This collection of high policy documents charts Britain’s difficulties in defending the Empire in a time of ‘imperial overstretch’. The 20th century saw the rise of several great maritime and military powers and the relative decline of British strength, which created major defence problems for the British Empire.
Various solutions were attempted, such as ententes with France and Russia, the settling of differences with the USA and an alliance with Japan. These sufficed until after World War I, when the Empire gained several new territorial responsibilities, all to be defended on a declining economic base. The dominions were encouraged to pay for their own navies, although the Admiralty wished to assume control of them. The increasing threat from Japan made Australia, New Zealand and other Asian colonies nervous and the promised ‘main fleet to Singapore’ became less and less likely as the 1930s wore on.
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INDEX The editor has tried to identify all persons listed in the index but in some cases he has not been able to verify that two references to a particular surname refer to the same person. Abyssinian crisis 598, 602 Anglo-Japanese Alliance xlvi, 197- Achilles 607 98, 246, 263, 281, 288, 379, 380 Achilles 533 Anzac 461-2 Acland, R.B.D. xiv, 88, 112, 119, Arabian Sea 453 139 Arethusa 482 Adelaide 267, 573 Argus, HMS 266 Adelaide 347 Ark Royal, HMS 266 Aden xliv 294, 301, 320, 326, 336, Armed Boarding Vessels 619 393, 456, 526, 528, 649 Army Council 45, 46 Admiral Soult xl Arnold-Foster, Hugh 13 Admiralty Instructions 145, 155, Ascension 91 581, 642, 643 Ashdown, G.H. 236 African Fleet 569 Ashton-Gwatkin, F.T.A. 595 Africa Squadron 613 Asquith, Henry Herbert 148-49, Africa Station 613, 641 161, 196 African Station War Orders 613 Atherton, W. 90 African Station War Organisation Atlantic, Southern 91 Book 597 Atlantic, Western, British forces in aircraft carriers 316, 544 27, 29, 37-38 Air Forces: development of 421- Atlantic fleet 47 22; mobility of 588 Atlantic Station, Canadian 160-61 Alert 36 Auckland 169, 173, 183, 195, 353, Alexander, A.V. 442 397, 398 Algerine 36 Aurora xxxvi, 424, 430 Allardyce, Sir William Lamond Australia: Empire defence and xv- 381 xvi; naval contribution xv-xvi, Allen, Colonel xxiii, xxiv, 186, 190, xviii, 8-11, 14, 16, 42-43, 73, 92, 194, 195, 196-97, 199, 211, 220, 101-2, 104, 109, 110, 343-44; 221, 223, 353 347, 578, status of naval forces America see United States of xviii-xix; Naval Discipline Act America xviii-xix, xxviii; single Imperial Amery, Leopold xxx, 367-68, 404, navy rejected by xxviii; naval 427 defence spending xxx, 338, 364; Amokura 201, 213, 216, 217, 218, Naval Brigades 8, 9, 15; and 219, 247, 248 Singapore xlvii, xlviii, l-li, 298, Amphion 614, 615 381, 385, 417-18, 445, 633, 645, Anglo-Iranian Company 605 646; oil reserves 319, 417; 679 680 INDEX recommendation about aid Barnes, Sir Sidney 627 given by 319; Naval Agreement Barton, Sir Edmund 13 Act 1903 344; Naval Defence Battenberg, Captain Prince Louis Act 344, 388; views on Naval of 13, 20, 27, 35, 164, 183, 483 Agreement 351-52; war Batterbee, Sir H. xxxiv, 480, 481, organisation compared 358; 627, 633 arrangements for co-operation Bay of Bengal 453 with Admiralty 370; naval policy Beach, Sir Michael Hicks 3 459; Japanese invasion 463, 565, Beal, Acting Rear Admiral xxxiv 569-72; dependence on Royal Beatty, Rear-Admiral (later Navy 464; ship-building 471; Admiral of the Fleet, Earl) xxii, Standing Instruction on xlvii, 172, 296-98, 302, 323, 329, Employment of War Vessels 390, 391 473-74; Royal Navy recruiting in Bedford, Vice Admiral Arthur 561, 562; air forces 570; scale of xliii, 515, 516, 519 raids on 572-74; sea-borne land Bela Kula 261, 262 attack 572-74; defences 574; Bellairs, Captain R.M. xxxiii, 441 intelligence 616; Armed Bennett, R.B. xxxvii, 506, 507 Merchant Cruisers 617; Bermuda 26, 28, 47, 122, 262, 283, Contraband Control Bases 618; 294, 306, 307, 315 attitude to war 623; and fleet to Bethell, Rear-Admiral Alexander be sent to Far East 645 see also E. 112, 113, 119, 139, 157, 158 following entries and Royal Bethell, Richard 90 Australian Navy Bhamo 327 Australia, HMAS xvi, xxv, 209, Bideford 627 317, 347, 416 Bombay 234, 262, 316, 326, 327, Australian Fleet Unit 131, 140, 332, 335, 456, 465, 470, 528, 542, 141, 142, 143, 199 551, 554 Australian flotilla 80-81 Bond, Sir Robert 13 Australian Squadron 8, 9-10, 19, Borden, Sir Frederick W. 14 61-63, 73 Borden, Sir Robert L. xix, xxi, Australian Station 30, 71, 158 xxix, xxxv, 164, 165, 168, 174, Australasian Naval agreement 183, 194, 203, 207, 223, 225, 227, 1902 xii-xiii, xxii, 19, 20-21, 30- 228-29, 232, 240, 242, 274, 351, 33, 43, 53-55, 56, 57, 62, 65, 67- 360, 440 68, 68-72, 73, 86, 92, 94 Botha, General 242 Australasian Squadron xii-xiv, 14, Boudreau, R. 146 15, 30-33, 53-55 Bourassa, Henri xxi Austria xx, 209 Bramble 36 Bridgeman, Sir Francis 182 Backhouse, Admiral Sir Roger Bridgeman, W.C. 437 xxxix, 600, 619, 620 Bridges, E.E. 509 Baldwin and McCurdy 100 Brisbane 573 Balfour, Earl of 66, 440 Brisbane xxxiii, xxxiv, 460, 464, Ballantyne, Charles C. xxx, 274, 470-71, 472, 474, 475, 482, 484 311 Britomart 36 Baluchi 327, 469 Brock, Vice-Admiral Sir Osmond Barlow, J.A. 519, 520 de B. 282 Barnes, Sir J. Sidney 480, 482, 511, Brockman, Mr 177 514 Brodeur, L.P. 158-59 INDEX 681 Brown, S.K. 498, 500, 501, 504, Canadian Naval Station 374, 441 514, 550, 552, 633 Canberra 416 Bruce, S.M. xxxii, xxxiii, xxxiv, 381, Canterbury, HMS xxviii 415, 470, 472, 480-81, 482-84, Cape Colony xii, xl, 12-13, 14, 15, 632, 645 16, 17, 91 Buckley, Captain F.A. 503 Cape of Good Hope 344-45, 568, Burdon, E. 392 601, 602 Burma 294, 325, 326, 327 Cape Town xl, 531, 532, 602, 604, Burney, T.H. 428 606, 607, 608, 615, 624 Byng of Vimy, Baron 382 Capital Ships, treaty limitations on Byrnoe 264, 265 316, 317 Caribbean Sea 27, 29, 441 cable landing places 130 Carter, Sir R.H. 532, 545 Calcutta 456, 542, 554 Cartwright, Sir R. 33 Cambrian Casey, R.G. 646 54, 55, 62, 189, 192, 222 Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry Cassels, General