Following America’s entry into World War Two, there was a necessity for the Royal Navy to strengthen co-operation with the United States Navy. Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham’s brief term as head of the British Admiralty Delegation in Washington was to endear him to the Americans so much so that they proposed him as Allied Naval Commander of the Expeditionary Force which was to invade North Africa in November 1942.
In October 1943, Cunningham was summoned to replace the dying Pound as First Sea Lord, a position he held until his retirement from active service in June 1946. In that time he presided over the invasion of Normandy, operations in the Mediterranean, the sinking of the Scharnhorst and Tirpitz, the defeat of the late surge of U-boat activity, the British Pacific Fleet, and the problems of manpower, the futures of the Royal Marines and the Fleer Air Arm, and the conversion of the Royal Navy from its swollen wartime strength to a much-reduced peacetime cadre.
Cunningham remained concerned over the future of the country’s defence and that of the Royal Navy and he was able to speak in major defence debates in the House of Lords. He died suddenly in 1963 and was buried at sea. Cunningham was one of Britain’s great sailors, a worthy successor to Nelson, whom he admired and many of whose qualities he displayed.
This second volume of Cunningham’s papers covers the period of his life from 1942. It includes official documents but also many letters to his family and brother-officers that exhibit his feelings, as well as his illuminating diary entries from April 1944 onwards.
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INDEX Abyssinia (Ethiopia), 405 ABDA (American-British-DutchAustralian) command, 29, 406 Admiralty, 5, 7, 36, 42, 43, 46, 47, 63, 67, 70, 87, 101, 114, 121, 128, 134, 135, 143, 144, 146, 153, 166, 167, 171, 175, 183–9, 191, 192, 201, 203, 209, 211, 214, 222–4, 226–8, 232–4, 236, 242, 244, 245, 248, 253, 265, 269, 280–81, 289, 290, 295, 297, 302, 313, 315, 318, 323, 326–7, 328, 332, 343, 345, 355, 358, 361, 362, 367, 379, 373, 374, 376–7, 379, 381–4, 386, 389, 390–91, 392, 394 Adriatic, 206, 271, 274, 286–8, 290 Aegean, 165, 270, 275–6, 285, 287, 288, 290 Africa, North, 6, 19–101, 115, 117, 133, 270–71 Africa, West, 67, 230, 231, 252 Agnew, VAdm Sir W., 60, 85 Aircraft: British: Albacore, 60, 62; Barracuda, 162–3, 224, 323, 339, 353; Beaufighter, 24, 57, 94, 214, 275; Firebrand, 393; Fulmar, 95; Lancaster, 224; Mosquito, 163, 226–7, 324–5; Oxford, 393; Seafire, 95, 341, 393, 396; Swordfish, 57, 93–5; Walrus, 93; American: Avenger, 162–3, 323, 333, 339, 341, 393, 395–6; Catalina (PBY), 72, 80, 93, 94; Fortress (B-17), 80, 243; Hudson, 13, 93, 221, 393; Liberator (B- 24), 72, 80, 246; Wildcat (Martlet), 95; German: Ju87, 276; Ju88, 77, 275, 276; Fw190, 279 Alexander, A.V., 4, 7, 8, 9, 108, 134, 141, 144, 146, 148–50, 151, 156, 166, 174, 176, 182, 184, 185, 188–90, 192, 202, 206, 208, 248, 270–73, 290, 291, 293, 303, 315, 323, 329, 330, 343, 354, 367, 370, 377, 384, 394–5, 396, 399, 402, 403 Alexander, FM Earl, 68, 74, 114, 123, 126, 127, 130, 158, 160, 166, 174, 195, 204, 205, 292–3, 406–7 Alexandria, 3, 7, 23, 45, 51, 72, 74, 143, 286, 389–90, 405 Algeria, 31, 34, 46, 48, 93 Algiers, 21, 22, 26, 34, 35, 41, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 56–8, 60, 62, 66, 68, 73, 81– 3, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93, 96, 106–11, 113, 117, 126, 128, 129, 152, 322, 406 Allies, 6, 23, 24, 45, 54, 58, 103–5, 124, 131, 133, 143, 144, 148, 164, 174, 223, 226, 259, 270, 271, 274, 296, 310, 363, 369, 408 Amery, L.S., 206 Anderson, Sir J., 187, 191, 323, 324, 340, 354 Anderson, Gen Sir K., 43, 59, 60, 87 Ankara, 270, 277–8, 284 anti-aircraft measures, 14, 24, 58, 86, 87, 95, 96, 105, 120, 134, 175, 223, 225, 233, 337–8, 348, 359, 365, 373, 374, 376–7, 379, 404 anti-submarine measures, 13, 14, 24, 63, 72, 75, 92, 93, 97, 98, 120, 165, 175, 213, 223–68, 284, 289, 393 Antwerp, 168, 194–6, 216, 217, 219, 220 Anzio, 270, 278–80, 281, 283 Arctic, 175, 231, 246, 255 Armstrong, Capt H.T., 289 Arnold, Gen H.H., (USAAF), 340 artificial harbours, 194, 199, 200, 201, 205, 208, 210, 217–18 Arromanches, 217–18 Athens, 274, 294 Atlantic, 5, 6, 19, 56, 62, 171, 175, 176, 213, 225, 227, 231, 232, 240–41, 245, 246, 251, 252, 272 atomic bombs, 306, 363, 369, 373, 374 Attlee, C.R., 158, 191–2, 206, 297, 318, 320, 321, 345–6, 399 424 THE CUNNINGHAM PAPERS. II Auchinleck, FM Sir Claude, 405 Auphan, Adm G. (French Navy), 49 Austria, 195 Australia, 10, 11, 33, 161, 176, 312, 314– 15, 316–19, 321, 327, 328, 338, 345, 352, 357, 364, 370–71, 385; government, 182, 303, 310–11, 314, 326, 327, 328, 331, 357, 358–9; Navy, 182–3, 305, 310–12, 326–8, 331, 359, 360–61 Axis, 21, 24, 25, 45, 48, 57, 61, 87, 131, 133 Azores, 230, 244 Back, Capt T.H., 85 Baillie-Grohman, VAdm T., 405 Balkans, 19, 278 Baltic, 225, 227, 231, 246, 250 Barnard, VAdm Sir G., 39 Barry, Adm Sir C., 189, 235 Beatty, AoF Lord, 150 Belgium, 164 Bellairs, RAdm R.M., 201 Bennehof, Capt O.R. (US Navy), 85 Bennett, RAdm A.C. (US Navy), 43 Berlin, 5, 19, 164, 259, 262, 388 Bermuda, 179 Bevin, E., 187, 370, 378 Biscay, Bay of, 202, 205, 206, 214, 226, 227, 229–31, 236, 238, 240 Bissett, RAdm A.W. LaT., 281 Bizerta, 24, 26, 58–60, 64, 65, 76, 93, 94, 99, 100, 113, 115, 128, 129, 133 Black Sea, 231, 278 