kapitanleutnant zur See Gunther, 234 Q Room, 136 Queck, Kapitanleutnant zur See HorstThilo, 273 RAAF, 461 Squadron, 296n Rabenau, Oberleutnant zur See Georg von, 159 radar apparatus, 378–9 radio facsimile, 96 radio finger printing, 7, 93 444 THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 444 Radio Security Service, 369 Raeder, Grand Admiral Erich, 141 RAF, 5, 22, 215–16, 226, 230–1, 270, 303–4, 335–6, 339, 398, 400 48 Squadron, 160n 53 Squadron, 296n 86 Squadron, 120, 223n, 338n, 340n, 341n 120 Squadron, 124n, 218n, 223n, 338n 143 Squadron, 339n 172 Squadron, 274n 179 Squadron, 208n, 217n, 228n 184 Squadron, 304n 201 Squadron, 120 206 Squadron, 274n, 289 210 Squadron, 296n 224 Squadron, 340n 228 Squadron, 289 233 Squadron, 160n 236 Squadron, 339n, 340n¡ 248 Squadron, 289 269 Squadron, 43n, 223n 502 Squadron, 296n 547 Squadron, 340n Rahe, Kapitanleutnant zur See Heinz, 264, 273 Raubgraf group, 138–9, RCAF, 25, 270n, 423 Recife, 183 Redman, Commander John R., 90 Red Sea, 413 Reff, Oberleutnant zur See Reinhard, 273 Reichenbach-Klinke, Kapitanleutnant zur See Kurt, 208 Rendtel, Kapitanleutnant zur See Horst, 156 Rennes, 78, 84 Revel, 227 Rhein group, 168–70, 172 Rio Grand do Sul, 99 Ritter group, 134–5, 194–7 River, Manitoba, 375 Robbe group, 127–8, 130 Robinson, Captain Stephen B., 103 Rochen group, 129 Roeder, Commander Bernard, 312 Rodler von Roithberg, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hardo, 235, 278n, 283 Roenne, 40, 44, 48, 106–8 Roskill, S.W., 23 Rowlett, 1st Lieutenant F.B., 90 Rother, Kapitanleutnant zur See Josef, 160–1 Royal Air Force, see RAF Royal Australian Air Force, see RAAF Royal Canadian Air Force, See RACF Royal Navy 30 Assult Unit, 346n Royan, 49 Ruegen, 227, 257 Rugen, 48 Runyun, Timothy, 25 Rushbrooke, Rear Admiral Edmund, 117n, 348, 350–1 Russia, 39, 48, 86, 93, 97, 214 Sachse, Oberleutnant zur See Dietrich, 279 Safford, Captain L.F., 90 Sambro Lightship, 193–4 Sonderborg, 261 San Juan, P.R., 327 Sandwith, Captain Humphrey R., 90–1, 369 Santos, Brazil, 99 Sarty, Roger, 25 Sass, Oberleutnant zur See Paul-Heinrich, 234 Scapa, 331 Scarborough, 327, 370–1, 373, 381, 386 Schaar, Oberleutnant zur See Gerd, 234 Schamong, Oberleutnant zur See Klemens, 156 Scheibe, Kapitanleutnant zur See HansMarin, 162–3 Schneewind, Kapitanleutnant zur See Fritz, 112, 115–16, 128, 266 Schendel, Kapitanleutnant zur See Rudolf, 112–13, 134 Schetelig, Oberleutnant zur See Robert, 156, 177 Schichau, Danzig, 307–8 Schichauwerft, Danzig and Elbing, 156 Schmoeckel, Kapitanleutnant zur See Helmut, 272 Schneider, Kapitanleutnant zur See Herbert, 112–3, 115–6 schnorchel, 268, 277–8, 283–4, 287, 291–2, 302, 310, 317, 320–2 Schoneboom, Oberleutnant zur See Dietrich, 160, 233 INDEX 445 INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 445 Schramm, Oberleutnant zur See Joachim, 146 Schroeteler, Kapitanleutnant zur See Heinrich, 274 Schroeter, Oberleutnant zur See Horst von, 163 Schuirmann, Rear Admiral Roscoe E., 253 Schukraft, Major R.E., 90 Schumann, Oberleutnant zur See Henning, 233–4 Schwaff, Oberleutnant zur See Werner, 200 Schwassmann, Kapitanleutnant zur See Heinz, 235 Schwebecke, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hans-Joachim, 256 Schweiger, Kapitanleutnant zur See Friedhelm, 233 Scilly, 277–8, 283, 