Sir Robert A. 528 Catmus 36 xxi Canada xii, xvii-xviii, xix, xx, 4, 11- censorship 592, 617 Cerberus 20, 53 12, 93, 99-101, 101, 105, 203-7: Ceylon 321 naval contribution xii, 343-44; USA and xvi, 17, 25, 26, 37-39, Challenger 54 Chamberlain, Austin 439, 440 81; naval defence spending xxx, 16, 105, 340; naval development Chamberlain, Joseph 4-5, 6, 13, xxxv-xxxix, 22-23; war and li, 19, 23 224; oil reserves 299; views on Chamberlain, Neville xliii, 517, Naval Agreement 351; invited 521 Champlain, HMCS xxxvii, 437, to contribute 3 battleships 352; war organisation compared 358; 506-8, 513, 524, 536, 583, 585, and War Staff Course 370; 586 Royal Naval Reserves 387, 640- Chancellor, J.R. 119 41; Naval Defence Act 388; Charibdis, HMS 1 naval policy 423-26, 437; and Chatfield, Rear-Admiral Sir Royal Naval recruits 532; port A.E.M. (later Admiral of the defences 537; Royal Navy Fleet, Lord) xxxiii, xxxviii, recruiting in 561, 562, 635; xxxix, 423, 425, 426, 470, 471, attitude to entering war 584-85, 478, 480, 481, 482, 483, 536, 543, 595, 611, 612, 625, 640; 556, 557, 558, 559, 593, 626, neutrality 584-85; Intelligence 645-46 Service in 585; Naval Control Chatham 583 Scheme and 610-11, 612; coast Chatham, HMNZS xxxiv, 275, 353 defences 611; military Chetwode, Sir P.W. 487 expenditure 611, 612-13; Chile 24 neutrality unlikely 612; China 77, 563, 564 intelligence 616; Armed China Fleet 107, 109, 110, 569 Merchant Cruisers 617; China Squadron 158, 181, 477 Contraband Control Bases 618; China Station 110, 164, 188 ship-building 621; refusal to China Station War Orders 475, 476 mobilise reserves (September Chittagong 554 crisis) 623, 624-25, 628-29, 639 Churchill, Winston xix, xx, xxii, see also Royal Canadian Navy xxiii, xxiv, xxvii, xl, xlvi, xlix, 682 INDEX 148, 161, 164, 165, 166, 168, 172, also Dominions and under 174, 183, 185, 194, 195, 197, 199, names of countries 203, 207, 211, 220, 221, 223, 224, Colvin, Vice-Admiral Sir Ragnar 225, 280, 298, 300-1, 302, 322, 633 323, 438-39, 442, 530, 646 Comet 544, 548-49, 583, 594 Clark, Sir William xxxi, 440, 597 commerce, attacks on 49, 125-26 Clauson, J.E. 39, 46, 500 Committee of Imperial Defence: Clementi, Sir Cecil 458-9 paper on Imperial Defence xii; Clio 36 reports on defences for Clive, HMI Ship 326, 469, 542, 598, Australia xiii, 57-58, 62, 66; and 599, 627 Western Atlantic defence xvi; coal 52, 91, 124, 163, 290 and co-operation between coaling stations 126, 129, 236 Dominion and UK naval forces coast defences 47, 48 see also xix, 139-46; Dominion under names of countries representation on xxiii, xxxi Coates, Joseph Gordon xxxv, 418 193-4, 350, 371, 421; paper on ‘Empire Naval Policy and Cochin 542, 554 Cooperation’ xxx, xxxi; and oil Coleridge, Lieutenant-General Sir needs xlvi, xlvii; development of J.E.S.D. 522-23, 528 Singapore xlvii; and Esquimalt Collier, R.P. 90 33; and Halifax 39, 41-42; and St Collins, Captain R. Muirhead 131 Helena 45-46; memorandum on Colombo 262, 284, 294, 456, 509 defence of colonial ports 46-52; Colonial Conference 1887 xii note on Australia’s defence Colonial Conference 1897 xi 52-53; and Australian local Colonial Conference 1902 xxii, 13, defence 56-57; on status of 68, 69, 76 dominion ships of war 132-37, Colonial Defence Committee: 146-49; and control of policy paper xi; memorandum dominion navies 139-46; and on strategic conditions of discipline 139, 140, 143-46; Esquimalt and Halifax 39-41; 123rd meeting 196-97, 197-99; and war with USA 41; policy on New Zealand 196; memorandum on Canadian ‘Imperial naval policy’ 197-99; defence 114-15; memorandum and Singapore 289-90, 380, 389- on principles of imperial defence 91, 645; and port defences 312; 119-31 26th meeting of 323-24; minutes Colonial Office xiv, 10, 139, 307, of Standing Defence Sub- 386 Committee 367-69; Chiefs of colonies: budgetary control ix; Staff Sub-Committee 16th naval forces xlv; naval Meeting 389; Overseas Subcontribution 2-3; RNV men 69; Committee memorandum on and war 70; and withdrawal General Principles of Imperial from Empire 70; oil bases 236; Defence 432-35; Singapore Subrecommendations about aid Committee 437-38, 462; 199th given by 321; categories of 587- Meeting 438-39; Canadian 88; naval and co-operation representation on 440; 94th 587-93; garrisons 588; naval Meeting 443; Chiefs of Staff forces 589-90; assisting Royal Sub-Committee 101st Meeting Navy 590; censorship 592; 458, 557-59; Chiefs of Staff SubDefence Security 592-93 see Committee 103rd Meeting 463- INDEX 683 64; Chiefs of Staff Custance, Rear-Admiral Reginald Subcommittee Policy Review 4 466-68; and British weaknesses Cust, Rear Admiral Herbert E.P. in Far East 467, 478; Chiefs of 173 Staff Sub-Committee Defence Cygnet xxxviii, xxxix, 512, 513, 523, Review 556-57; and Japanese 543-44, 547-49 invasion of New Zealand 574-75 see also Overseas Defence Dalhousie 327, 336, 337 Committee Danckwerts, Captain V.H. 596 Committee on Replacement of Dartmouth 106, 215, 375, 396 Fleet Units 378 Darwin xxxii, 417, 573 Committee on the Fighting Davidson, H.C.C. 164 Services 442-43 Davidson, Sir W.E. 113, 119 Connaught, Duke of 203 Deakin, Alfred xii, xiii, xiv, xvi, 42, Consolidated Petroleum Company 53-55, 62, 73-77, 77-80, 80, 84, 605 101-2, 116, 348, 351 Contraband Control Bases 591 Defence, HMS xxiv, 164, 185 Contraband Control Service 617- Defence Requirements Sub- 18, 623 Committee 560 Cook, Sir Joseph xxvii, xxviii, 92, Denman, Lord 175 239, 242, 243 Dennis, A.H. 119 Cook Islands 192, 202 Deptford 627 Coolidge Conference 427 Derby, Earl of 368 Cooper, A. Duff 578 Desbarats, G.J. xviii, 114 Cornwallis 326-27, 469, 539, 542 destroyers xxii, 114, 255 see also Cotton, G.F. 423, 425, 429, 430 under navies courts-martial 138, 145, 153, 154, Detaining Officers 590 156, 538, 546, 555 Deverell, Sir Cyril J. 556, 562 Cox, A.E. Gloyn 548, 549 Devonport 399, 400, 401 Cox, Lieutenant General Sir H.V. Devonshire, Duke of xlviii, 347 250 Diego Garcia 262 Coxwell, C.B. lii, 449, 480, 609, 616 Disarmament Conference 468 Craig scheme 531 Dixon, H. 631 Crescent xxxviii, xxxix, 512, 513, Dixon, Commander (E) H. 610 523, 543-44, 547-49 