Blake, VAdm Sir G., 157, 210, 215, 399, 402 Blamey, FM Sir T. (Australian Army), 316, 318 Bône, 59, 62, 65, 66, 73, 80, 87, 96, 99, 100 Bonham-Carter, VAdm S.S., 43, 71 Bonin Is., 170 Borneo, 206, 347, 350, 352, 357 Bougie, 84, 94, 96, 230 Boyd, Adm Sir D., 172–3, 323, 341, 392–7 Bracken, B., 190, 191 Brazil, 231 Bremen, 253, 256, 259 Brest, 205, 213, 214, 232 Brind, Adm Sir P., 178 Brisbane, 161, 162 British Admiralty Delegation, 3–16, 151, 153, 249, 304, 309, 312, 315 British Army, 31, 32, 34, 53, 72, 73, 92, 99, 103, 105, 106, 107, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 121, 124, 126, 127, 129, 130, 138, 159, 175–7, 183, 185, 188,190, 191, 197, 199, 203, 204, 206, 207, 213, 219, 220, 233, 239, 270, 273, 276–80, 283, 292, 294, 305, 306, 316, 340, 351, 355, 357, 365, 374, 389, 394, 404, 405 British Empire and Commonwealth, 185, 301, 305, 317, 361–2, 363, 365, 370, 374, 378, 385, 387 Browne, Helen (‘Aunt Doodles’) and Connie May, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 42, 54, 55, 64, 71, 77, 78, 113, 128, 129, 153, 154, 229, 403 Browning, Capt H.L.S., 268 Brownrigg, Capt T.M., 39 Brooke, FM Sir A. (Viscount Alanbrooke), 123, 155, 158, 165–6, 174, 206, 210, 212–13, 217, 220, 292–3, 316, 321, 327, 329, 402 Bruntisfield, Lord, 187, 381 Brussels, 219 Burma, 165, 205, 306, 307, 320–21, 341, 347 Butler, N.M., 15 Burgess Watson, RAdm, 201 Burrough, Adm Sir H., 37, 41, 45, 59, 82, 84, 195, 221, 222, 230, 233, 249, 259, 262, 265, 387–8, 406 Byatt brothers (Sir Hugh, Robin and David), 401 Cairo, 67, 70, 106–10, 156–7, 166, 285, 308, 389 Camrose, Lord, 177, 186 Canada, 113, 130, 175, 180, 240–41, 246, 385; Navy, 205, 251–5, 359 Cannon, Gen, (USAAF), 80 Caribbean, 230, 231, 252 Carne, Capt W.P., 345 Casablanca, 21, 26, 32–5, 48, 49, 68, 72, 75, 79, 92, 103, 291 Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 307, 309, 312, 317– 18, 328, 329, 336, 337, 367, 368, 370 Channel Is., 213 Chatfield, AoF Lord, 401 INDEX 425 Chatham, 261 Cherwell, Lord, 184, 247, 313, 354, 374, 379, 383–4 Cherbourg, 205, 208–13, 245 Chiefs of Staff, 14, 28, 31–3, 43, 49, 54, 59, 60, 61, 63, 68, 103, 135, 143–7, 150, 155–6, 157, 159–61, 167–9, 174, 181, 184, 188, 195, 197, 198, 201, 202, 208, 210, 212–17, 219, 221, 222, 233, 236, 239, 244, 259, 260, 261, 267, 285, 286, 290, 294, 295, 296, 301, 314, 316, 317, 320–24, 326, 327, 335, 339, 340, 343, 346, 347, 350–52, 363–5, 368, 379, 381, 383, 386–7, 390–92, 394, 399, 405 Chiang Kai Shek, 367 China, 34, 301, 306, 363, 364–5 Churchill, Lady C., 9, 22 Churchill, W.S., 4, 7–11, 24, 31, 50, 54, 59, 61, 64, 68, 72, 77, 78, 123, 141, 143–60, 165, 166, 168, 174, 184–5, 187, 188, 193–4, 195, 198–204, 206, 208, 209, 211–19, 221–3, 227, 232, 235, 237, 240, 241, 243–4, 245, 247, 251, 256, 260, 261, 269, 270, 273, 274, 285, 286– 7, 292–3, 294, 299, 301, 303, 308, 309–10, 313–16, 318, 320, 321–2, 325, 326, 329, 330, 334, 337–8, 340, 347, 350, 354, 375, 379, 384, 406 Clark Gen M. (US Army), 45, 46, 138 Cold War, 374 Collins, VAdm Sir J., (RAN), 311 Colville, Jock, 10 Combined Chiefs of Staff, 3, 13, 27, 28, 30–32, 35, 50, 68, 74, 135, 148, 155–6, 160, 161, 165, 168, 169, 209, 227, 256, 280, 302, 306, 360 COPP (Combined Operations Pilotage Parties), 104, 116 Combined Operations, 36, 59, 114, 130, 286, 293, 375, 389, 390–92 Command, The Organisation of [paper], 400, 404–8 conferences: Cairo and Tehran, 156, 157, 166, 308; Quebec I, 130; Quebec II, 156, 159–65, 293, 301; Yalta,156, 168–73, 174; Potsdam, 156, 262, 265, 360 Connolly, Adm R.L. (US Navy), 136 convoy, 26, 39, 41, 44, 56, 57, 58, 62, 64– 6, 70, 72, 78, 80, 86, 93, 94, 96, 98, 117, 118, 175, 223, 230, 232, 238, 246, 252, 254, 255, 273, 278, 284, 289 Cooke, Adm C.M. (US Navy), 344 Corsica,123 Craven, Cdr, 368 Creasy, AoF Sir G., 205, 210 Creighton, RAdm 297 Crete, 25, 63, 76, 149, 404 Cripps, Sir S., 243 Crutchley, Adm Sir V., VC, 162, 311 Cunningham, Gen Sir Alan, 10 Cunningham, AoF Viscount (Andrew Browne), of Hyndhope, and his wife, 39, 43, 47, 49–50, 51, 53, 55, 63, 66, 69, 73–4, 145, 399, 400–401; and family, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 42, 54, 55, 64, 71, 77, 78, 113, 128, 129, 153, 154, 229, 400– 401, 403; and Palace House, Bishop’s Waltham, 145, 193, 205, 207, 216, 229, 400–401, 403; character, 399–402; retirement, 399–403; Royal Navy, 7, 8, 12, 14, 23, 38, 41, 43–5, 47, 53, 57–61, 64, 66–7, 70, 72, 73, 75–8, 80–101, 104, 106, 114–21, 124, 126–7, 129, 136–8, 141–4, 146–8, 152, 156, 175, 177, 181– 3, 186, 188–90, 194–6, 199–209, 212–15, 220–29, 232–5, 237–8, 242–3, 246, 248, 257–8, 260, 262–7, 268, 270– 73, 280–83, 291, 293–5, 297, 299, 302–5, 307–13, 315–20, 322, 327, 328, 333–8, 343, 348–9, 352–3, 359–62, 365, 367–70, 373–97, 385–9, 399, 404–8; appointment as First Sea Lord, 123, 125, 141–54, 299, 301, 373; Admiralty, 43, 43, 114, 121, 128, 143, 144–5, 166, 169, 175–6, 178, 183–7, 191–2, 201, 203, 211, 214, 223, 225, 227, 234, 236, 243, 244, 248, 249, 257, 258, 269, 280–81, 290, 302–3, 313, 316, 318, 326–8, 332, 345, 350, 362, 367, 370, 373, 376–84, 386, 389, 390, 394, 396; A.V. Alexander, 4, 7–9, 134–5, 141, 144, 146–51, 154, 158, 166, 174, 182, 184, 185, 188–90, 192, 200, 206, 208, 248, 273, 290, 303, 316, 329, 330, 343, 354, 367, 377–8, 383, 394–7, 399, 402, 403; Bracken, 190, 191; British Admiralty Delegation, 3–15, 21, 148, 150, 299, 301, 373; Mediterranean (1939–1942), 3, 7, 25, 