January 1589 was a very difficult time for the Royal Navy. In the aftermath of the Armada campaign Elizabeth sent Francis Drake and Sir John Norris on a new mission – to capture the Spanish Treasure fleet sailing home from the New World and, on the way, to attack the Spanish fleet in Santander. Neither worked out as planned.
Actions against the Spanish Armada and campaigns in the Netherlands left the Queen’s coffers empty. For this reason proposals to capture the Spanish treasure fleet were given royal support. The treasure fleet homeward bound from the Americas would be intercepted in the Azores. A diversion at Santander to damage the Spanish fleet would prevent protection of the treasure fleet and, more importantly, prevent further actions against England or Ireland. However, the project was diverted further with backers wanting to re-instate Don Antonio as King of Portugal, with ideas of gaining lucrative Portuguese trade rights.
At sea a further diversion was taken, with news of shipping at Corunna and the prospect of capturing merchantmen. ‘Profit was already challenging strategy’. This diversion gave their enemies more time to prepare. The failure at Lisbon was partly from a lack of co-ordination between the navy and army but also from the lack of promised support from Don Antonio’s supporters.
The decision to sail for the Azores to intercept the Spanish treasure fleet was at last made only for Drake to be driven back to England by a storm. Short of supplies and with sick crews the ships were in no condition to continue with the Queen’s demands so there was no great treasure and the Spanish fleet was still in being. The sale of prizes and their contents failed to cover the cost of the expedition, and so the expedition was considered a financial and strategic failure.
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INDEX Abraham, the, 313 Admiralty, High Court of, 304, 312 Aerssens, C, 70, 73 Aid, the, Queen’s ship, 226, 233, 279 Albert, Cardinal Archduke, Governor of Portugal, xlv, xlvii Alcantara, 191, 270 Aldersay, Thomas, 24, 25 Alien, Thomas, 207 Altamira, Earls of, 147, 152, 263, 265 Alva, Ferdinand Alvarez de, 3rd Duke of, 218 Alvelana, 269 Anderson, Henry, 26 Andrada, Manoel d’, ‘David’, xxxvi-xxxvii, 147, 152, 263, 265 Angel Gabriel, the, 312 Antonio, Don, pretender, King, of Portugal: restoration of, xv, xix, xxviii, 8, 31, 83, 167, 168; lack of support for, xvi, xlix-1, 179, 180, 238; promises of, xxii, xxviii, xlix, 272-3; articles put to, xxviii-xxix, xxxvii, 55, 91; and King of Morocco, 3, 6, 82, 90-8, 104; and soldiers’ wages, 92; reimbursing the generals, 92, 95; and troops’ behaviour, 92-3, 95; and prisoners, 94, 95; aid to, baulked, 190-1 letter from, 27 Armada (Spanish), xi, xii-xiii, xiv, xvi, xviii, xx, 6, 7 army lists, xxxii, 343-52 artillery, xli, 152,251,263,280 Ashenden, Captain, 205 Ashley, Anthony: appointment to accompany expedition, xxx-xxxi; and Santander, xli-xlii, 149; carries letters, Ivi; and hulks, Ivii; certificates, lix, Ixi, 315, 320; as observer, 102-3, 201; and Lisbon, 149; instructions for, 202; and sale of goods in hulks, 206; testimony about Captain Flick, 328 letters from, 148-50, 181-2 letters to, 102, 304 Ataguia bay, 179, 181 Aubrey, Dr, lix, 315 Audley, John, 115 Augsburg, 315 Aurid, Antonio de, 267 Austria, Don John of, 248, 251 Azores: and Atlantic crossing, xii; capturing of, xiv-xv, 167; attempt to sail to, liv, 277-8, 279, 280 Bacon, Anthony, 137, 236 Bagot, Anthony, 133-4 Bagot, Richard, 133 Bahfa, 1 Bailey, William, 123-4 Baker, Captain, 173 Baker, Christopher, Ivii Baker, John, 161 Baltic Sea, xi Banks, James, 25 Barbary, 103, 145, 177 Barbary Company, xxvii Barber, Thomas, 115 Barham, Bartholomew, 117 Bark Banner, the, Ixv, 236 Barker, William, 121, 122, 123 Barn Elms, 169, 171 Barnes, Alderman