Dixon, Sir Robert E. 426 Creswell, Captain W.R. xiii, 52, 57, D.J. 426 58, 65, 66 Dodwell, Mr 584-85 Crewe, Earl of 92, 94, 97, 99, 137, Dominion navies: Admiralty 177, 224, 225, 227 accepts separate units 368; cruisers 123, 125, 126, 170, 255, formation of 350; Royal Navy 316, 317 and 355, 364; Admiralty cruisers, armoured 125 recommends 362; public interest Crusader 544, 548-49, 583, 594 in 362-63; reductions in 362; Culme-Seymour, Vice-Admiral Sir development of 363-64; Michael 388 formation of Dominion Cunningham, Rear-Admiral A. B. Squadrons 364-65; process of 633 development 364-65; training Cunningham, Captain J.H.D. 364; Naval Staffs’ 459-60 communication with British Curtis, Lionel xxi, 224 Naval Staff Admiralty 371-73; 684 INDEX control of 376; need for Naval neutrality 622-23, 629; Local Staffs 377-78; and Staff Colleges Naval Defences 623; public 420; discipline 422; quota limits opinion in 626; instructions to in 486-87; CID development policy emergencies 632-4, 635 see also 519; wartime control of 555; Colonies and under names of calling out reserves 639; countries Officers’ rank and powers of Dominions Office 609, 610, 616, command 642; Naval Discipline 621, 622, 625, 628, 631 Act 643 Domvile, Captain Barry xlvii, 308 Dominions: budgetary control ix; dreadnoughts xx 92, 93, 100, 102, navies of, development ix, 104, 109, 110, 167, 179, 185, 198, xxviii-xxix, xxxii-xiv 256, 303; 209, 210 single Imperial navy rejected by Dudley, Lord xv, xvi 94, 97, 104 xxii, xxviii; representation on Duff, Admiral Sir A.L. 239, 278 CID xxii,193; Admiralty Duff, General Sir Beauchamp 225 representative advises on naval Dufferin, 326, 332, 336, 495, 496 policy xxvi; participation in war Duiker Point 606, 607, 608 li, lii; naval contribution of 4-18, Dunbar-Nasmith, Vice-Admiral 116; Royal Naval Reserves in Sir Martin 527, 530, 575 15, 305, 386-87, 609; Royal Navy Dunnin, Charles A. 536 and 71, 115-19, 118, 131, 527; Durban 531, 603, 606, 607, 614, 615 principles of formation of 102-4, 112-13; status of ships of war Eastern Fleet 73-74, 75, 140: 105-11, 112-13, 115-19, 132-37, composition 245-46, 283; 146-49; wartime control of 117, passage of to Singapore 283-84; 134, 136, 137, 139, 140, 254-56; war consumption 283 see also desire to contribute to defences Main Fleet of Empire 120; definition 157; East Indies Fleet 107, 569 oil bases 236; Jellicoe’s visits to East Indies Squadron 9, 453, 454, advise 240, 241-42, 354-55; 515 representation at Admiralty East London (South Africa) 603, 274; meetings with UK 607 representatives 295-98, 300-3; Eastwood, H. 581, 631, 639 after Quadruple Treaty 318; and economic blockade: control staffs unified navy 318; assistance in 276, 277; and Empire naval developing naval bases 324; policy 276-78; function of review of Admiralty policy Admiralty in 276; Blockade towards 348-65; co-operation in Control Staffs 277 war, 1909 349-50; and foreign Eden 601 policy 349, 350; views on Naval Egerton, Captain W.A. xxxv, Agreement 351; despatch of xxxvi, 423, 428 memoranda to 368-69; Naval Egret 627 Advisers 377; responsibility for Egypt 632 local defence 421; increasing Eire 619 candidates for cadetships in Elgin and Kincardadine, Earl of Royal Navy 532; attitude to 63, 65, 72 entering war 582, 583-84, 621- Ellington, Sir Edward L. 556, 562 26, 628, 639; Intelligence Elliott Islands 48, 124 arrangements 616-17; in Elphinstone 327 Precautionary Period 616-19; Emden 226 INDEX 685 Empire Naval Policy 311-12, 316- Fitzherbert, Admiral Herbert 559, 22, 359-60, 370-71, 376-78, 406- 599 9, 454 FitzRoy, Almeric 239 Encounter 54, 55 Five-Power Conference 441 Erebus 608, 609 Fleet Orders 372 Erie, Lake 38, 81, 83 fleet units xvii-xviii Eser, Lord 148 Fleetwood 627 Espiegle 36 Flint, Mr 426, 430 Esquimalt xi, xii, xvii, xxxvii, Flora 170 xxxix, 24-25, 33, 34, 41, 96, 97, Floud, Sir Francis xxxviii, li, 513, 105, 164, 261, 264, 355, 415, 537, 593, 595, 612 584, 618, 629 Flower 302 Euryalus, HMS 53, 54, 55 Foreign Office 10, 410, 438, 446, Eyles, Alfred 56 451, 484 Eyres-Monsell, Sir Bolton M. 460, Forrest, John xii, 13 470 Forster of Lepe, Baron 382 Fowey 627 Fanshawe, Admiral Sir Arthur xiii Fox 170 19, 42, 352 Foyle 601 Fantome 36 France 17, 24, 25, 37, 324, 485, 566, Far East: naval situation in 262-64; 568, 569 restoring naval supremacy after Fraser 583 war begins 263; oil reserves on Freetown 613 route to 282, 291; situation Fremantle 260, 264, 267, 573 reports 475-79; despatch of fleet fueling bases 262 see also coaling to would weaken home waters stations; oil stations fleet 484-85; and Home Waters 556, 563, 566; questions relating Galway, Viscount 533 to defence in 562-74; strength of garrisons 47, 48, 51-52, 119, 129 fleet to be sent to 565, 566-68, Geddes, Sir Eric xxvii, 239, 240 569; how soon a fleet could be Geneva Conference xxxvi, 428 sent 633 see also under Main George V, King 238, 499, 500, 505 Fleet Georgian Bay Canal 100 Fawkes, Vice-Admiral Sir Wilmot Geranium 460 Hawksworth xxii, 67, 68 German Navy xiii, 17, 179, 210, Fazl-i-Husain, Khan B.M. 487 223, 562 Feakes, Captain H.J. 435 Germany: naval threat xii, 223; Federated Malay States xlviii, 176, German Naval Law 1908 xv; 177, 256, 321, 347 vessels in British ports 149; Field, Vice-Admiral Sir Frederick Chinese interests 198; shipxxxiii, 415, 423, 427, 429, 430, building 210; Navy Law 352; 458, 463-64 military strength increases 557; First World War 444, 497 war with 561; war against while Fisher, Andrew xv, 175 fighting Japan 564, 568-69; and Fisher, Admiral Sir John xiii, xiv, Africa 614 see also previous 73, 171 entry Fisher, Vice-Admiral William W. Gibraltar xx, 46, 47, 85, 122, 184, 441 186, 306, 307, 315, 390 Fitzgerald, Admiral Charles Gidney, Colonel 495 Cooper Penrose 64, 65 Goode, Captain Charles P.B. 236 686 INDEX Goschen, Mr xi, 12 Hind, Colonel N.G. 642 Graham, Frederick 13 Hindustan, HMI Ship 469, 542, Grant, Rear-Admiral Sir Edmund 598, 599, 627 Percy 278 Hoare, Captain D.J. 620 Great Britain see United Kingdom Hoare, Sir Samuel 487, 505, 531, Great Lakes xvi, 21-22, 38, 42, 537 81-83 Hobart 573 Greene, W. Graham xiv, xv, xviii, Holderness, Thomas