293 Scotland, 36, 86, 205 Seattle, 99 Seehausen, Oberleutnant zur See Gerhard, 256 Seibicke, Kapitanleutnant zur See Gunther, 11, 113–14, 172, 175 Setter, Sub Lieutenant S.I.G., 390, 394n Shark code, 8n, 9, 11, 211, 312, 315–16, 325, 393 Shelly, Commodore Tully, 350 Sheringham, 380 Shetlands, 35, 82–4, 290, 386 ships: American: merchant ships: Edward M. House, 306n Esso Baton Rouge, 129, 131 Ezra Weston, 305 Henry Blasdel, 306n James A. Farrel, 306n John T. Treutlen, 306n Louis Kossuth, 306n Mckeesport, 148, 153n Robert E. Hopkins, 124n, 126 West Market, 153n West Maximus, 149n West Portal, 121n Yorkmar, 223 submarines: Besugo, 341 Flunder, 180–1, 183, 192–3 Haddo, 180–1, 183, 192–3 Herring, 180–1, 183, 192–3 warships: Ahrens, 340n Atherton, 342 Babbitt, 196 Barr, 340n Block Island, 340n Bogue, 198, 208n, 274n, 296n, 312n Bronstein, 274n Card, 203, 217, 224, 263n Carter, 339, 342 Charles F. Huges, 128n Chatelain, 293 Croatan, 293, 338 Decatar, 137 Donnell, 296 Evadne, 328n Eugene E. Elmore, 340–1 Fessenden, 336 Frost, 293n Guadalcanal, 293 Hilary P. Jones, 128n Hobson, 279n Huse, 293n Inch, 293n Incham, 126 Jenks, 293n Jouett, 264n Lansdale, 128n LCI(L) 99, 306 LST 280, 306 LST 327, 306 LST 404, 306 LST 921, 306 Madison, 128n Mission Bay, 336 Moffett, 207 Natchez, 342 Neal A. Scott, 342n Omaha, 264n Pillsbury, 293n Solomons, 293 Stanton, 338n, 342n Tripoli, 336 Belgian: merchant ship: Moanda, 162n 446 THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 446 British: merchant ships: Afrika, 124n Alva, 193 Ascanius, 306 Ashmun J. Clough, 305 Athel Princess, 129–30 Becherville, 243 Bristol City, 149n, 153n British Dominion, 115 British Vigilance, 110, 112 Coral, 305 Dexterous, 172–4 Dolius, 153n Empress of Canada, 136 Empire Lytton, 113 Empire Norseman, 129, 131 Empire Portia, 306 Empire Wolfe, 74 Fortitude, 129, 131 Fort Yale, 305 Gharinda, 152–3 Glendinning, 305 Hadleigh, 160n Halma, 193–4 Harbury, 149–50, 153n Harmala, 124n Harperly, 153n Highland Court, 193 Lombardy, 183–4 Lorient, 149n, 153n Maid of Orleans, 305 Mandalay, 199 Merchant Prince, 160n Newton Ash, 125n North Britain, 153n Oltenia II, 113–14 Orminster, 305 Portland, 264 Queen Elizabeth, 17 Sammeva, 306 Selvistan, 152–3 St Enogat, 305 St. Margaret, 305 Sydney Star, 181–2 Toward, 124n Vizalma, 173 Wentworth, 149n, 153n William Wilberforce, 115–16 submarines Graph, 43n Venturer, 328 Tapir, 341 warships: Abelia, 126 Alnwich Castle, 328 Amethyst, 328 Anemone, 126 Anguilla, 342n Archer, 179n Aylmer, 274n Bayntum, 329n Beverley, 120, 126 Bickerton, 270n, 274n Biter, 154n, 171 Blackwood, 293n, 306 Bligh, 274n Braithwaite, 329n Bulldog, 329 Campanula, 126 Chanticleer, 246 Cooke, 296n Cotton, 342n Curzon, 298 Dornoch, 329 Duncan, 174n Ekins, 296 Exe, 128n, 246 Folkestone, 128n Ganilly, 306 Geranium, 241n Godetia, 110n, 114 Goodson, 306 Gorleston, 128n Grindall, 341n Havelock, 110, 113–14, 243, 342n Haverfield, 274n Hesperus, 342n Impulsive, 148n Jed, 148n Keats, 341n Lark, 328 Loch Eck, 329n Loch Insh, 329n Loch Killin, 296n Loch Ruthren, 329n, 341n Loch Scavaig, 328 Loch Shin, 342n Lowestoft, 147n, 153n, 328 Mignonette, 126 INDEX 447 INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 447 British warships (contd.) Nourne, 293n 306 Ness, 128n Northern Gem, 147n Northern Spray, 147n