39, 57, 63, 76–7, 104,119, 143, 148, 426 THE CUNNINGHAM PAPERS. II 305, 375, 400, 401, 404; Mediterranean (1942–1946), 6, 19–138, 141, 143, 144, 148, 269–97, 373, 375, 400; Gibraltar, 32, 33, 38, 43, 45, 48, 57, 58, 61, 63, 72, 76, 80, 88; Malta, 26, 31, 43, 53, 56–7, 60, 65, 67–8, 71, 76, 78–9, 99, 108, 111, 112, 113, 117, 124, 126, 128, 271–2, 290, 294–5, 405; manpower, 175–92; British Pacific Fleet, 156–8, 160–64, 169, 192, 196, 226, 228, 272, 299–371; post-war, 301, 306, 373–97; Royal Marines, 175, 199, 286–7, 336, 374–5, 390–92; Fleet Air Arm, 14, 57, 84, 93–5, 176, 184, 192, 224–5, 233–8, 281, 299, 317, 321, 323–5, 355, 374–5, 392–7; and staff, 12, 35, 39, 43, 45, 46, 104, 106, 107, 110, 121; Burrough, 37, 41, 45, 59, 82, 221, 222, 230, 240, 387–8, 406; J.H.D. Cunningham, 125, 135, 136, 195, 269, 271, 273–4, 278–94, 296–92, 294–7, 399, 402, 403; Fraser, 141–2, 147–50, 189–90, 210, 224, 225, 234, 235, 237–8, 251, 303, 314, 315, 316, 318, 323, 326–9, 331–4, 338–45, 348, 356–9, 363–71, 399, 402, 403, 407; Harwood, 23, 46–7, 49, 52, 53, 59, 60, 68–9, 72, 74, 101; Mountbatten, 42–3, 59, 130, 187, 210, 301, 306, 309, 314, 317–21, 323, 324, 327, 330, 333–6, 342–4, 346, 347, 352, 355, 362, 407; Noble, 4, 134–5, 151–3, 157, 163, 308, 312–13, 314; A.J. Power, 122, 305, 322, 327, 329–36, 339–42, 347, 351, 354–5, 362–3, 366–7, 395–6, 407, 408; Pound, 3–5, 8, 10–11, 13, 14, 25–6, 28, 30, 35– 6, 42–5, 47–54, 59–66, 69–71, 74–6, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112, 125, 130, 141, 147, 150–55, 224, 273; Ramsay, 21, 36– 44, 46, 50, 52, 57, 58, 70, 73, 87, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 121, 129– 30, 166, 193, 194–5, 197, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 213, 215–21, 232–3, 238; Somerville, 43, 143, 153, 155, 157, 167, 169, 181, 191, 197, 259, 273, 299, 304, 305–6, 307, 313, 314–15, 317, 318–19, 321, 324, 327, 333, 341–2, 344, 350, 353, 357, 369, 399, 402, 407; Tovey, 4,152, 190, 217, 232–3, 238, 257, 399, 402, 403; on strategy, 5, 6, 10–11, 12, 14, 15, 19, 21, 26, 28–35, 103, 123, 155, 159, 195, 206, 209, 211, 215, 216, 271, 277–8, 284, 285, 286, 294–7, 301, 309, 314, 317–19, 321, 324, 348, 351–2, 355, 357, 380, 381; on command, 404–8; Conferences: Cairo and Tehran, 156, 157, 308; Quebec, 156, 159–65, 301; Yalta, 156, 168–73, 174; Potsdam, 156; Operations: ‘Torch’, 6, 19–101, 103, 104, 123, 143, 148, 150, 406–7; ‘Husky’, 103–21, 129, 130, 133–4, 136– 8, 145, 150; ‘Baytown’ and ‘Avalanche’, 123–4, 126–7, 129–30, 133–4, 136–8, 148, 150; ‘Anvil/Dragoon’, 195, 197, 198, 209–12, 215, 271, 280, 284, 291, 322; ‘Shingle’, 278–82; ‘Neptune/ Overlord’, 155, 156, 176, 178, 179, 193–222, 271, 280, 284, 287, 291, 317, 326; Prime Ministers: Attlee, 158, 191, 318, 320, 321, 399, 403; Churchill, 4, 7– 11, 31, 49, 50, 54–5, 59, 61, 77–8, 141, 143–74, 184, 185, 187–8, 193–5, 198– 204, 206, 208, 209, 211–19, 221–3, 232, 235, 237, 240, 241, 244, 245, 254, 256, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 287, 292–3, 294, 301, 303, 309–10, 313, 314–16, 318, 320–21, 322, 325, 326, 329, 330, 334, 337–8, 340, 347, 350, 354, 379, 383, 406; Chiefs of Staff: 5, 11, 14, 28, 31, 32, 43, 49, 50, 59, 60–61, 63, 130, 143–7, 150, 155–74, 181, 184, 185, 195, 197, 201, 204, 208, 210–12, 214–19, 221, 222, 232, 236, 239, 244, 259, 260, 261, 285, 286, 290, 292, 294–6, 301, 314, 316, 317, 319, 320–24, 326, 335, 339, 340, 343, 346, 347–8, 350–52, 363–5, 368, 380, 381, 383, 386–7, 390– 91, 394, 399; Ismay, 10, 207, 321, 322, 325, 391; Army: 31–2, 34, 35, 60, 73–4, 87, 92, 99, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 121, 126–7, 136–8, 175, 176, 177, 183, 188, 190, 191, 194, 197, 199, 203, 206, 207, 214, 216–17, 218, 219–20, 233, 239, 270, 280, 290, 292, 305, 316, 357, 404– 5, 406; H. Alexander, 68, 74, 108, 114, 117, 123, 126–7, 139, 158, 160, 166, 174, 204, 205, 292–3, 406–7; Brooke, 155, 157, 165, 174, 206, 210, 212–13, 217, 220, 292, 316, 321, 327, 399, 402; Cunningham, AoF Viscount (Andrew Browne), of Hyndhope (contd.) INDEX 427 Montgomery, 72, 74,107–8, 113, 114, 123, 126–30, 197–8, 203, 212–13, 216– 17; Royal Air Force: 13, 14, 57, 71, 72–3, 92–5, 99, 108, 115, 117, 119, 165, 169, 175–7, 183, 187, 189, 191, 194, 197–8, 202, 214, 223, 224, 226, 233, 236–7, 239, 240, 244–7, 249, 250, 258, 271, 272, 290, 295, 305, 316, 375, 384, 386, 392–4; Portal, 155, 166, 169, 198, 206, 207, 219, 236, 241, 244, 246, 290, 294–5, 322, 324–5, 351–2, 381, 394–5, 399, 402; Tedder, 68, 71, 72, 104, 108, 117, 174, 259, 269, 406–7; Joint Staff Mission, 4, 5, 8, 12, 14, 28, 31–5, 51–2, 78, 152, 155–74, 260, 343; Combined Chiefs of Staff, 5, 12, 13, 14–15, 148, 155–74, 209, 227, 256, 280, 306, 380; United States: Roosevelt, 11, 15, 16, 27, 35, 48, 124, 135–6, 156, 160, 165, 167, 174, 208, 211, 216, 223, 237, 301– 2, 313, 406; Joint Chiefs of Staff, 5, 14–15, 16, 21, 25, 28–9, 31–5, 155–74, 197, 198, 205, 206, 211, 215, 287, 294, 302, 314, 319, 322, 335, 339, 343, 344, 347–8, 350, 357, 360, 364–5; Leahy, 16, 31–2, 34, 35; US Army, 13, 14–15, 16, 29, 35–6, 45–6, 72, 81, 109, 112, 113, 118, 121, 136–8, 165, 194, 214, 220, 226, 270, 309, 314, 317, 325, 327, 341– 2, 345, 408; Marshall, 32–5, 78, 158, 160, 168, 198, 205–6, 312–13, 323, 344, 369; Eisenhower, 21, 22–3, 27, 38, 41, 44, 50, 53, 58, 60–61, 63, 65, 68, 69, 72–4, 88, 112, 126–7, 131, 151, 193, 195, 197, 199, 202, 210, 215, 216, 218– 22, 