W. 226, 229, 83, 85, 111, 112, 115, 119, 138, 230 139, 151, 157, 158, 180, 182, 184, Holmes, S.L. 610 200, 227, 229 Hong Kong: and Singapore xlviii, Grey, Lord xvii, 33, 99, 137 347, 462; headquarters of Guillemard, Sir Lawrence 402, 403 Eastern fleet 47; dockyard 122; sea-going fleet not to be based Haggan, Captain L.H. xxxi, 369 there 261, 263; as base for Hague Convention 623, 625, 629 submarines 262; defence Haldane, Lord xix, 147-48 scheme for 264, 288, 476; value Halifax xi, xii, xvii, xxxix, 26, 28, of 288, 297; as target 297; Royal 33, 34-35, 39-41, 41-42, 85, 96, Naval Reserves 306, 307; stores 97, 105, 114-15, 168, 283, 316, 310; defences 316, 466, 467, 468, 355, 415, 441, 585, 611, 612, 629 476, 477; and Treaty limitations Halifax, Rear-Admiral Guy 614, 317, 381, 467; garrison not to be 625 locked up in 379; as principal Hamilton, Lord George 177 naval base 379; in naval Hampshire, HMS 185 strategy 446, 447, 448; Hankey, Sir Maurice xxxiv, xlii, li, importance of 475; troops 5-7, 157, 158, 232, 249, 298, 480, withdrawn to 479; British 483, 583, 585, 595, 623 weakiness at 563; increasing Harcourt, Lord xxiv, 147, 150, 160, reserve supplies 564; policy of 176, 180, 184, 185, 203, 224, 225 holding 564 Harding, J.D. 90 Hood, HMS 567 Harding, Sir Edward xxxviii, li, Hoover, President Herbert 441 426, 440, 513, 583, 585, 593, 595, Hopkins, R.V.N. 435 631 Horsey, Captain F.L. 430 Hardinge 324, 332, 336 Horwood, Chief Justice Sir W.H. Hardinge, Lord 147, 148, 149, 177, 160 224 Hose, Commodore Walter xxxvi, Hardinge, Sir Charles 111 xxxvii, 429, 430 Hastings, Edward L. 506, 513 Hotham, Admiral Alan G. xxxiv, Hawkins, HMS 278 236, 275, 374, 388, 395 Headlam, Captain E.J. 392 Howarth, Sir Robert B. 634 Henderson, Rt Hon. Arthur 442 Huddleston, Commander W.B. 226 Henderson, Admiral Sir Reginald Hughes, William M. 242, 280, 302 Friend Hannan 172 Huon 347 Henderson bases 233 Hyde, Admiral G.F. 459, 460, 462 Henjam 526 Hertzog 597 Immortelle 601 Hickey, Captain 173 Imperial Conference 1902 xi, xii Highflyer 170 Imperial Conference 1907 xxi, 374 Hime, A.H. 12, 13 Imperial Conference 1909 101 115, INDEX 687 120, 131, 132, 136, 142, 171, 180, about aid given by 320; marine 349, 373 survey 325, 329-30, 337, 393, 497; Imperial Conference 1911 xix, 153, naval expenditure 325-36, 342, 180, 349, 376 487, 488, 490, 491, 538; coal 330, Imperial Conference 1917 353 333, 335, 336, 451, 489; naval Imperial Conference 1918 353 receipts 334-35; contribution Imperial Conference 1919 xxviii towards Royal Navy Imperial Conference 1921 316, expenditure 345-46; defence 355-56, 368, 376, 378, 380, 604 responsibilities 449; subsidy Imperial Conference 1921 xxix, 449, 450-54, 488, 489, 491, 492- 303-4, 517 93, 494, 509-11, 517, 520, 521- Imperial Conference 1923 li, 369- 22, 539, 540, 575-76, 577-81, 578- 74, 376, 379, 381, 449 79, 580, 581, 648; waters defined Imperial Conference 1926 xxxii, 451; W/T stations 454; and 414-20, 420-22, 434 Naval Control Service 457, 465, Imperial Conference 1930 xlix, 469, 490; Local Naval Defence 441, 459, 586 469, 552-54, 559, 575-76, 577, Imperial Conference 1937 xxxviii, 579, 637, 646, 647, 648; Indian 602, 645 Navy (Discipline) Act 489, 495- Imperial Defence College 420, 458 96, 497-98, 501, 502, 503, 504, 515; Defended Ports 490, 491; Imperial Defence Conference 1909 xvii Constitution Act 502; guns for ships 509, 510, 523; port Imperial Defence Policy 466 defences 509, 517-19, 552-54; Imperial Fleet: strategic deployment of 254; mobility taxation 516; Naval Discipline essential 296 Act 545, 546; public opinion 579, see also Main Fleet 580 see also following entries Imperial General Staff 373, 378 and Royal Indian Marine; Royal Imperial Naval Staff xxxi, 373, 374 Indian Navy Imperial Navy xxii, xxiii, xxvii, 69, Indian Ocean 595 70, 71, 76, 115, 118, 135, 233, India Office xliii, 452, 453, 455, 241, 254, 294 492, 503, 538, 540, 575, 581, 596, Imperial News Service 243 630, 632, 642 Imperial Squadron xx-xxi, 184, 199 India Retrenchment Committee Imperial War Conference 1917 324-37 xxvi, 227-29, 241 Indus 516, 542, 598, 599, 627 Inchcape, Lord xli Inskip, Rt. Hon. Sir Thomas 619 Inchcape Report 324-37 Intelligence Organisation 616-17 India: naval contributions xxiv, 4, 286, 301, 449, 450-54, 488, 489, Inter-departmental Conference on 491, 492-93, 494, 509-11, 517, the Status of Dominion Ships 520, 521-22, 539, 540, 575-76, of War 105-11, 115-19 577-81, 578-79, 580, 581, 648; Investigator 647 Naval Discipline Bill thrown Iraq 327, 489, 493 out xli; and Singapore xlvii, 300, Irish Free State 458 381, 402, 454; urged to increase Iron Duke 264 her contribution 286, 298; Ismay, Colonel li meetings with UK Italy 324, 565, 572, 602 representatives 300-3; military expenditure 300, 301, 487; oil Jackson, Admiral Sir Henry 170, 320, 454, 489; recommendations 171, 182, 183 688 INDEX Jackson, Sir John 438 Kilindini 262 Jackson Contract 445 King Hall, Admiral Sir George Jamaica 26, 28, 34 xxii, 172, 173, 174, 175 James, J.H. 527, 530, 575 King’s Regulations 86, 138, 140, James, Admiral Sir William M. 145, 155, 555, 581, 642, 643 523, 543, 547-48, 549, 596 Klaver Kamp 601, 603 Japan: trouble with anticipated xxiii, xlvi, xlix, l, 263, 297, 508; Laithwaite, J.G. 492 forced to become naval power Lambert, George 182 17-18; naval spending 18; use of Lane, Commander H.A.C. 583, Elliott Islands 48; Churchill’s 600 estimate of 187, 188; alliance Langley, Walter 113, 119 with Great Britain 197-98, 246, Lapointe, Ernest 595 263, 379, 380; war against 261, Latham, Sir John xxxii, 463, 464 561, 563; increasing strength of Laurier, Sir Wilfred xii, xvi, xvii, 4, 263; and Singapore 390; 6, 14, 15, 33, 99, 100, 149, 150, aggressive action by not 206, 232 expected before 1939 439; Law of Prize xlix, 410-11 suddenness of aggression 467- Lawrence, HMI Ship 326, 336, 469, 68; purchases of British ships 542, 598, 599, 627 476; improving relations with Leader 620, 621 486; deterring aggression of League of Nations 288, 362, 382, 560; economic pressure against 383, 384, 385, 467, 478 563; war against while fighting Leander 482, 533 Germany 564-65, 568-69; and