Offa, 148n Oribi, 148n Pathfinder, 154n Peacock, 328 Pelican, 148, 150n, 154n Penn, 148n Pimpernell, 110n, 113–14 Pincher, 328n Pink, 306 Prince Leopold, 306 Queen, 340n Rawalpindi, 410 Recruit, 328 Relentless, 265n Renown, 35n Roebuck, 266n Roxborough, 176 Saxifrage, 110n Searcher, 340n Senen, 148n Snowflake, 147n, 152n Starling, 274n, 296n Stayner, 296 Sunflower, 147n, 152n Tartar, 147n, 151 Tintagel Castle, 342 Totland, 128n, 130n Trumpeter, 340n Vanessa, 126 Vanguisher, 342 Vidette, 147n, 150n Vimy, 120, 126 Vindex, 270, 274n Wear, 148n Wensleydale, 296n Weston, 128n Whitehall, 241n Wild Goose, 274n, 329n, 341n Witch, 126 Wren, 296n York, 409 Canadian: warships: Alberni, 306 Athabaskan, 410 Blairmore, 209 Calgary, 245 Prince Rupert, 274n Regina, 306 Snowberry, 245 St. John, 329n Thunder, 209 Dutch: merchant ship: Murena, 129, 131 Free French: warship: Lobelia, 120n, 126 German: merchant ships: Brake, 206, 265–6 Charlotte Schliemann, 206, 265–6 Gonzenheim, 35 Irene, 265 Regensburg, 264 Rio Grande, 264 U-boats: U-2, 328 U-21, 328 U-38, 62 U-39, 166 U-42, 166 U-43, 129–32, 134 U-49, 166 U-66, 129–33, 256n U-68, 191n U-72, 335n U-74, 45, 56, 58 U-77, 160–2 U-79, 53–4, 62 U-83, 144n U-86, 244–5, 247 U-87, 81, 130–1, 133 U-89, 119, 122, 125 U-90, 107 U-91, 139, 220, 223, 256n U-92, 273n U-93, 45, 62 U-94, 45, 62 U-95, 53n U-96, 53, 335n U-97, 129 U-98, 81 U-99, 166 U-101, 45 448 THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 448 U-103, 81 U-105, 12–3, 16, 110n U-107, 81, 129–30, 153 U-109, 47, 62, 81, 153 U-110, 166 U-111, 45, 58 U-117, 144n, 146n U-118, 146n U-119, 146n, 193 U-124, 45, 58, 62 U-125, 110n, 149, 152–3 U-126, 62 U-128, 112n U-129, 177n U-132, 78 U-134, 78, 112n U-135, 81, 119–25 U-138, 45, 166 U-155, 191n, 206n, 324 U-156, 81 U-159, 163 U-161, 263n U-167, 162 U-168, 149, 205n, 266n U-169, 157 U-172, 207n U-174, 176–7, 264n U-177, 205n, 265n U-178, 205n, 265n U-179, 107 U-180, 156, 167, 263n, 314 U-181, 112n, 205n, 265n, 313 U-182, 111n U-183, 205n, 266n, 313, 341 U-185, 207 U-187, 119, 155, U-188, 144n, 157, 205n, 265n U-189, 158 U-190, 156 U-191, 157 U-192, 153, 158n U-195, 157, 205n, 314 U-196, 157, 205n, 265n, 313 U-197, 158, 205n, 265n U-198, 158, 205n, 265n U-201, 45 U-202, 129–33 U-203, 47, 54, 154n U-204, 46, 47 U-209, 153 U-211, 107, 240n, 242, 244–5 U-212, 247, 278, 282, 296 U-214, 281, 284, 286, 296 U-216, 108 U-217, 208n U-218, 129–31, 133, 179n U-219, 314–15, 336 U-223, 150–1, 155, 274n U-226, 150–I, 247 U-227, 158 U-228, 241–5, 156 U-229, 156, 177n U-230, 156 U-231, 152, 158, 258 U-236, 340, 343 U-237, 328, 335 U-244, 247, 256n U-246, 341 U-247, 283, 285 U-256, 256n 286 U-257, 26n, 273n U-260, 148–50, 152, 218–20, 671n U-262, 119–20, 124, 126, 240–6 U-264, 148–52 U-266, 122–3, 150–1 U-267, 119–23, 150–2, 155, 273n U-269, 14, 233, 285 U-270, 149, 157, 269 U-274, 247 U-275, 218–20, 222–3, 291 U-276, 281 U-279, 213n, 218–20, 223 U-280, 247 U-282, 247 U-285, 233, 341 U-286, 339n, 342 U-294, 277 U-296, 338, 341 U-300, 328 U-302, 256, 273n U-305, 156, 218–20, 258 U-306, 240–1 U-307, 339n U-309, 220, 306n, 329 U-313, 233 U-318, 339 U-320, 342 U-325, 342 U-327, 329 INDEX 449 INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 449 German U-boats (contd.) U-329, 335n U-331, 62 U-333, 200, 240–6, 296 U-334, 87 U-336, 