269, 274, 294, 400, 406–7; USAAF, 117, 119, 161, 194; US Navy, 8, 10–15, 28–9, 35–6, 43, 72, 79–80, 81, 106, 109, 113, 118, 124, 136–8, 144, 156, 157, 161, 165, 194, 210, 215, 218–19, 233, 262–7, 271, 282–4, 291, 294, 302, 304, 312, 314, 323, 325, 326–9, 331, 333–5, 338–9, 344–5, 349, 359, 363, 368, 369, 375, 376, 408; Hewitt, 72, 109, 121, 123, 125, 136–8, 195, 271, 284, 286; King, 3–7, 13–15, 26–9, 31, 32, 35, 74– 5, 78, 109, 111, 152, 156, 158, 160, 161–4, 165, 167, 169, 170, 197, 206, 208, 210, 212, 248, 301–2, 304, 309, 312–13, 315, 319, 320, 326, 331, 341–2, 344, 346, 350, 360, 380, 400, 407; Stark, 135, 165, 167, 174, 210, 215, 243, 260; France: 22–3, 31, 33, 44–5, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54–5, 80–92, 151, 271, 295, 406; French Navy, 23, 44–5, 46, 48, 50–51, 54–7, 66–7, 80–92, 284, 290, 291, 339, 340; Darlan, 22, 45–54, 56, 60, 406; German Navy, 41, 75, 76, 97– 8, 164, 203, 211–12, 222, 223–68; Italian Navy, 56, 61, 62, 70, 85, 106, 111, 124, 128, 129, 130, 131–3, 134–5, 136, 146, 269, 274, 291, 305; Japanese Navy, 155, 156, 181, 184–5, 187, 330, 352, 354, 363, 364–6; Soviet Union: Stalin, 124, 156, 165, 167, 223; Soviet Navy, 124, 168, 227, 262–7 Cunningham, AoF Sir J.H.D., 74, 125, 135, 195, 269–97, 399, 402, 403 Cunningham, Viscountess ( née Nona Byatt), 39, 43, 47, 49–50, 51, 53, 55, 63, 66, 69, 73–4, 145, 399, 400–401 Curtin, J., 310–11, 314, 318, 325, 326, 328, 357 Cyprus, 291 Dakar, 48, 49, 51, 52, 56, 61, 66, 67, 94 Dalrymple-Hamilton, VAdm Sir F., 141, 146 Daniel, VAdm C.S., 315, 327, 331, 338, 356–7 Danzig, 253, 266 Dardanelles, 271, 274 Darlan, Adm J.-F. (French Navy), 22, 23, 45–54, 56, 60, 406 Davidson, RAdm L.A. (US Navy), 210, 282 De Courten, VAdm R. (Italian Navy), 124, 131 De la Borde, Adm (French Navy), 46, 47, 51, 56 De Gaulle, Pres C. (French Army), 23, 46, 50, 52, 54, 55, 202, 271, 295, 354 Dempsey, Gen Sir M., 126, 127 Denmark, 222, 352 Denny, Adm Sir M., 397 Dick, RAdm R., 12, 36, 39, 43, 45, 46, 383–4 Dickens, Adm Sir G., 59 Dill, FM Sir J., 4, 8, 28, 51, 78, 152, 165, 312 428 THE CUNNINGHAM PAPERS. II Divers, A/Capt E.A., 84 Dobbie, Lt Gen Sir F., 43 Dönitz, Grand Adm K. (German Navy), 203, 349 Dorling, VAdm J.W.S., 112 Dorling, Capt T. (‘Taffrail’), 401 ‘Doodles’, Aunt: see Browne, Helen Douglas, ACM Sir S., 214, 247, 250 Douglas-Pennant, Cdre , 207 Dreyer, Adm Sir F., 42 DUKW, 105, 119, 281 Dundas, RAdm J.G.L., 258 Dunkirk, 21, 25 Durlacher, Cdr L., 39 Eaton, Capt J.W.M., 77 Edelsten, Adm Sir J., 76, 356, 359, 365 Eden, A., 318, 320, 381 Edward-Collins, VAdm Sir F., 80 Edwards, VAdm R.S. (US Navy), 13 Egypt, 31, 124, 271, 296–7, 389–90 Eisenhower, Pres D.D. (Gen of Army, US Army), 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 35, 38, 41, 43, 44, 49–53, 55, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 68, 69, 72–4, 78, 88, 113, 126–8, 131, 132, 135, 193, 195, 197, 199, 202, 210, 213– 17, 221, 222, 269, 274, 284, 294, 400, 406–7 English Channel, 194, 202, 226, 227, 243, 245, 251–2, 254, 255 Esteva, Adm J.-P. (French Navy), 46, 47, 55 Evershed Report, 396 Evill, AM Sir D., 8, 33 Far East, 103, 158, 163, 184, 196, 210, 228, 253, 257, 291, 295, 299, 301, 305, 313, 320, 323, 329, 366–7, 399 Farouk, King, 296 Faulkner, Cdre, 361–2 Fawkes, RAdm G.B.H., 81 Fisher, RAdm D., 356 Folbot, 81 Formosa (Taiwan), 309, 324, 346 France, 19, 22, 26, 31, 33, 41, 43–56, 59, 83, 87, 89, 94, 113, 143, 151, 156, 195, 198, 199, 204, 206, 207, 213–14, 217, 233, 271, 274, 281, 283, 291, 292, 294, 326; Air Force, 33, 34; Army, 33; Navy, 23, 45, 48, 49, 51–5, 57, 62, 67, 72, 74, 79, 85, 90, 94, 133, 143, 172, 265 282– 3, 284, 291, 354, 386; Vichy Government, 22, 23, 24, 45, 46, 49 Fraser, AoF Lord, 141, 146–8, 149, 150, 153, 189, 210, 224, 234–8, 251, 303–5, 314–16, 318, 323, 327–9, 331–5, 338– 41, 343, 344–5, 348, 351, 356–7, 362–5, 367–70, 399, 402, 403, 407 Fraser, P., 206 George II, King of Greece, 285 George VI, King, 78, 112, 151, 200, 203, 207 Germany, 3, 22, 24, 26, 31, 33, 34, 38, 41, 45–7, 56, 60, 63, 64, 76, 99, 104, 105, 108, 111, 113, 115, 118, 123, 125, 130, 136, 144, 161, 187–90, 194, 215– 17, 220, 225, 239, 240, 273, 274, 277, 292, 302, 310, 313, 373, 379, 381; Air Force, 19, 32, 33, 41, 65, 73, 77, 95, 96, 104, 117, 119, 120, 123, 136, 194, 223, 270, 275, 276, 279; Army, 19, 99, 104, 105, 118, 123–5, 130, 136–8, 207, 213, 241; Navy, 73, 75, 76, 104, 194, 202, 204, 206, 213, 222, 223–68, 299; Uboats, 32, 39, 41, 44, 67, 76, 79, 85, 86, 93, 97, 98, 104, 120, 168, 171–2, 176, 188, 194, 202, 203, 204, 211–12, 214, 220, 222, 223–68, 289, 360, 373 Gibraltar, 32, 33, 37, 38, 42, 45, 48, 57, 58, 61, 63, 70, 72, 75, 76, 79, 80, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93, 97, 98, 135, 229, 252, 255, 291, 401, 406, 407; Strait of, 21, 31, 32, 33, 80 Giffard, Gen Sir G., 407 Giraud, Gen H. (French Army), 23, 46, 48, 50, 54, 55, 406 Glassford, VAdm R.E. (US Navy), 295–6 Godfrey, Adm J., 56 Godfroy, VAdm R.E. (French Navy), 23, 46, 47, 49–55 Goodeve, Dr. Sir C., 243, 380 Gort, FM Lord, VC, 43 Grantham, Adm Sir G., 171, 207 Greece, 25, 167, 270, 274, 275, 278, 285– 8, 291, 295, 296, 404 Grigg, Sir J., 323, 346 Guskov, Capt (Soviet Navy), 267 Hall, jr., Adm J.L. (US Navy), 79 INDEX 429 Halsey, Adm W.F. (US Navy), 161, 304, 312, 365, 366 Hamburg, 232, 256, 259 Hamer, Capt R.L., 84 Hamilton, VAdm Sir L., 332, 360–61, 385–6 Harcourt, RAdm