Leatham, Vice Admiral Sir Ralph invasion of Australia 565, 569- 632, 642 72 see also following entry Lee, Lord xxix, 290, 295-96, 301, Japanese Navy: growth of 379; 303, 402, 403 repairing facilities 391 le Maitre, A.S. 484, 543, 548, 549 Jellicoe, Admiral of the Fleet Lord Limeburners Creek 266 xxvi-xxviii, xxxv, xl, xli, xlvi, Linlithgow, Marquis of 582, 630 xlviii, 224-25, 239, 240, 241-42, Lion’s Head 607 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 264, 268- Little, Admiral Sir Charles C. 69, 269-73, 273, 280, 322, 323, xxxvii, 472, 474, 506, 513, 516 353, 368, 375, 383 Liverpool, Lord 222, 275 Jervis Bay 375 Lloyd George, David xxvii, 232 Johore Strait 321, 403 Locarno Treaty 481 Just, H.W. xv, 119, 149, 158, 184 London Gazette 505 London Naval Disarmament Karachi 528, 542, 554 agreement, 1930 xxxiii, xxxvii Keith xxxix, 620 London Naval Power Conference, Kempenfelt, HMS xxxix, 594, 620- 1930 xxxiii 21 London Naval Treaty 482 Kent 170 Long, Lord xlvi Keppel Harbour 462, 466 Long, Walter H. xxviii, 242, 244, Kerr, Admiral Lord Walter 13 245, 247 Keyham 631, 632 Lucas, Sir Charles 111, 112, 113, Keyes, Vice-Admiral Sir Roger 119 308 Lumby, Lieutenant-Colonel Kidderpore Dockyard 234, 330-31 A.F.R. 495, 496, 498 INDEX 689 Lyon, Vice-Admiral Sir G.H. D’O Maxwell, Sir George 402 liii, 613 Meighen, Arthur xlvii, 300, 302-3 Lyttelton, Alfred 33, 81 Melbourne 74, 267, 570, 573, 610, 624 McCallum, Sir Henry E. 1 Melbourne 175, 176, 347, 474 MacDonald, Malcolm 533, 561 Mellor, John Paget 112 MacDonald, Ramsay xlviii, 382, Mercantile Marine Service 491, 383, 441, 443 495 MacGregor, Sir Evan xiv, 1, 4, Merchant Cruisers, Armed 426, 61-63 456, 457, 509, 613, 617 McKenna, Sir Reginald xvii, 101, merchant vessels xxxii, 49, 125-28, 109, 111, 138, 146, 148, 151, 157, 278, 293, 590 158 merchant vessels, armed 125, 267, Mackenzie, Ian xxxviii, 543, 544 268 Mackenzie King, William Lyon Merlin 36 xxviii, xxxi, xxxvi, xxxviii, li, lii, Mews, Arthur 1 382, 414, 536, 594, 595, 600, 611, Meyrick, Vice Admiral Sir Sidney 625 lii, 600 MacLeod 513 military doctrine 434 Madeira 91 Millar, E.W.H. 288 Madras 226, 542 Milne, Field Marshal Sir George F. Madras 469, 554 443 Main Fleet: based far from home Milner, Viscount 233 waters 308-10; mobility of 309, minesweeping 321 see also under 588; repair of 309-10; supply 310; navies and Singapore 319, 571, 632-33; Minotaur, HMS 185, 188 movement of 447-48; fuel Minto 326, 332, 337 suppies for 467; time taken to Minto, Earl of xii, 23-24, 34 reach Singapore 468, 568; Mitra, Sir B.N. 392 strategy 564; heavy ship Mitra, S.C. 496 strength available 567 see also Monitor 607 under Far East Malacca Straits 568 Monmouth 170 Malaya 442, 462 Monroe, Walter Stanley xxxix Malaya Montague, Edward 238 , HMS xvi, xxv, 184, 347, Montague, Edwin Samuel 235, 402, 403, 567 Malay States 321 242, 300, 301, 302, 517-18 Malcolm Island 261 Montgomery-Massingberd, Mallow General Sir D.A. 478 459 Malta xi, 1-2, 47, 85, 122, 298, 299, Montreal 35, 68, 100, 164 305, 306, 307, 314, 384 Moore, Captain H.R. xxxiii, 471, Manchukuo 572 474 Marguerite 460 Moor, M. 448 Marrack, P.E. 619 Morris, E.P. xxv, 160 Marshal Soult 608 Mottershead, F.W. 523 Masira 627 Mowatt, Francis 2 Massey, W.F. xxviii, xlvii, 222, 244, Munich Crisis li-liv 247, 300, 302, 322, 381, 383, 418 Murphy, Charles 146 Maundell, Captain A.G. 538, 541, Murray, Oswyn xxiii-xxiv, 169, 170, 551, 552 171, 173, 182, 223, 226, 230, 240, 690 INDEX 273, 374, 435, 462, 512, 519, 528, Navy votes 2, 289 530 Nearchus 326, 336 Muslim League 630 Negri Sembilan 177 Muspratt, General 596 Nelles, Rear Admiral P.W. xxxvii, Mutine 36 xxxviii, xxxix, lii, liii, 506, 513, 514, 532, 583, 593, 600, 620, 635 Nacula 399 Nelson, HMS 567 Nancowry 456 New Caledonia 158 Nash, W. 557-58 Newcastle 170 Natal xii, xl, 12-13, 14, 15, 16, Newcastle (Australia) 573 344-45 Newfoundland: financial naval Naval Conference 1935 l, 484 contribution not possible xii, Naval Control Service lii, 450, 455, xxv, 11-12; supplies men xxv; 456-57, 590, 591, 592, 597-98, Royal Naval Reserve xxv, 599, 600, 617, 623, 624, 628, 629 xxxix, 1, 3-4, 12, 15, 305, 306, naval co-operation: compromise 307, 321, 386, 419-20, 530; defence structure ix; provided with training ship imperfection of x; importance of xxxix; naval spending 16; xiii; and control of fleets xviii- territorial waters 161; naval xix, xxxi, xxxi-xxxii; and single contribution 343-44, 364; and imperial fleet xxii-xxiii, xxvi, Singapore 385; statement about xxix, xxxii; after the First World contribution of men to Royal War xxvi-xxxii; Admiralty Navy 419-20; Royal Navy memoranda on, 1920 xxix, xxxi, recruiting 576 xlix, liii; adequacy of liv; New Hebrides 157 Jellicoe’s tour to advise 240, 241- New South Wales 93, 94 42; nature of 251-53; forms of New Zealand: naval training xii- more immediate importance xiii, xxiii; naval contribution 318-19; means of 357-58, 369- xii, xiii, xv, xvii, xviii, 8-11, 14, 70; methods of 358-59; 73, 101, 172, 187, 189, 198, 247, Admiralty policy towards 360-62; 343-44, 578; and Australian Naval Staff preferences 367; Navy xxii-xxiii, 109, 171, 172- requirements for 370-71; 73, 245, 247; belief in Imperial principles of 432-35 navy xxii, xxiii, 109; and naval dockyards 121-22 Singapore 298, 320, 381, 383-84, Naval Intelligence Service 591, 623 385, 411-12, 413, 442, 445-46, naval mobilisation 120, 305-8, 386, 464, 467, 633; recommendations 600, 609, 613, 614, 618, 623, 628, about aid given by 319-20, 322, 631 323; oil reserves 320, 323, 401; naval officers’ list, common 311 naval expenditure 339; Naval Naval Reporting Officers 591 Subsidy Act 1908 344; Naval Naval Staff College 355 Agreement Act 1903 344; naval naval strategy xlv-liv, 78, 119-31, contributions 346; pronounces 227-29, 230-33, 251-62, 436, against contributions 352; 446-49 desires her own navy 353; naval Naval Volunteer Reserve units xlv, adviser to 353; war organisation 589 compared 358-59; Commodore Navy Estimates 16, 101 RN commands station 370; Navy League 362, 363 Royal Naval Reserve 386; coal Navy List 142, 155, 185 401; naval policy 411-13; INDEX 691 aircraft 533, 