218–20, 223 U-338, 157 U-340, 335n U-342, 233, 270n U-343, 245 U-345, 233 U-347, 296 U-348, 335n U-350, 335n U-358, 13, 149–50, 153, 155, 242–4, 272n U-359, 156, 170 U-362, 234 U-364, 234, 258 U-373, 239n, 283, 289n U-377, 78, 151, 218, 258 U-378, 150–1, 218–22 U-381, 111n, 150, 152 U-382, 129, 130–1, 133, 152 U-385, 296 U-386, 158, 250n, 272n U-389, 218 U-390, 306n U-391, 247 U-392, 233–4 U-402, 119–26, 152, 218n, 224n U-403, 74, 172, 174 U-404, 200 U-405, 78, 132, 176n U-406, 208 U-410, 107 U-413, 119, 121, 150, 152, 279n, 282, 305n U-414, 155 U-415, 157, 191n, 282 U-418, 158 U-419, 218–20, 223 U-420, 111n, 247 U-421, 334 U-424, 119, 247 U-425, 328 U-426, 244–5, 258 U-429, 335 U-430, 335n U-431, 160n, 233 U-432, 81 U-435, 208 U-436, 114n U-437, 220, 222 U-438, 119, 122–5, 150–3 U-441, 107–8, 240–1, 245 U-447, 156 U-448, 156, 218–21, 223 U-454, 78, 87–8, 119 U-455, 81, 162n U-456, 119, 122–5 U-459, 127n 146n U-460, 127n, 146n U-461, 127n, 129, 131, 146n U-462, 127n, 145n, 146n U-463, 111n, 127n, 146n U-464, 127n, 146n U-465, 119–20, 123–4 U-466, 155, 240n, 243 U-467, 159 U-468, 156 U-469, 157 U-471, 234, 296n U-473, 234, 269n, 274n U-476, 234 U-480, 305–6, 324 U-483, 329 U-486, 341 U-487, 127n, 157 U-488, 127n U-489, 127n U-490, 234 U-504, 129–32, 150–2 U-505, ix, 14, 293n U-506, 205n, 206n U-509, 205n, 206n U-510, 262n, 313 U-511, 112n, 115n U-514, 110n, 149–51, 205n, 206n U-515, 149, 244–6 U-516, 205n, 206n U-518, 145n, 163n, 264n, 342 U-519, 107 U-521, 129–33 U-522, 112n, 129–30, 133 U-525, 203n U-526, 156 U-527, 156 U-529, 156 U-530, 17, 156, 342 450 THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 450 U-531, 149–50, 153n, 158n U-532, 156–7, 205n, 265n, 313–14 U-533, 151–2, 205n U-534, 340, 343 U-536, 245 U-537, 314 U-538, 247 U-539, 219–21 U-541, 250, 278 U-542, 240n, 247 U-543, 273n, 274n U-544, 234, 258, 273 U-545, 234 U-546, 234, 272n U-548, 272n U-549, 271n U-550, 234, 272n U-552, 115n, 152, 247, 272n U-556, 45 U-558, 53, 129–32 U-559, 53 U-565, 233 U-569, 129–32, 134, 179n U-571, 81, 111n, 144n U-575, 111n, 127, 150–1, 247–8, 274n U-578, 78 U-584, 78, 150–2, 218–9 U-585, 78 U-586, 81, 245, 247, 273n U-588, 178n U-589, 78 U-594, 119, 122 U-600, 165, 176n, 244–5 U-601, 107 U-603, 218, 220, 222 U-604, 197, 207 U-607, 165 U-608, 119–21, 125, 192, 244–5, 296 U-609, 119–23, 126 U-610, 218–20, 223 U-612, 234 U-613, 119, 123–4 U-614, 119, 123–5, 148–9, 152, 155 U-616, 152, 155–6 U-618, 244–5, 247–8 U-620, 111n, 115n U-621, 151, 306n U-622, 107 U-625, 121–4 U-628, 148–9, 151, 176n, 188n U-629, 293n U-630, 14, 153, 157 U-631, 218–20, 222 U-633, 157–8 U-634, 156, 191n U-635, 157 U-636, 158 U-638, 150, 153n, 156 U-639, 159 U-641, 156, 218–20, 222–3, 258 U-642, 157, 296n U-643, 218–23 U-645, 218–21, 223 U-646, 159 U-647, 212n U-648, 150–1, 158, 245–6, 248 U-650, 150–2 U-653, 81, 203n, 274n U-657, 87 U-659, 169 U-662, 123, 144, 150–1 U-664, 263n U-665, 157 U-666, 157, 220 U-667, 274n, 305n, 306n U-671, 296 U-672, 234, 272n U-673, 234 U-674, 234 U-679, 329 U-680, 340, 293n U-681, 239 U-683, 329, 341 U-702, 159 U-704, 119, 121 U-707, 149–52, 155, 198n, 240–3 U-709, 157, 202n, 208n, 245, 256n U-711, 340n, 342 U-714, 247, 256n U-719, 283, 285 U-731, 217–21 U-732, 149 U-734, 158–9 U-736, 273n, 296 U-738, 149 INDEX 451 INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 451 German U-boats (contd.) U-739, 235, 239 U-740, 293n U-741, 272n U-742, 235 U-743, 233 U-745, 328 U-749, 335 U-750, 43–4 U-752, 119, 122, 179 U-757, 202n, 258 U-758, 198n, 218–21, 223 U-759, 159 U-760, 217 U-762, 220–2 U-763, 233, 271n, 305n U-764, 256n, 293n, 305n, 306n U-765, 270n U-766, 296 U-767, 293n, 306n U-775, 329 U-785, 233 U-801, 233, 250 U-802, 272n U-821, 289, 298, U-843, 247, 314 U-846, 233, 272n U-847, 203n U-851, 273n U-852, 239 U-853, 272n, 342 U-854, 234 U-859, 234, 274n U-861, 313 U-862, 313 U-864, 328 U-870, 335n U-871, 313 U-878, 342 U-884, 335n U-886, 335n U-901, 339 U-905, 338, 341 U-921, 234 U-923, 328 U-927, 328 U-952, 218–9, 296n U-953, 240–2, 305n U-954, 150, 158–9 U-955, 274n, 293n U-957, 234 U-959, 234 U-960, 272n U-961, 234 U-962, 272n U-963, 256n, 280, 282, 289 U-967, 247 U-968, 234 U-969, 240n, 245, 248, 296n U-970, 286, 289n, 293n U-973, 234 U-975, 234 U-976, 234 U-977, 234 U-978, 234 U-979, 234 U-980, 234 U-981, 296 U-984, 289, 306n U-986, 234 U-988, 235, 305n, 306n U-989, 235, 277–8, 283, 286, 306n, 328 U-990, 235 U-992, 235 U-993, 285 U-1000, 282 U-1001, 16 U-1003, 343 U-1006, 340 U-1007, 339, 343 U-1014, 328n U-1016, 16 U-1018, 328 U-1055, 339, 342 U-1059, 235 U-1062, 19, 336 U-1107, 339, 342 U-1167, 335n U-1203, 328 U-1210, 339n U-1212, 235 U-1229, 312–3 U-1230, 312–3 U-1235, 338, 342 U-1273, 328 U-1276, 328 U-1278, 329 U-1279, 329 U-1302, 239 452 THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 452 U-1303, 340, 343 U-2321, 16 U-2322, 325 U-2324, 325, 341–2 U-2325, 16 U-2326, 16 U-2328, 16 U-2334, 338 U-2336, 328n U-2338, 339, 343 U-2342, 339 U-2344, 328 U-2358, 243, 340 U-2359, 339, 343 U-2365, 340, 343 U-2503, 339, 343 U-2509, 335 U-2514, 335 U-2521, 340, 343 U-2532, 340n U-2542, 335n U-2545, 335 U-3003, 335 U-3007, 328n U-3503, 240, 343 U-3505, 335 U-3508, 335 U-3512, 335 U-3519, 329 U-3523, 340, 343 UD-3, 127 UIT-23, 164n UIT-24, 265n, 314 UIT-25, 164n, 314 warships: Admiral Hipper, 85, 89 Admiral Scheer, 84 Black Watch, 340 Graf Spee, 416 Kophamel, 335 Prince Eugen, 84 Scharnhorst, 414 Tirpitz, 84, 86–7, 227 Wilhelm Bauer, 190, 335 weather ships: Lauenburg, 31 Sachsen, 31 Greek: merchant ship: Polyktor, 123 Italian: merchant ship: Pietro Orseolo, 264 submarines: Ammiraglio Cagni, 164, 262 Archimede, 163n Enrico Tazzoli, 164 Giuglielmo Marconi, 43, 62 Giuseppe Finzi, 62 Leonardo da Vinci, 136n, 164 Luigi Torelli, 164 Reginaldo Giuliani, 164 Japanese: Submarines: I-8, 218 I-52, 296n I-166, 296 RO-501, 296 Norwegian: merchant ships: Albert L. Ellsworth, 113–14 Bonde, 152n, 153n Daghild, 124n, 125n Hallfried, 241 Minister Wedel, 113 Ringen, 305 Sandanger, 173 Varja, 114n Panamian: merchant ship: Norvik, 113 Polish: merchant ship: Zagloba, 123n warship: Orkan, 221n, 222 Russian: merchant ship: Ijora, 86 Spanish: merchant ship Castillo Montealegre, 163 Shoemaker, Captain Herry E., 103 short signals, 36–8 Sickel, Kapitanlieutnant zur See Herbert, 256, 273 Sidi Bishr, 374 Sieder, Oberleutnant zur See Heinz, 289 Siegmann, Kapitanleutnant, zur See Paul, 156 INDEX 453 INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 453 Sierra Leone, 386 Singapore, 205, 375 Simonstown, 375 Skagen, 340n Skagerrak, 43 SMA mine, 248 Smith-Hutton, Captain Henri, H., 358 Snogebaek, 