C., 60, 189, 291, 327, 340, 352–3, 355, 365, 367–8 Harris, M of RAF Sir A., 10 Hart, Adm T. (US Navy), 29 Harwood, Adm Sir H., 23, 46, 49, 52, 53, 59, 60, 69, 72, 74, 101, 273 Heath, Capt, 393 Heligoland, 259 Hewitt, Adm H.K. (US Navy), 72, 109, 121, 123, 125, 129, 136, 195, 271, 283, 284, 286, 287, 296 Hitler, Adolf, 26, 31, 42, 46, 51, 211 Holland, VAdm C., 366 Holland-Martin, Adm Sir D., 201 Hong Kong, 299, 306, 363, 364–5, 367–8 Hopkins, Cdr F.H.E., 323 Hopkins, H.L., 167, 215 Hore-Lacy, Cdr D., 86 Horton, Adm Sir M., 142–3, 171, 225, 242, 243, 247, 248–9 Howard-Johnston, Capt C.D., 242, 257 India, 325 Indian Ocean, 135, 172, 226, 231, 240, 245–6, 252, 272, 299, 301, 309–10, 313, 314, 315, 355 Indo-China, 357 Ingersoll, Adm R. (US Navy), 79, 80 Ingram, Adm J. (US Navy), 171 Iran, 285 Iraq, 285 Irish Republic, 291 Irish Sea, 227, 231, 246, 249, 251, 252, 255, 258 Ismay, Gen Lord, 10, 201, 207, 321–2, 325, 381 Italy, 3, 23, 24, 26, 31, 38, 63, 64, 99, 103, 105, 108, 113, 114, 115, 118, 123– 5, 130–33, 136, 144, 158, 159, 197, 198, 205, 206, 210, 211, 269, 270, 271, 273– 4, 294, 299, 302, 328, 407; Air Force, 61, 65, 95, 96, 117, 119, 120; Army, 99, 105; Navy, 56, 62, 70, 73, 85, 106, 111, 124, 128–35, 146, 151, 289–90, 291 Japan, 3, 5, 11, 15, 19, 158, 160, 169, 175, 181, 183–5, 187, 263, 269, 299, 301, 302, 306, 309–10, 314, 316, 317, 320, 321, 324, 325, 336, 342, 346, 347, 351, 355, 362, 366, 368–70; Air Force, 172–3, 304, 346, 354, 363; Navy, 3, 156, 230, 309–10, 315, 330, 352, 354, 364 Jellicoe, AoF Lord, 150 John, RAdm (US Navy), 210 Joint Chiefs of Staff (US), 5, 11, 14, 21, 25, 28, 103, 109, 158, 160, 163, 169, 195, 198, 205, 206, 211, 215, 284, 287, 294, 302, 314, 319, 322, 325, 335, 339, 343, 344, 347, 350, 357, 360, 364, 399 Joint Staff Mission (UK), 4, 5, 152, 360, 343 Jones, VAdm G.C. (RCN), 251–3 Juin, Marshal A. (French Army), 46 Jutland, 150, 303 Kattegat, 222, 232, 250 Kelly, Adm Sir H., 7, 14, 270, 277–8, 284, 285 Kennedy-Purvis, Adm Sir C., 37, 176, 178, 327 Kesselring, FM A. (German Army), 137, 138, 159, 211, 270 Kiel, 164, 232, 270 Kilindini, 299 Kinahan, Adm Sir H., 179, 180–81 Kinkaid, Adm T.C. (US Navy), 368 King, FAdm E.J. (US Navy), 3, 5–8, 10, 13, 14, 26–9, 31–5, 74, 78, 109, 111, 135, 152, 156–8, 160–65, 167, 169, 170, 184, 206, 208–10, 212, 243, 249, 259, 260, 289, 299, 301–2, 304, 309, 312–13, 315, 319, 320, 326, 331, 341, 344, 346, 350, 360, 380, 400, 407 Kirk, Adm A.G. (US Navy), 165, 193, 218, 221 Koenig, Gen (French Army), 388 Korea, 370 Kos, 270, 273, 275 Kusnetsiev, Adm (Soviet Navy), 168 Lake, Cdre Sir A., 361–2 Lambe, AoF Sir C., 37, 397 landing craft, 22, 24, 40, 73, 82, 86, 89– 90, 103, 104, 111–12, 115–19, 121, 123, 130, 136, 160–63, 167, 175, 184, 198, 430 THE CUNNINGHAM PAPERS. II 199, 202, 203, 214, 279, 281–4, 287, 288, 290, 293, 294, 306, 313, 320, 326, 327, 340, 351 Law, R., 346 Laycock, Gen, 207, 390–92 Layton, Adm Sir G., 307, 308–9, 317–18, 336, 337 Leahy, FAdm W.D. (US Navy), 16, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35 Leatham, Adm Sir R., 71, 76, 190, 202, 204, 214, 238, 273 Leathers, Lord, 169, 191, 302–3, 313, 318, 325, 335, 339, 354 Lebanon, 271 Leese, Lt Gen Sir O., 334 Leros, 270, 273–4, 275 Levant, 270, 273, 274, 293, 295 Levchenko, Adm (Soviet Navy), 388 Libya, 70 Little, Adm Sir C., 8, 12, 199, 200, 201 Lloyd George, Major G. and Mrs, 10 Lloyd, ACM Sir H., 73 London, 9, 10, 32, 33, 36, 285, 357 Longmore, ACM Sir A., 400, 404 Lowry, RAdm F.J. (US Navy), 279 Lyster, Adm Sir L., 38, 392 Lyttelton, O., 318, 320 Lumsden, Gen Sir H., 337–8 MacArthur, Gen of Army D. (US Army) 161, 169, 173, 303, 312, 314, 317, 326, 327, 341–2, 344, 345, 364, 365 McCarthy, L., 14 Macready, Lt Gen Sir G., 34 McGrigor, AoF Sir R., 70, 126, 127, 186, 189 MacIntosh, RAdm L.D., 397 McKendrick, Lt Cdr G.W., 128 Mackenzie, RAdm K.H.L., 71 McLaughlin, Capt P.V., 201 Macnarney, Gen J. (US Army), 388 Mack, RAdm P., 70 Malaya, 306, 307, 320 Malta, 26, 31, 32, 43, 53, 56, 60, 61, 65, 67, 69–71, 76, 78, 79, 99, 104, 108, 111–13, 117, 120, 124, 126–9, 271–2, 290, 291, 294–5, 330, 389, 404, 405 Mansfield VAdm J.M., 279, 280, 282–4 Manus, 302, 303, 344–5, 352, 358, 365 Mareth Line, 73 Marshall, Gen of Army G.C. (US Army), 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 51, 75, 78, 158, 160, 168, 198, 205–6, 312–13, 323, 344, 360 Markham, Sir C., 381, 396 Marseille, 195, 205, 271, 292 Matapan, 143, 404 Mayo, Adm S. (US Navy), 5 Mediterranean, 3, 6, 13, 19–138, 143, 144, 146, 147, 151, 160, 166, 167, 172, 175, 178, 189, 191, 185, 197, 198, 205, 206, 209–11, 215, 224, 228, 230, 231, 240–41, 269–97, 305, 322, 360, 373, 374, 375, 377, 389, 400, 401, 404 Merchant Navy (British), 81, 88, 96, 120, 124, 133 merchant shipping, 26, 31–3, 38, 40–41, 44–5, 48, 71, 86, 96–7, 103, 108, 131–3, 169, 220, 222, 281, 284, 290, 302, 315, 325, 335, 345, 355, 383 merchant ships, Arbortius, 201; Cathay, 40, 86; Ettrick, 86; Narkunda, 86; Nieuw Zealand (Dutch), 40; Saturnia (Italy), 135; Viceroy of India, 40 Mers-el-Kébir, 43, 61–3 Metcalf, Sir R., 339 Michelier, Adm F. (French Navy), 49 Middle East, 19, 26, 32, 33, 57, 63, 69, 275, 285, 288, 295, 339–40, 385, 400, 404 Miles, VAdm Sir G., 262–8 mining, 99, 100, 226, 238, 243, 248–50, 251, 254, 256, 277 minesweeping, 87, 100, 228, 232, 265 Montgomery, FM Viscount, 68, 72, 74, 107–9, 113, 114, 123, 126, 127, 129, 130, 197, 203, 207, 