534; Defence Pacific Islands 71, 77 Estimates 533; dependence on Pacific Squadron 24 British naval forces 534; sea- Palinarus, HMS Ship 469 borne attack on 534, 535; air Pan American Airways 535 defence 535; Royal Navy Parramatta 347 recruiting in 561, 562; Passfield, Lord 442 intelligence 616 see also Royal Pathan 327, 469, 520, 539, 627, 647 New Zealand Navy Patrician xxxvi, 424, 425, 427, 428, New Zealand, HMS xv, xxiv, xxv, 430, 437 164, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 188, Patriot xxxvi 424, 425, 427, 428, 189, 220 430, 437 New Zealand Station 246, 247 Patterson, A. Temple x Nicholson, Sir William 147, 148 Pearce, G.F. 157, 158, 159 Nicolson, Sir Arthur 147 Pearl Harbour 383 Niobe 114 Pelew Islands 476, 570 Northbrook 324, 332, 336 Penang 321, 370 Northcote, Lord xiii, 42, 53, 68, 80 Penang Conference 357 Nova Scotia 40, 42, 100 Penang, His Highness Sultan of 177 Officer, Keith 484 Pepys, Colonel G.L. 469 oil: depots xxvi, 237, 282-85, 290- Perak, Sultan of 176, 177, 403 95, 296, 298, 299, 304; needs Persia 283, 493 xlvi; exploration for 233, 266; Persian Gulf xxiv, 234, 325, 326, stations 236-38; supplies 318; 327, 330, 335, 336, 345, 393, 395, reserves 319; stores 379 see also 451, 452, 455, 488, 489, 492, 494, under names of countries 577, 579, 580, 595, 627 Oliver, Vice Admiral Sir Henry F. Phillimore, Robert 90 311 Phillips, S.G. 250 Ontario, Lake 35-36, 81, 82, 83 Phillips, S.H. 509, 550, 552, 584, Orange River 4, 12 621, 627, 632, 636, 648 Orde, C.W. 442 Phillips, Captain T.S.V. xliv, 554, Orders in Council 643 575 Osborne 106, 201, 212, 215 Philomel 213, 214, 217, 219, 245, Ottawa 597, 610, 611, 612, 635 246, 269, 272, 353, 398 Ottley, Admiral Langdale xiii, xiv, Phoenix 36 35, 65-67, 68, 157 Pirow, Prime Minister xl, 531, 532, Overseas Defence Committee (of 601-2, 604, 605, 607, 608, 619 CID): report on ‘The Co- Plunket, Lord 63 operation on the Colonial Poincare´, Raymond 385 Empire in Imperial Defence’ Pollard, Charles F. 232 xlv; and Far East base 287; and Pope, Commander C.J.D. 409 Singapore 378-79, 380, 389, 390; Port Angelos 261 Colonial Defence Co-operation Port Arthur 48, 124 587-93; and Dominions’ Port Blair 393 attitude to war 621-26, 631 Port Curtis 265 overseas stations, defence of xi-xii Port Darwin 618 Port Elizabeth 603, 607, 614, 615 Pacific Fleet xviii, xlvi, 113-14, 170, Port Nolloth 603 355 ports, commercial: attacks on 49, Pacific, Higher Command 278-80 85, 122-23, 125-28; defences 692 INDEX 49, 50, 51, 52, 91, 119-21, 122-24, Root Resolutions regarding 125-28, 126, 588, 590; as refuges Submarine Warfare 316 49; coaling in 52, 91; undefended Rosario 36 128-29; minesweepers 590 Rose 516 ports, naval: defences 119-21, 122- Rosebery, Lord 452 24, 312-16, 588; categories of Rosyth 184, 314 121-22; attacks on 122-23; list Royal Australian Navy: advised of 314-16 against xii, xiii-xiv, 5-6, 58, 64; Port Stephens 264 proposals for xiii; training xiii, Port Swettenham 321 xiv, 81; discipline xiv; formation Pound, Captain (later Admiral of of xiv-xv, 350; and Canadian the Fleet Sir) A. Dudley P.R. Navy xx-xxiii; gift of ships to xxx, 236, 372, 374 xxviii, 243-44, 255; development Pountney, Arthur 403 of xxxii-xxxiv, 65, 72, 77; need Powerful, HMS 53, 55 for ships, 1930s xxxiii; and precautionary period 616-19, 639 destroyers xxxiv, 19, 58, 61, 68, Prefontaine, J.F.R. 22, 23, 35 74, 75, 85, 265, 266-67; Royal Pretoria 613 Naval Reserves 10, 14, 15, 305, pre-warning telegram 621 307, 308; convoys 268; officers Prize Court procedure 611, 613 discharged 312; Admiralty Protector 53 disfavour harms 362; opposition Psyche 189, 192, 218, 221, 223 to 362; and Royal New Zealand Public Accounts Committee 518 Navy 396; statement on 1926 Pyramus 218, 223 415-16; training 416; and cruisers 441, 471-74, 475, 480-83, Quadruple Treaty 316, 317-18 484, 511, 558; and submarines Quebec 164, 168, 612 441; and destroyers 459-62, 511; Queen Elizabeth, HMS 567 reductions in 464; control of in Quetta 518 wartime 480 Royal Canadian Navy: USA and Rainbow 114 xvi, 93; formation of xvi-xvii, 101, Rangoon 294, 320, 393 105-7, 115, 350; name of xix, 146, Rangoon 469 159; status of xix, 151-53, 149- Rawlinson, General Lord xli, 392, 50; and destroyers xxxvi, xxxvii- 454, 497 xxxviii, xxxix, 105, 106, 424, 425, Red Sea 284, 325, 326, 580, 596, 427, 428, 429-32, 435-36, 437, 627 462, 506, 512, 513, 523, 536, 537, Reid, Sir George 19, 92, 138, 140, 543-44, 547-49, 583, 585-87, 594; 150, 151 control of xxxvi, 152, 374; Renown, HMS 416, 567 almost abolished xxxvii; and Reporting Officers 616 cruisers 105-6, 425, 428, 536, 537, Repulse, HMS 567 586; discipline 106, 151, 159; flag Revenge, HMS 567 114, 151; and Royal Navy 115, Rhodesia 12 149, 152; training 151, 311-12, Richmond, Rear-Admiral (later 425, 427, 594; policy on 183-84; Admiral Sir) Herbert W. 392 critics of separate Canadian Rinaldo 36 fleet 232; Royal Naval Reserves Risley, J.S. 113, 119 307, 308, 414-15, 597; officer Robben Island 607, 608, 609 surplus 311-12; abolition Rochester 614 decision 318, 320, 356; Royal INDEX 693 Naval Volunteer Reserve 414; commissions 498-99, 504, 514- statement on 1926 414-15; ships 16, 547, 637, 644; Officers’ rank given to 424; and submarines and powers of command 504, 425; and sloops 427, 428, 430, 514, 515, 545-47, 555-56, 581-82, 510, 536, 537, 586; 630, 636, 637, 643, 644-45; minesweepers 537; personnel transfer of officers to 505; expansion 594 transfer of ratings to 505; guns Royal Commission on the for ships 509, 510, 523; five year administration of the plan for naval defence 519, 520, Expenditure of India 452 522, 523; sloops 519, 520-21, Royal Commission on the 528, 530, 538, 539, 540, 550-51, Defence of British Possessions 596; ASW capacity 529, 553, Abroad 25 627; minimum requirements Royal Indian Marine xxiv-xxv, 541-43; Navy Staff 541; Nine xxvii, xl, 177, 178, 225-26, 225- Year Plan 541-43; Local Naval 27, 226-27, 229, 234-36, 238, 325- Defence Equipment 542, 553; 36: commissions 238; personnel 542; Motor Torpedo reorganisation 392-95, 449, 454, Boats 543; escort vessels 552- 455, 488-505, 538; composition 53, 575, 