Sir George, xix, Ixi, 24, 324, 329, 330 Barnes, James, 308 Barnevelt see Oldenbarnevelt Barnish, Captain, 213 Barran, Don Diego, 258 Barton, Captain George, liv, 238, 264, 278 Baskerville, Sir Thomas, 70, 190 Bath, William Bourchier, Earl of, 49, 199, 209 Batson, John, 243 Bayona, Isles of, Iv, 142,157, 211, 217, 266, 280 Bayonne, 218 371 372 INDEX Bazan, Don Diego de, 143 Bennett, Thomas, 25 Bergen, Sebastian van, 16 Bergen-op-Zoom: siege, xx; and English troops, xxii, xxiii, xxv, xxvi, 41, 58, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 205, 344-5; defence of, xxiii, 37, 40, 65 Beston, Barnaby, 323 Betanzos (Bittance), 144 Bewley, Richard, 25 Biggett, George, 26 Bilbao, Ixv, 218, 290 Billingsley, Henry, Ix, Ixi, 21, 22, 320, 324, 329, 330 Birkett, Captain, 213 Biscay, Bay of, xi, xviii, xxix, xxxii, 165 Bittance, 144 Blunt, Sir Charles, xviii, 21 Bodley, Thomas, 69, 110, 313 Bond, Sir George, xix, Ixi, 24, 320, 329 Borough, Henry, 323 Borough, Sir John, 21 Borough, William, Ix, 319, 320, 329 Borsis, 279 Boult, Henry, 313 Bowdler, Richard, 26 Boyer, Captain, 237 Braganza, Duke of, 272 Brandenburg, John George, Marquis of, 315 Brant, Thomas, 26 Brazil, xix, 1, 271 Brett, Colonel: at Lisbon, xlviii, 181, 184, 186, 191, 270; forces of, 181; death of, 191, 194, 245, 270; company to go to Netherlands, 205; at Corunna, 257 Brewer, Adrian, 313 Bridgewater, 117 Brielle, 48, 74, 76 Bright, Colonel, 239 Bright, Mabel, 118 Bristol, City of, 117 Brittany, 296, 297, 298, 299 Brook, Robert, 24, 26, 118 Brooke, Richard, 308 Brookings, Mr., 329 Brouage, 226 Brown, Hugh, 25 Buckhurst, Thomas Sackville, Lord, 49 Bull, Captain, 173 Burghley, William Cecil, Lord: at council after Armada, xiv; objectives of expedition, xiv-xv; Note of the Charge on Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake, xx; and accounts, Ixi, 61; memorial of, 55 letters from, xxiv, 4, 21, 55, 56, 102 letters to, xxiv, Ivii, 5, 23, 27, 50, 68, 111, 126, 142, 152, 153, 157,163,182,193-4,296-9, 324 Burlings, the, 147, 190, 231, 244 Burnham, Mr., Ill burthens, 178 Butler, Sir Philip, 21, 134, 265-6 Byrd, Henry, 308 Cadiz, xii, xxxi, 177, 266 Caesar, Dr, lix, 315 Calverly, Caverley, Captain, 213, 240, 278 Camascho, Don, Pedro, 280 Campion, William, 117 Candish see Cavendish, Thomas Cape Finisterre, 142, 189 Cape la Roca, xlvii Cape of Ortegal, 144, 241 Cape Pitcher (Picher, Pytcher), 219, 239, 297 Cape Verde Islands, 1 Caramasal, Don Gomez de, 258 Carew, George, 127 Carliel, Christopher, 71 Carolus, Duke see Charles, Duke of Sudermania Carr, Captain, 186, 194, 213, 239 Carsey, Kersey, Captain, 186, 213, 237, 270 Cartagena, 106 Gary, Captain, 152 Gary, George, 323 Cascaes: expedition at, li, lii, 180, 182, 187, 192, 231-2, 234, 275-7; castle yielded, liii, 187, 192, 193, 194, 234, 276; advertisements from, 190 Cassava, Don Diego de, 280 Castro Oreales, 218 Catholic League (France), xii, xx, xxxiv, Ixv, Ixvifn Cave, Captain, 270 Cavendish, Sir Charles, 21 Cavendish, Candish, Thomas, xx, 11 Caverley see Calverly Cecil, Robert, xxviii, 98 Ceralvo, Marquis of see Seralba, Marquis of Cespedes, Don Francisco de, 280 INDEX 373 Chambers, Robert, 207 Champernon, Captain Arthur, 73, 205 Channel, English, xi Charles, Duke of Sudermania, Duke Carolus, 141 Chatham, 5 Chichester, 213 Christobal (Cristobal), Don, younger son of Don Antonio, xv, 6, 8 Ciprian, M, 278 Clarke, Roger, 26 Clifton, Sir John, 127 Cobham, William Brooke, Lord, 49 Cocklin, William, 26 Constable, Francis, 49 Constable, Sir Robert, 324 Conway, Sir John, Governor of Ostend, 69, 70 Conyers, John, Ixi, 320, 321 Cook, Captain, 237 Cooper, Cowper, Captain, 49, 159, 213, 230, 237, 238, 243, 264 Cooper, Richard, 26 Corbett, Captain, 170, 171, 173 Corbett, Sir Julian, xvi Cordell, Thomas, xix, 24, 25 Cornelison, Hubert, 314 Corunna: sail