212–13, 216–17, 220, 387 Moody, Adm Sir C., 186, 336, 355 Moore, Adm Sir H., 37, 64, 233–4, 235, 268 Morocco (French), 19, 21, 38, 48 Morocco (Spanish), 33 Morse, RAdm J.A.V., 43, 279, 283 Morton, A/Sub-Lt, (RNVR), 338 Mountbatten, AoF Earl (of Burma), 36, 42, 130, 135, 187, 210, 301, 306, 307, 309, 314, 317–20, 323, 327, 330, 333, 334, 336, 342–4, 346, 347, 352, 355, 362, 407 landing craft, (contd.) INDEX 431 Mussolini, Benito, 103, 123 Naples, 269, 278–80, 283–4, 287, 288, 291–2, 295–6 Netherlands, The, 164, 190, 219–20, 221, 222, 227, 259, 352 Netherlands East Indies, 317, 319, 320, 347, 351–2, 355, 357 New Guinea, 338 New Zealand, 16, 305, 371, 385; Navy, 305, 359, 361–2 Nimitz, FAdm C.W. (US Navy), 35, 304, 309, 312, 314, 323, 325, 326, 328, 329, 331, 333–5, 344, 345, 348–9, 350, 363 Noble, Adm Sir P., 4, 7, 134, 150, 153–4, 163, 309, 312, 314–15 Noguès, Gen A. (French Army), 46 Nore, The, 190, 195, 257, 258, 387 Norman, RAdm H.G., 67 Normandy, 155, 156, 193, 206, 226, 269 Norway, 222, 223, 227, 233, 236, 237–8, 239, 240, 243, 250, 259, 260, 352 North, Adm Sir D., 401 North Sea, 190, 196, 226, 227, 251 Nova Scotia, 179–80, 255 Okinawa, 304 Oliver, Adm Sir G.N., 70, 76, 87, 126, 133, 199, 204, 351, 354, 363, 397 Operations, ‘Accolade’, 274; ‘Anvil/ Dragoon’, 195–8, 209–12, 214, 215, 271, 280, 283, 284, 287, 288, 291, 292, 322; ‘Avalanche’, 123–38, 148, 150, 269, 330; ‘Axiom’, 157; ‘Baytown’, 123, 126–8, 129; ‘Bolero’, 19, 78; ‘Breastplate’, 43; ‘Buttress’, 130; ‘Culverin’, 310, 312, 314, 321; ‘Coronet’, 357; ‘Dracula’, 326, 333, 350, 351; ‘Foxchase’, 268; ‘Halfback’, 260; ‘Husky’, 75, 103–21, 123, 130, 143, 148, 150; ‘Iceberg’, 170, 173, 341– 2, 346; ‘Lightning/Tiderace’, 362, 366; ‘Mailfist’, 351; ‘Neptune/Overlord’, 176, 178, 193–223, 232, 252, 269, 271, 280, 283, 284, 287, 288, 291, 317, 340, 378; ‘Olympic’, 357; ‘Planet’, 235; ‘Reservist’, 22, 82, 83; ‘Retribution’, 99; ‘Roundup’, 19; ‘Shingle’, 270, 278– 80; ‘Sledgehammer’, 19, 33, 34; ‘Stoneage’, 56; ‘Talon’, 335; ‘Terminal’, 22, 82, 83, 89; ‘Torch’, 6, 19–101, 103, 104, 123, 143, 148, 150, 406; ‘Tungsten’, 224, 233–4; ‘Zipper’, 351, 354, 362–3 Oran, 21, 22, 33, 35, 41, 43, 48, 49, 59, 81, 82, 85, 90, 92, 93, 230, 281, 283 Pacific, 6, 19, 28, 34, 134, 157, 160–64, 169, 170, 172, 188, 192, 198, 206, 226, 272, 299–371, 408 Palembang, 304, 333, 334, 339, 345 Pantelleria, 78, 115 Parham, Capt F., 383–4 Park, ACM Sir K., 68, 408 Parry, RAdm W.E., 262–6 Patterson, Adm Sir W., 12, 336, 382 Patton, Gen G.C. (US Army), 109, 282 Pearl Harbor, 3, 19, 304, 311, 326–7, 328, 334 Pegram, VAdm F.H., 66 Peirse, A/ACM Sir R., 407 Pétain, Mshl H.P. (French Army), 46, 49, 52 Peters, Capt F.T., VC, 83 Philippines, 161, 304, 309, 313, 324, 337–8, 348, 350 Pipon, VAdm Sir J., 199 Plymouth, 190, 202, 204, 214, 238, 261 Poe, Cdr A.G., 85 Poland, 366 Portal, M of RAF Lord, 155, 166, 169, 198, 206, 210, 211, 241, 243–5, 247, 294–5, 322, 324–5, 351–2, 381, 394, 395, 399, 402 Portsmouth, 153, 193, 199, 207, 261, 307, 361, 369, 400 Port Said, 389, 407 Portugal, 230 Pound, AoF Sir D., 3, 4, 8, 10, 12–14, 26–8, 30, 33, 37, 42–5, 47, 49, 50, 52–4, 56, 59, 61–4, 66, 68, 70, 71, 74–6, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 126, 130, 141, 147, 150, 152, 153–4, 224, 273 Pownall, Gen Sir L., 318–19 Power, AoF Sir A.J., 112, 121, 305–6, 329, 330–33, 336, 339, 340–41, 342, 347, 351, 354–5, 362–3, 366, 367, 385– 6, 407–8 Power, VAdm Sir M.L., 39, 104, 207, 282, 352, 354 432 THE CUNNINGHAM PAPERS. II Price, G. Ward, 111 Pridham-Wippell, Adm Sir H., 188–9, 190, 405 Pugh, T/A/Capt J.B.W., 393 Queen Alexandra’s Royal Naval Nursing Service, 175 Radar, 73, 90, 95, 86, 119, 172, 173, 225, 241, 242, 243, 249, 368, 377 Ramsay, Adm Sir B.H., 21, 30, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 46, 50, 52, 58, 70, 73, 88, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 113, 121, 126, 127, 129, 166, 193–5, 197, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 209, 210, 213–16, 218– 21, 232–3, 238 Ramsay, Lady, 36, 42, 58, 70, 73, 106, 107, 109, 110 Rangoon, 336, 340, 347, 350, 351 Rawlings, Adm Sir B., 270, 285, 293, 328, 329, 336, 345, 348–9, 356, 365 Rawlings, RAdm C., 336 Red Sea, 69, 281 Renwick, Lord, 243 Rhodes, 273–4 Ricci, P/Capt A. daC., 67 Ripult, Adm (French Navy), 49 Rivettt-Carnac, VAdm J.W., 363–4 Robertson, RAdm A.J., 80 Robertson, Gen Sir W., 388 rocket bombs, 368, 373 Rommel, FM E. (German Army), 26, 194 Roosevelt, Pres Franklin D., 11, 15, 19, 20, 22, 27, 38, 48, 123, 124, 135, 156, 160, 165, 168, 174, 208, 211, 223, 237, 301–2, 313, 325, 406 Royal Air Force, 8, 13, 15, 57, 62, 72, 73, 76, 84, 92–5, 99, 103, 105, 108, 114, 117, 118, 120, 130, 138, 165, 169, 175, 176–7, 183, 185, 187, 191, 197–8, 202, 214, 224, 226, 233–42, 244–7, 249, 250, 251, 253, 256, 258, 272, 275, 276, 279– 80, 283, 290, 294–5, 305, 316, 317, 321, 342, 347, 351, 355, 374, 375, 384, 386, 392, 393, 394–5, 404 Royal Marines, 175, 195, 199, 335, 336, 366, 368, 374–5, 390–92 Royal Navy, 3, 4, 5, 19, 24, 39, 44, 48, 56–7, 59, 60–62, 64, 67–72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 88, 90–92, 96, 99, 100, 103–5, 107, 112, 114–21, 124–30, 133–8, 141, 143, 144, 148, 151–2, 156, 160, 166–7, 188–92, 193, 194, 199, 203, 204, 206, 213, 219–20, 222, 224, 224–8, 232–3, 239, 245, 257, 258, 260, 263, 264, 270–72, 275–9, 281, 282–3, 284, 287, 291–5, 297, 299, 301–6, 308, 309, 