576, 578-79, 626-27, 633, of 456; control of in war 457; 639; meeting Royal Navy ships Volunteer Reserve 465-66, 470, in foreign ports 581-82; 490; cost 488; Fleet Reserve 490; requested to be placed under expansion 491; Indianisation command of Commander in 495-96; Officers’ grievances 546 Chief East Indies 596; cadets Royal Indian Navy: creation of xl- 619-20; future of, 1939 626-27; xlii, 420, 488-505; and racism destroyers 627; and Royal Navy xli, xlii-xliii, 248-49, 516, 538; 630; and Warning Telegram 633; unity of command resisted xlii; Communication Reserve 638; subsidy to Admiralty xliii, xliv; War Organisation 638-39; to be Royal Naval Volunteer placed on same footing as Reserve xliii, 465-66, 636; under Dominion navies 643 command of Admiralty in Royal Marines 636 emergency xliv-xlv 524; Royal Naval Reserve, Colonials in Reserves xliv, 541, 542, 630; to 2, 31-32 be placed under control of Royal Navy: contributions to xvCommander East Indies when xvi, 304; men from Colonies requested lii; placed under and Dominions serving in xxv, orders of Commander in Chief 527-28; racist attitudes in xlii; East Indies liii, 642, 646; training relationship with Dominion 248, 393, 496, 503-4, 504, 539, navies xviii-xix, xxi-xxii, xxx- 542, 556, 630, 631-32; functions xxxi, 84-85; sloops in Persian of 393-94; survey work 393; flag Gulf xliv; offensive role 7; 394; name 394, 455, 498, 500; importance to Australia 43; and size of 394-95; minesweepers attacks on British commerce 449, 450, 455, 456, 469, 470, 490, 49; Pension Fund 75, 79; 509, 539, 542, 543, 553; control destroyers 114; concentration of in war 457, 524-26, 554-55, 161-62, 191; moveable 559, 577, 596; expansion 495, squadron 161-63; pay rates 162; 516; ‘lending’ 496; composition reduction of fleet 250-51, 255; 1934 497-98; discipline 497; one-power standard 296, 356, 694 INDEX 439, 485; two-power standard Salmond, William Henry Geoffrey 296; calling up Reserves 305; Air Chief Marshal Sir 443, 478 financial contributions towards Savile, Sir Leopold H. 461 343-46; minumum strategic Scullin, H. 445 requirement 485-86; Strength, sea command 115 New Standard of (1937) 560-61; sea communications, protecting Artificers shortage 561; 588 recruiting 561, 562, 635; seamen, colonial more expensive wartime duties 590; mobilisation than British 69 600 see also Main Fleet sea-power, memorandum on 7, Royal New Zealand Navy 68-72 (formerly the New Zealand Seddon, John 6 Division of the Royal Navy): Seddon, R. xii, xxii, 13, 67-68 and cruisers xxiii, xxviii, l, 164, Selangor, Sultan of 177 189, 194, 220, 222-23, 245, 247, Selborne, Lord xi, xii, 3, 4, 5, 7, 398, 412-13, 459, 557-59, 574-75; 13-18 and submarines xxiv, xxxv, 169, Shanghai 468, 476, 477, 478 170, 172, 173, 221, 398; and Shaw, Thomas 442 sloops xxvii, 398, 412; Royal Shedden, Frederick Geoffrey 480, Naval Reserves 10, 188, 192, 482, 483 194, 195, 305, 306, 307, 308, 397- Shell Company 605 98; and destroyers 20; training shipping, neutral 590 374-75, 388, 396; and Royal Shoreham 627 Navy 375; personnel 395-97; signal stations 131 policy of Naval Board 395-402; Simon, Sir John xliv, 58, 262, 577, and Royal Australian Navy 396; 578, 579 Royal Naval Volunteer Simon’s Bay 47 Reserves 397; materiel 398-400; Simonstown xl, 122, 163, 321, 365, Shore base 400-2; statement on 527, 531, 601, 603, 605, 606, 607, 1926 418-19 614, 615, 618, 624 Royal Oak, HMS 567 Simpson, G.B. xv, 92, 93 Royle, Rear Admiral G.C.C. xlii, Simpson, J.A. xlii, xliv, 514, 522, 537 524, 540, 545, 559, 595, 619, 629, Rush-Bagot Agreement xvi, 81- 637, 644, 648 82, 83 Sims, Vice-Admiral 231 Russia 24, 25 see also Union of Singapore: Japanese capture of x, Soviet Socialist Republics 571; deployment of main fleet Rynfeld, General Sir Pierre van to xxi, 563; importance 614 attached to by Australia xxxiii; development as base xlvi, xlviii, Saguenay 586 xlix, 262, 287-89, 296, 298-99; St Boniface 399 plans for development shelved St Helena xi, 45-46, 91 xlviii; expenditure on curbed St John 34 xlix, 458-9; strategy built on St Laurant 583 sand liii; increasing provision St Lawrence 36, 37, 41 allowance for garrison liv; St Lucia 26, 28, 262 capacity of 264; as site for St Vincent 91 Pacific Higher Command 279, Saldanha Bay 606, 607 294; value of 297; dockyard 309; Salisbury, Lord 368 and Main Fleet 309-10; INDEX 695 Reservists in 310; defences 314, 531, 604-6; fishery research work 466-67, 468, 476, 478; assistance 366; surveying 366; and in development of 318, 442; Singapore 382; Royal Naval development revived 324; oil Reserve 386-87; and Imperial reserves 324, 391; decision to Defence College 458; and Royal start work on base 347; decision Navy 527; Admiralty to create 378-81; oil reserves on requirements 531; oil tanks 531- route to 379, 380; and 32; ASW material 532, 602, 604; Washington Conference 380-81; minesweeping 532, 604, 615; decision not to proceed with Royal Naval cadetships 532; base 383-84, 385-86, 442-43; brief history of naval coJapan’s attitude to development operation 601-3, 606-9; naval 383; period before Main British forces abolished 601; naval Fleet could reach (period of policy 601; Naval Sanatorium relief) 390, 558, 645; docking 601; Royal Naval Volunteer facilities 438; defence of 444, Reserve 601, 615; local defence 448, 476, 571; Report of a measures 602; S.O.