48 Somerville, Admiral Sir James, 368 Sommer, Kapitanleutant zur See Helmut, 272 South Africa, 370 South Atlantic, 112, 127, 146, 257 South Cape, 224 Southend, 35n South Foreland, 379 Southwold, 380 Spahr, Kapitanleutnant zur See Wilhelm, 265 Spain, 34, 136, 257 Spanish-German cooperation, 160–3 Spanish navy, 161–3 Specht group, 148–9, 154n special intelligence, 29, 39, 117, 224, 254–5, 395. See also ultra. Special Operations Executive, 91n Speer, Albert, 308, 347 Spezia, 160, 227 Spitz group, 140, 223, 303 Spurt radio transmission, 94 SPOUT, 303–5 Squash, 316. See also Kurier Starhl, Oberleutnant zur See Peter, 158 Star group, 148–9 Start Point, 280, 289, 296n Staudinger, Oberleutnant zur See Oskar, 159 Stavanger, 227, 339, 341 St. Catherine’s Point, 283, 286 St. David’s, 380 Stein, Kapitanleutnant zur See Heinz, 111, 113–15 Sternberg, Kapitanleutnant zur See Heinz, 234, 269, 274 St. George’s Channel, 328n St. Helena, 293, 375–6 St. Hubert, 375 Stiebler, Korvettenkapitan zur See Wolf, 128 St. John’s, Newfoundland, 120, 126, 148, 178 St. Nazire, 32–3, 104–5, 127, 162, 217, 279–80, 291, 295, 304 Stock, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hans, 164–5 Stock, Kapitanleutnant zur See Rupprecht, 281, 284, 289 Stockholm, 117 Stonecutters, 374 St. Paul Rocks, 112, 182 St. Peter Port, 291 Strater, Kapitanleutnant zur See Wolfgang, 155 Straton, Lieutenant Colonel F.T.M., 90 Strelow, Kapitanleutnant zur See Siegfried, 208 Strete, 380 Strukmeier, Kapitanleutnant zur See Erwin, 192 Stuelkenwerft, Hamberg, 155, 157 Stuermer group, 256 Sturm incident, 162–3 Sturm, Korvettenkapitan zur See Kurt, 162–3 Suda Bay, 409 Sumburgh, 373 Sutton, 373 Svensson, Major E.H.F., 90 S. Walgham, 372 Swindmunde, 106, 227, 339n, 342n Syko code, 415–16 T 2 torpedo, 167, 184–5 T 3 tropedo, 167, 184–5 T 5 torpedo, 221, 223, 292, 321 Taiel radar, 289 Tambach, 347 Tambach archives, 346 Temellin, Mr, 377 Terceira, 327, Terraine, John, 24 Thames River, 35 Thater, Kapitanleutnant zur See Gerhard, 155 Thetis radar decoy, 282, 319 Thomas, Commander Earle Hathway, 100 Thring, Paymaster Captain Ernest W.C., 8, 392, 396, 403, 405 Tiesler, Oberleutnant zur See Raimund, 234 Tiger group, 284 454 THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 454 Tighe, Commander W. G. S., 407–8, 414 TINA, 7, 93, 376–7, 388 Tinschert, Kapitanleutnant zur See Otto, 155, 273 Tokyo, 298, 307, 336 Torch, ix, 380, 408 Toronto, 97 total underwater warfare, 320–4 Toulon, 161, 296n Travemünde, 214, 328, 335 traxo cards, 415 Trimingham, 380 Trincomalee, 375 Trinidad, 110, 116–17, 137 Tristan da Cunha, 375 Tromso, 86, 215 Trondheim, 30, 44, 78–9, 84–5, 89, 213, 328n, 329n Trutz group, 192, 208, 278 Tunis radar, 322 Tweedie, P., 380 Typex code machine, 413 U-boats, security of communications, 2–3; noise elimination tests, 40–1; methods of combined attack, 52–73; communications, 41–2; shadowing of convoys by, 53–66; procedures for homing, 73–5; passage reports, 80–4; in Baltic, 104–8; refuelling, 145–6; commanders of, 154–9, 190, 249; speeds and fuel consumption of, 165–7; torpedoes carried, 185–8; offensive tactics of, 185–8; casualties, 202–3, 267, 295–7, 303–6, 327–9, 331–5, 338–44; Y on, 228; engines, 254–5; operations of, 255–61; anti aircraft defenses, 259; radar, 268–9; weather reporting by, 