312–13, 315, 316, 317–18, 320, 324–5, 329, 337, 341, 348, 351, 352, 354–5, 359, 361, 362, 364–7, 369, 370–71, 373–97, 399, 400, 404, 407; British Pacific Fleet, 160–62, 164, 169, 170, 173, 192, 216, 296, 299–371, 399; Eastern and East Indies Fleets, 143, 299, 305, 315, 316, 317, 322, 324, 327, 329, 330, 331, 333, 334, 336, 339–40, 347, 352, 354, 355, 357, 362, 395–6; Fleet Air Arm, 172–3, 176, 184, 192, 224, 281, 290, 292, 293, 317–18, 321, 323, 324–5, 326, 333, 335, 339–40, 341, 345, 346, 349, 351, 352–5, 361, 362, 374–5, 379, 392–7; Force H, 30, 40, 42, 43, 61, 62, 64, 80, 85, 93, 120; Force K, 61; Force Q, 40, 64, 65; Force V, 201; Home Fleet, 4, 7, 14, 62, 63, 75, 121, 141, 147, 224, 234–8, 240, 380, 385, 399; Inshore Squadron, 24, 87; Western Approaches, 142–3, 171, 178, 225, 243, 245, 248–9, 252, 254, 255 Royle, Adm Sir G., 310–12, 360 Ryuku Is., 170, 346 Salerno, 123–5, 129, 137, 138, 330 Samos, 273, 276 Sardinia, 56, 57, 103, 123 Sargent, Sir O., 181 Scapa Flow, 82, 124 Scheldt, River, 194, 216, 217, 219, 220 Schnorkel, 225, 242, 243, 246, 247, 249– 50, 251, 252, 254, 255, 258 Scott, Capt H.G., 81 Servaes, RAdm R.M., 368 Sharp, jr., VAdm A. (US Navy), 79 Sibelnikov, VAdm (Soviet Navy), 388 Sicily, 56, 65, 73, 99, 103–21, 127, 197, 270, 330, 407 Sierra Leone, 82 Sinclair, Sir A., 187, 379, 394–5 Singapore, 206, 299, 305, 310, 320, 322, 351, 354–5, 357, 362, 364, 366, 371 INDEX 433 Skaggerak, 227, 232, 259 Slater, 401 Slattery, RAdm Sir M., 395 Slessor, ACM Sir P., 271, 279, 286, 287, 290 Slim, FM Sir W., 305, 408 Smith, Gen W. Bedell (US Army), 27, 72, 199, 221 Smuts, FM J.C., 50 Solomon Is., 33 Somervell, Gen B.B. (US Army), 169 Somerville, AoF Sir J., 43, 143, 153, 156, 167, 171, 173, 181, 191, 197, 259, 273, 299, 304, 305, 307, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 321, 324, 327, 333, 334, 344, 350, 353, 357, 369, 399, 402, 407 South Africa, Union of, 192, 385 Southampton, 33, 193, 199 South East Asia Command, 157, 163, 299, 301, 309–10, 318, 319, 323, 326–7, 330, 346, 348, 354, 357, 363, 365, 385, 407 South West Pacific Area, 160, 173, 303, 312, 313, 325, 328, 348, 357 Spain, 26, 31, 32, 33, 57 Spruance, Adm R. (US Navy), 169, 304, 350 Stalin, Mshl Josif, 123, 124, 156, 165, 168, 211, 223 Stark, Adm H.R. (US Navy), 8, 136, 165, 167, 174, 210, 215, 243, 260 Stettin, 267 Stimson, H.L., 16 Suez Canal, 389 Sumatra, 313 Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, 163, 166, 218–20, 243, 249, 327 Sweden, 222, 239, 259 Swinemünde, 266–7 Switzerland, 387 Sydney, 161, 302, 305, 326, 328, 329, 334, 344–5 Syfret, Adm Sir E.N., 64, 186, 192, 215, 236, 274, 327, 396 Syria, 271, 295 Tait, VAdm W.E.C., 135 Talbot, RAdm A.G., 207 Taranto, 124, 128, 129, 134, 148, 274, 290, 330 Tedder, M of RAF Lord, 68, 71, 72, 73, 98, 104, 108, 117, 174, 259, 269, 406–7 Tennant, Adm Sir W., 205, 297 Tobruk, 275, 278, 280 Tokyo, 359, 365, 369 Toulon, 23, 46, 47, 49, 51, 56, 94, 195, 271, 292 Tovey, AoF Lord, 4, 7, 11, 142, 146, 152, 190, 195, 217, 221, 232–3, 238, 257, 258, 399, 402, 403 Townsend, RAdm M.S., 360 Tripoli (Libya), 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 213 Troubridge, Adm Sir T., 37, 41, 59, 70, 123, 279, 283, 284, 397, 406 Tunis, 21, 22, 24, 25, 41, 60, 64, 94, 99, 103, 115, 407 Tunisia, 31, 32, 34, 48, 56, 57, 61, 63, 68, 69, 75, 76, 77, 99, 111, 114, 117 Tyrwhitt, Cdr StJ.R.J., 77 United Kingdom, 3, 5, 6, 7, 15, 19, 21, 22, 23, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 51, 59, 61, 80, 83, 103, 135, 148, 152, 159, 179, 226, 245, 248–9, 251, 252, 255, 257, 272, 282–3, 290–91, 338, 366, 385; Government, 48–52, 54, 60, 68, 135, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191, 202, 206, 262, 265, 285, 286, 305, 313, 328, 340, 354, 364, 379, 382, 389 Ultra, 143 United Nations (Allies), 6, 28, 39, 45, 48, 131, 132, 133, 135 United Nations Organisation, 271, 338 United States of America, 3, 5–9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 19, 21–4, 28, 30, 34, 39, 41, 45, 48, 51, 59, 60, 73, 78, 84, 92, 103, 106, 112, 113, 123, 127, 134, 135, 143, 144, 148, 151, 152, 159, 163, 169, 175, 179, 181, 185, 191–4, 230, 231, 241, 245, 262, 263, 269, 271, 281, 282–3, 285, 296, 301, 309–10, 320, 338, 351, 364, 370, 374, 394; Army, 5, 13–15, 31–5, 39, 53, 74, 82, 92, 99, 103, 105, 109, 113, 114, 121, 124, 127, 130, 136, 138, 160, 202–3, 204, 213, 214, 220, 226, 271, 279, 282–3, 292, 324, 365, 406, 408; Army Air Force, 33, 65, 72, 84, 103, 105, 114, 117, 119, 120, 123, 130, 138, 161, 293, 406; Navy, 3, 5–9, 11, 434 THE CUNNINGHAM PAPERS. II 12, 14, 15, 19, 21–4, 28, 30, 34, 39, 41, 45, 48, 51, 59, 60, 73, 78, 84, 92, 103, 106, 112, 113, 123, 127, 134, 156, 157, 161, 164, 170, 172–3, 208, 209, 210, 218–19, 227, 229, 232, 233, 237, 262–3, 264, 271, 283–4, 287, 289, 291, 292, 295–6, 302, 303, 304, 311, 314, 319, 323, 324, 326–7, 337–9, 343, 344–5, 358–9, 365, 369, 374–6, 388, 406–8 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 19, 26, 31, 32, 34, 123, 124, 159, 164, 172, 175, 195, 223, 224, 227, 229–30, 231, 237, 240, 246, 252, 253, 255, 261, 262, 270, 271, 278, 285, 296,373, 379, 381; Navy, 124, 173, 260, 261, 263, 264–7 Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy, 131 Vian, AoF Sir P., 186, 199, 202, 207, 327, 328, 336, 345, 356 Vishinsky, M., 388 Voulgaris, Adm P. (Greek Navy), 201 Wake-Walker, Adm Sir F., 176, 178, 191, 236, 313, 377–8, 