(1) 602; Committee to the Imperial Hydrographic Survey Section Conference 1930 445-46; in 603; Local Naval Defence naval strategy 446, 447, 448; memorandum 604; Coast garrison 467, 477; importance Defences 606-9, 614, 615; guns of 475, 476, 478; Japanese for ships 615; intelligence 616; scheme for attack on 476; Armed Merchant Cruisers 617; capture disastrous 477; Contraband Control Bases 618; provision of second aerodrome refusal to mobilise reserves at 479; reinforcement 564; effect (September crisis) 623-24, 628- of British Fleet at 571; guns for 29, 639 ships 604 South African Naval Service: Singh, Gaya Prasad 496 development slow 364; RNVR Skeena 586 366, 388, 404; discipline 405-6, Skelton, O.D. 599 409; Union Naval Discipline Slade, Rear Admiral Edward xxiv Code 405-6 see also following Sladen 327 entry Smith, J.E. Masterman 224 South West Africa 614 Smith, R.C. xix, 151 Spain, Commander 22, 23 Smuts, Jan C. xl 365-67 Sparrow, HMS 245, 246 Smuts-Churchill Agreement 601 Sphinx, HMS 451 Snowden, Philip 445 Sprigg, J. Gordon 12 Solomon Islands 158 Stamfordham, Lord 500 Somerville, Vice-Admiral Sir Stanhope, Lord 645 James xlv 599, 626 Stanley, George 487 Sonnenblom 601 Steel, G.A. 164 South Africa: naval expenditure Stephenson, John Everard 631 xxx, 340-41; naval development Stewart, Sir Findlater 501, 520, xl; and war lii; naval 528, 634 contributions 12, 344-45, 348, Stirling, Grote xxxviii, 513 578, 601, 602-3; Stonehaven, Lord xxxii recommendations about aid Stout, Chief Justice the Hon. Sir being given by 320-21; naval Robert 275 services 365-67; oil stores 365, Straits Settlement 321, 458 696 INDEX Strathcona, Lord 114 Trincomali 34, 321, 456, 467, 468, Stubbs, Sir R.E. 387 526 submarines 102, 105, 167, 255, 262, Trinidad 283 380 see also under names of troops, transport of 121, 234 individual navies Tryon, Sir George 64 Suez Canal 184, 186, 284, 316, 568 Tweedie, Captain Hugh xxxi 373 Sunda Straits 568 Tweedmouth, Lord 56, 73 surveying 366 Tyrwhitt, Admiral of the Fleet 475 Suva 265 Swan 347 Union Castle Shipping Company Sydney 34, 74, 86, 92, 163, 181, 262, 624 264, 267, 287, 316, 570 Union of Soviet Socialist Sydney, HMS xxxviii, 245, 347, 511 Republics 565, 572 see also Russia Telegraphic Communications United Kingdom: naval defence Board xxvi, 242-43 spending xi, xxx 16; Colonial telegraph stations 91-92 Naval Defence Act 3, 84; Naval Tennyson, Lord 19 Discipline Act 10, 118, 135, 138, Terror 609 144, 152, 153, 155, 156-57, 215, Thistle 36 404-5, 422, 502, 630; naval bases Thomas, Charles Inigo 34, 56, 138, abroad 27, 27-29, 47-52, 121-25, 151 259-62; war with USA 28, 29, Thomas, James Henry 381, 382, 34, 38, 282; oil reserves in 284, 383, 387 291; unable to bear all Empire’s Thompson, Captain Hall 276 naval costs 304; Imperial Act Tiger 264 1859 307; naval expenditure Timor 158 337-38, 534; Naval Staff 377; Tingira 201, 216 alliance with Japan 379, 380; Toia 399 sole responsibility for opposing Torbay, HMS 461 Japan 381; treaty limitations on Torch 36, 218, 245, 246 381; Dominions Naval Forces Toreador, HMS 461 Act 404, 409-10; Naval torpedo craft xxii, 49, 85, 102, 103, Discipline (Dominion Forces) 123: defences against 123-24; Act 1911 422; Indian Marine and merchant vessels in port 127 Act 1887 465, 497, 501, 503; Torrens 347 Government of India Act 1935 Tothill, Rear Admiral Hugh H.D. 514, 525, 595, 643; Indian Navy xxvii, 248, 278 Act 1927 525; Indian Naval Act Tottenham, Mr 522 545; rearmament 556; Indian trade xlix, 16, 443, 478, 493, 617 Naval Reserve Forces 634; Transvaal 4, 12 Indian Naval Reserve Forces Treasury xxv, xxxviii, xlvi, 2, 286, (Discipline) Act 634 see also 453, 454, 461, 462, 472, 510, 511, Royal Navy 512, 514, 517, 522, 543, 548, 576, United States of America: and 585, 586, 649 Canadian Navy xvi, 26; naval Treaty for the Limitation of Naval growth 26, 28, 37; capture of Armaments 316-17 British naval bases by 27; naval Trenchard, Marshal of the RAF threat of 27-29; putative war Sir Hugh 389-91 with 28, 29, 34, 38, 40, 41; and Triad, HMS 451 Rush-Bagot Agreement 82-83; INDEX 697 ship-building 82;treaty Warspite, HMS 567 limitations on 317, 381; war telegram 622 incapable of action in Western Washington Conference and Pacific 323; assistance of 564 Treaty (1921–2) xxix, xlvii, 311, 316-22, 323, 324, 356, 359, 362, Vancouver 426, 524, 537 364, 368, 380-81, 421, 467 Vancouver HMCS xxxvii, xxxix, Wedgwood Benn, W. 457 163, 164, 264, 437, 506-8, 513, Welland Canal 82, 100 536, 583, 585, 586 Wellington 245, 610, 624 Vestal 36 Wemyss, Admiral Sir Rosslyn xxvi, Victoria 93, 94, 584 230, 232, 240, 243 Vizagapatam 542, 554 West Indies Intelligence Service 585 W Westport 266 aal, Colonel de 609 W Whangpoo River 466 akakura 399, 400 W White, W.T. 206, 207 alker, Charles xli, 230, 455 W White Ensign xviii, xix, 75, 77, 79, alvis Bay 614 W 114, 136-37, 139, 146 alwyn, Vice Admiral Sir H.T. Wigram, Colonel Sir Clive 499 465, 466, 491, 515, 530 Willingdon, Viscount 427 war, system of command and Wilson, Brigadier General Sir direction in 256-59 Samuel 435, 559 war anchorages 122, 260 Wilson, Admiral Sir Arthur K. War Book India 596 138, 148, 151, 157, 158, 159 War Books li, 610, 634 Wilson, Samuel Herbert 287 War Book Sub-Committee 584 Winterton, Lord 530 War Cabinet xxvi, 232, 233, 242, Wireless Telegraphy 402, 57, 105, 243, 244, 262, 645 131, 243, 266, 273 Wardley, D.J. 548, 549 Wiseman, 549 Ward, Sir E.W.D. 33 W. List messages 623, 624, 635 Ward, Sir Joseph George xxii, xxvi, 67, 109, 113, 171, 222, 227, 229 Yarra 347 warning telegram 621, 622, 625-26, Young, Colonel Sir Arthur 176 633 Yserplasts 605 War Office 46, 235, 297, 389, 391, 504 Zetland, Marquis of xliv, 517, 521, Warren, William R. 381-82 577, 579, 580,
Nicholas Tracy is an adjunct professor in the University of New Brunswick, Canada, an Associate of the Gregg Centre at UNB, a Member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, Visiting Fellow of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London, and Associate of the Corbett Centre for Maritime Policy Studies at King’s College, London.
His publications include
• Navies, Deterrence and American Independence (University of British Columbia Press, 1988).
• Attack on Maritime Trade (Macmillan Press, 1991).
• The Collective Naval Defence of the Empire: 1900 – 1940 (Navy Records Society, 1997).
• Sea Power, and the Control of Trade, Belligerent Rights from the Russian war to the Beira Patrol (Navy Records Society, 2005).
• Britannia’s Palette: The Arts of Naval Victory (McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2007).
• Nelson’s Battles, the Triumph pf British Seapower (Seaforth, 2008).
• The Battle of Quiberon Bay 1759, Hawke and the Defeat of the French Invasion (Pen & Sword, 2010).
• A Two-edged Sword: The Navy as an Instrument of Canadian Policy (McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012.
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