270–4, 277–8, 281, 283; new types, 274–6; 299–303, 307–11, 317–25, 330, 334, 347; operations by against Normandy invasion, 277–92; in Biscay ports, 295; fuel for, 297; to fire rockets at America, 312–133; fixing of by HF/DF, 314–15; radio silence, 315; current statistics, 316, 325, 330–5; working up in Baltic, 326; length of patrols, 331, archives of, 346–7; history of operations, 348–53; assessments of attacks on, 336, 348, 366–7; tracking of, 353–67, 389–406, identification of, 364 Ueluelet, 375 Uhlig, Kapitanleutnant zur See Herbert, 156 United States, 77, 86, 91–2, 94, 97–9, 143, 162 United States Army, see US Army United States Army Air Force, see US Army Air Force United States Navy, see US Navy ultra, 22, 25, 146–7, 314–5, 323; security of 75–6, 337, 269, 294–15; information regarding attacks on Uboats, 176–7, 198, 203, 207–8, 367; marking of documents, 254; serials, 362. See also special intelligence. U-Kreuzers, 205–6 Ungestuem group, 140 Unverzagt group, 162 Uphoff, Kapitanleutnant zur See Horst, 144 US Army, 8, 95 US Army Signal Corps, 96 US Army Air Corps, 95 US Army Air Force, 8, 135n, 246n, 328, 355n; attacks on U-boat bases, 335–6 US Army-Navy Communications Intelligence Board, 350 Ushant, 280, 339n, 342n US merchant ship cypher, 227 US Navy, 8–9, 16, 21, 97, 99, 103, 294, 338; crypotographic efforts, 9; 10th Fleet, 10, 135n, 209, 237, 354–5; hunter-killer groups, 19; U-boat tracking by, 101–2, 353–7; Fleet Air Wing, 7, 269n; aircraft squadrons of, VP 109, 207n; VP 125, 177n; VP 128, 213n, 223n; VP 129, 207n; VPB 103, 329n US State Department, 261 Valence, 373 Valentiner, Kapitanleutnant zur See HansGuido, 272–3 van der Vat, Dan, 25 Varberg, 340n Vaughan, Martin F., 380 Ventnor, 380 VH/F, 33, 46–8, 379–80 Vigo, 217n INDEX 455 INDEX THE BATTLE OF ATL 11/9/02 11:35 am Page 455 Vowe, Oberleutnant zur See Bruno, 145, 167 Vulkanwerft, Vegesack, 308 Wachter, Kapitanleutnant zur See KarlJurg, 155 Waipapakauri, 375 Walkerling, Kapitanleutnant zur See Heinz, 139 Walter boats, 261–2, 267, 275 Walter, Professor Helmuth, 261 Walter propulsion torpedo, 323n Wanz radar detector, 322 Warnemunde, 40–42, 48–9, 329 Washington, D.C., 6, 8, 10, 20–1, 91, 95–7, 99–100, 103–4, 244, 337, 371, 384 Waters, Lieutenant Commander D. W., 23 Weber, Oberleutnant zur See Karl-Otto, 157, 202, 208 Weg Rosa, 104–5 Weiher, Kapitanleutnant zur See Horst, 234 Weingartner, Kapitanleutnant zur See Hannes, 273 Weitz, Oberleutnant zur See Friedrich, 234 Welker, Lieutenant Commander G.W., 90 Wendt, Oberleutnant zur See Werner, 270–1, 273 Wenger, Captain Joseph N., 90, 314 Wenzel, Kapitanleutnent zur See Wolfgang, 158 Werner, Oberleutnant zur See Herbert, 280, 282 Weser dockyard, 328 Western Approaches, 330–1 West Indies, 110 Westphalen, Oberleutnant zur See Otto, 234 Whittall L.R., 390, 400 Wichmann, Oberleutnant zur See Walter,159 Wick, 35, 39, 373, 386 Willamowitz-Mollendorf, Korvettenkapitan zur See Georg von, 262 Wilhelmshaven, 157, 227, 285, 339n, 340n Wilmot-Sitwell, Commander F. F., 390 Winkler, Oberleutnant zur See Werner, 157 Winn, Captain Rodger, 8–9, 354, 362–92, 394–5, 398–401, 403–5; trip to North America, 100–4, 353–4; on enemy appreciation of disposition of Allied aircraft, 204–5; developments in Indian Ocean, 205–6; U-boats casualties, 212–13, 217, 267, 