379, 382 Walker, VAdm H.T.C., 331, 334, 347, 351, 362, 366 Walther, Dr H., 262, 263, 265 Warships British Battleships: Anson, 308, 353, 355; Duke of York, 308, 353, 370; Howe, 112, 308, 366; King George V class, 377–8; King George V, 308, 328, 348; Malaya, 199, 208; Nelson, 10, 89, 199, 333, 366, 377– 8, 379; Prince of Wales, 299, 305; Queen Elizabeth, 308; Resolution, 208–9; Revenge, 208–9; Rodney, 10, 91, 92, 377–8; Valiant, 10, 130, 293, 322, 348, 379; Vanguard, 374, 382–3; Warspite, 10, 128, 130, 203, 208, 293 Battlecruisers: Hood, 383; Renown, 308; Repulse, 299, 305 Fleet Aircraft Carriers: Argus, 59; Formidable, 62, 63, 95, 148, 236; Furious, 37, 62, 235; Glorious, 269; Illustrious, 148, 308; Implacable, 192, 237, 324; Indefatigable, 179, 308, 324, 335; Indomitable, 120, 308, 359; Victorious, 62, 95, 235, 335, 369 Light Fleet Carriers: Colossus, 183; Glory, 362; Majestic, 385; Venerable, 183, 352–3 Repair Carrier: Unicorn, 308 Escort Carriers: Ameer, 341; Biter, 93; Dasher, 93; Shah, 352; Smiter, 355; Thane, 248 Cruisers: Ajax, 280, 294; Arethusa, 207; Aurora, 43, 73, 85, 90, 91, 112, 282; Belfast, 200; Bellona, 178, 214, 238; Bermuda, 85; Berwick, 89, 91, 92; Black Prince, 178; Blake, 183; Cleopatra, 366; Cornwall, 338; Defence, 183; Diadem, 238, 260; Dido, 294; Dorsetshire, 338; Enterprise, 229; Euryalus, 358, 368; Glasgow, 153, 229; Jamaica, 85, 90, 91; Manchester, 55; Mauritius, 260, 280; Orion, 168, 280; Penelope, 280, 282; Royalist, 280–81; Scylla, 207; Sheffield, 89; Spartan, 282; Swiftsure, 367, 369; Tiger, 183 AA Cruisers: Carlisle, 275; Coventry, 404; Delhi, 96 Destroyers: ‘Battle’ class, 373, 376, 386, 389; ‘Hunt’ class, 58, 75, 77, 79, 89–92, 96, 99, 230, 258, 273, 374, 377; ‘M’ class, 58–60; ‘T’ class, 75; ‘Tribal’ class, 58, 76, 214; Ashanti, 205; Avon Vale, 66, 287–8; Barfleur, 360, 365; Bicester, 99; Boadicea, 90; Brilliant, 85, 90, 96; Broke, 83, 89; Calpe, 90; Chesterfield, 178; Cowdray, 287; Eclipse, 276; Farnworth, 91, 92; Hambledon, 79; Hurricane, 229; Hurworth, 277; Ithuriel, 61; Kempenfelt, 368; Laforey, 289; Lightning, 73; Malcolm, 89; Martin, 85; Quality, 358; Queenborough, 358; Quentin, 60; Rapid, 340; Scorpion I and II, 229; Tartar, 204–5; Tenacious, 178; Wakeful, 365; Whirlwind, 358; Wishart, 40, 81; Ulster, 358; Zetland, 89, 91, 92, 99 United States of America, (contd.) INDEX 435 Escort Vessels: Amethyst, 178; Kenilworth Castle, 178; Spey, 40; Starwort, 98; Stork, 48; Tweed, 229 Submarines: P45, 81; P48, 81; P54, 81; P224, 81; Sahib, 75; Splendid, 75; Trenchant 354; Ursula, 81; Vengeful, 296 ‘X’ and ‘XE’ craft, 164, 223–4, 235 Other Vessels: Alynbank, 60; Ariadne, 248–9; Bonaventure, 164; Britannia, 299; Brown Ranger, 85; Bulolo, 58, 59, 84, 234; Dingledale, 85; Empire Spearhead, 358; Glenearn, 358; Hecla, 98; Lothian, 358; Lord Nuffield, 98; Karanja, 86; Largs, 84; Maidstone, 75; Manxman, 61; Pozarica, 66, 96; Terror, 404; Tyne, 359, 365; Tynwald, 96 MGBs, MLs and MTBs, 37, 58–60, 75, 76, 99, 213–14, 257 Australian: Australia, 327, 328 New Zealand: Gambia, 359 Dutch: Isaac Sweers, 85, 377 French: Épervier, 90; Georges Leygues, 67; Gloire, 67; Richelieu, 172, 290, 291, 339, 340; La Surprise, 85, 90; Le Tornade, 90; La Tramontaine, 90; Le Typhon, 90 Greek: Adrias, 277; Hifaistos (Haephestos), 286 Polish: Blyskawica, 100 United States: Canberra, 327; Electra, 79; Missouri, 365; New Mexico, 338; Saratoga, 309, 313; Thomas Stone, 40, 86; Winnooski, 79 German: Gneisenau, 262, 266; Graf Zeppelin, 262, 267; Hipper, 261; Leipzig, 263; Lützow, 262, 267; Nürnberg, 263; Prinz Eugen, 263; Seydlitz, 266; Scharnhorst, 223, 225, 229; Scheer, 261; SchleswigHolstein, 262, 267; Tirpitz, 223–4, 225, 233, 235–8, 240, 244, 378 U-boats: see Germany, Navy Italian: Cavour class, 134; Littorio class, 134; Cagni, 135; Eritrea, 135; Giuseppe Miraglia, 135 Washington, 3–15, 143, 148, 150, 153, 163, 172, 197, 214, 260, 295, 299, 303, 315, 323, 344, 350, 357, 407 Watt, Dr. W., 10 Wavell, FM Earl, 29, 400, 404, 405 Wedemeyer, Gen A. (US Army), 321, 323, 368 Wells, Lt J.W., 367–8, 369 West Indies, 192 Wetherall, Lt Gen Sir E., 336 Whitworth, Adm Sir W., 47, 53, 71, 87, 175–6, 178, 186 Wilhelmshaven, 164 Wilkes, VAdm J. (US Navy), 215 Willis, AoF Sir A., 64, 129, 176, 188, 270, 274, 275–7, 381, 383, 384, 389 Willmott, Cdr H.N.C., 81, 82 Willson, RAdm R. (US Navy), 13, 35 Wilson, FM Sir H.M., 165–6, 197, 209, 214, 282, 283, 286, 287, 290, 327, 405, 406, 407 Women’s Royal Naval Service, 175–6, 181, 307, 393 Wood, Sir K., 9 World War, First, 19, 30 World War, Second, 19, 21, 30 Yugoslavia, 195, 291, 294 Zeebrugge, 82 Zhukov, Mshl G. (Soviet Army), 388
Michael Simpson was educated at Cambridge, Ohio State and Glasgow Universities and was lecturer
in History and American Studies at Swansea University since 1966. He was General Editor for the
Navy Records Society between 1994 and 2000.
His publications include
People and Planning: A History of the Ohio Planning Conference, 1919-1969 (1969)
Anglo-American Naval Relations 1917-1919 (Navy Records Society, 1991).
The Somerville Papers (Navy Records Society, 1995).
The Cunningham Papers 2 volumes (Navy Records Society, 1999 and 2006).
Cunningham: A Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Andrew Cunningham (Ashgate, 2004).
Anglo-American Naval Relations 1919-1939 (Navy Records Society, 2010).
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