295–7, 303–6, 327–9, 338–44; U-boat sailings, 213, 217; attacks on U-boats, 224; U-boats in Spitzbergen area, 223–4; experience of U-boat commanders, 249; U-boat fuel supplies in Biscay area, 297; state of U-boats in Far East, 313–14; U-boats working up in Baltic, 326; delays in new types of U-boats, 330; air raids on U-boat bases, 330; American award for, 337–8; authority of Submarine Tracking Room, 397 Winterbotham, F. W., 23–4 Wintermeyer, Kapitanleutnant zur See Max, 156 Winterton, 380 Wissmann, Kapitanleutnant zur See Friedrich-Wilhelm, 145, 163 Witt, Korvettenkapitan zur See Hans, 177 Witte, Kapitanleutnant zur See Helmut, 163, 191 Wittenberg, Oberleutnant zur See Friedrich, 373 Witzendorff, Oberleutnant zur See Ernst von, 159 Wolfbauer, Korvettenkapitan zur See Leo, 111, 115 Wolfram, Korvettekapitan zur See RolfReimar, 128 Wood, Professor H. J., 390, 393–4, 399 Wulff, Oberleutnant zur See Heinrich, 159 Y, 36, 96, 164n, 226–33, 368–80 Z, 30, 40, 57, 184, 198, 208, 392. See also special intelligence and ultra. Zeesen, 114 Ziman, First Officer T., 350 Zimmermann, Kapitanleutnant zur See Eberhard, 272 Zinke, Korvettenkapitan zur See Armin, 312 Zurmuhlen, Kapitanleutnant zur See Bernhard, 165, 176
Born 8 January 1939 in White Plains, New York was the son of a well-known historian of the early American republic and editor of The Papers of Alexander Hamilton,. He graduated from Columbia University in 1961, completed his MA there in 1964 and moved to the University of London, where he completed his PhD in 1966 with a thesis on “Shipping and the American War of Independence”. He became Distinguished Professor of History at Queen’s College, City University of New York .
His principal areas of interest were eighteenth-century British naval history and the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II.
He died in New York on 18 October 2004, and his widow, Elena Frangakis-Syrett, has published some of his work posthumously.
His publications include
• Shipping and the American war, 1775-83: a study of British transport organisation (Athlone Press, 1970).
• The Siege and Capture of Havana, 1762 (Navy Records Society, 1970).
• The Royal Navy in American Waters, 1775-83 ( Scolar Press, 1989).
• The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 1660-1815 (Navy Records Society, 1994).
• The Defeat of the German U-boat: the Battle of the Atlantic ( University of South Carolina Press, 1994).
• The Royal Navy in European Waters during the American Revolutionary War (University of South Carolina Press, 1998).
• The Battle of the Atlantic and Signals Intelligence: U-boat situations and trends, 1941-45 (Navy Records Society, 1998).
• The Battle of the Atlantic and Signals Intelligence: U-boat tracking papers, 1941-47 (Navy Records Society, 2002).
• The Rodney Papers, selections from the correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney, Volume I (Navy Records Society, 2005).
• Admiral Lord Howe: A Biography (Spellmount, 2006).
• The Rodney Papers: selections from the correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney, Volume II (Navy Records Society, 2007).
• Shipping and Military Power in the Seven Years War: The Sails of Victory (Liverpool University Press, 2007).
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