reported at, xxxvii; map of, xxxviii; landing at, xxxix, 142, 145, 151, 153, 158, 256-7; lower town taken, xxxix, 145, 151, 153, 160, 258; losses, xl; prisoners, xl, 145, 151; wine in, xl, 145, 151, 159, 184, 259; attack on upper town, xl-xli, 146, 151, 159, 160, 228; instructions to attack, 85; surrounding country wasted, 143, 229; galleon fired, 145, 259; captures, 145; advertisements from, 150-2; provisions destroyed, 178; as hindrance of success, 182 Cotton, Francis, 305 Cowper see Cooper, Captain Cox, Henry, 121, 122, 123 Coxe, Robert, 26 Coxson, Coxon, Captain Thomas, 161, 173 Cranfield, Thomas, 25 Craston, Captain, 173 Grippes, Cripps, Crips, Crisp, Captain, provost marshal, 114, 122, 239, 267 Cristobal, Don see Christobal, Don Cross, Captain Robert, Ivfn, lix, 157, 163-4, 240 Croyer, John, 150 Cumberland, George Clifford, Earl of, 1, 11, 194 Cumie, Bartholomew, 25 Dackham, Robert, lix Dannat, Audley, 121 Danshe, Thomas, 26 Danzig, 162, 202 Darcy, Mr., 147 Darrell, Marmaduke, Ixii, 23, 59, 114, 126, 127, 203fn, 323, 329 David see Andrada, Manoel d’ Denmark, 239 Devereux, Colonel Walter, 265-6, 267, 270, 277 Devereux, Lieutenant, 171-2 Dixie, Sir Wulston, 25 Docwra, Captain, 213, 241 Doeck, John, 313 Dolphin, Captain, 262, 266 Dover, lix Drake, Sir Francis: at council after Armada, xiv; 1587 raid, xiv, xviii; as instrument of heaven, xvi; financial contribution, xviii, 24,25, 56; backers’ ambitions, xix; disbursements to, xxi, 61; disbursements of, xxiv, xxxii, 59-61, 100, 113-18, 209; successor if incapacitated, xxx; and army size, xxxii; decision for Portugal, xlii; to bring fleet up Tagus, xlvii, li, Hi, Ixiv, Ixv, 220, 267, 272, 291; and Don Antonio, 1; and Azores, Iv, 280; return to England, Iv; accounts, Ix-lxi; criticisms of, Ixiv, 217, 221, 281-2; and Norris, Ixiv; Privy Council court of enquiry, Ixv; falls out of favour, Ixv; notes of charge, 11; and provisioning, 39; instructions, 82-8; at Cascaes, 182, 183, 192, 217, 271; lack of Portuguese support, 183; takes hulks, 185, 233; at Vigo, 217, 240-1, 246, 279; charging of, 290-4; wife’s sickness, 319 letters from, 23, 110-11, 118-20, 125-6, 134-5, 141, 144-8, 153-4, 178-9, 179-81, 182-4, 189, 355 letters to, 49, 89, 130, 136, 162, 200, 201, 204, 207, 208, 212, 319 Drake, Captain Thomas, xlii, 293 374 INDEX Dreadnought, the, Queen’s ship, Iv, Ixv, 235 Duarte, Francisco, 15 Dunkirk, xxv, 65, 66 East, Robert, 25 Easterlings see Hanse towns; hulks East Indies, xix, xx, xxii, 27, 95 Eaton, Captain, 213 Eatten, Captain, 240 Edward I, King of England, 16, 306 Edward IV, King of England, 113 Edward Bonaventure, the, 331 Egmont, Jacob von, 70 Elizabeth I, Queen of England: and interception of Spanish treasure, xi, xii-xiv, 5; lack of money, xii, xvi, xx, xxxiii; and Don Antonio, xv, xvi, xxviii, 3, 6, 7, 27, 167; control over expedition weakened, xviii, xx; her aims for expedition, xix; delay complained about, xx-xxi; financial contribution, xxi-xxiv; English troop levies, xxiv; and Netherlands withdrawal, xxiv-xxv, xxvi; disbursements, xxvii, Iviii, 8-10, 56, 61-2, 117, 123, 164-5; instructions for expedition, xxix-xxx, 12-14, 109; and Earl of Essex, xxxiv, xxxv-xxxvi, 135; wrath at failure to attack Santander, xxxix, 167; wrath at instructions ignored, xliv; refuses request for siege guns, xliv; refuses request for more troops from Netherlands, xliv; reactions to return of expedition, Ivi; and King of Morocco, 6, 7-8, 99, 105; anger at Williams, 136; reactions to Corunna, 162, 164-8 letters from, liv, 47-8, 73-4, 89-90, 125, 164-8, 200-1 letters to, 69 Elkin, Alderman, 25 Emden, 285 Emmanuel, Don, elder son of Don Antonio, 267 Errington, Captain, 173, 263 Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of: joins expedition, xxxiv, 131-8; debts, xxxv; heads for Lisbon, xxxvii; rejoins expedition, xlv, 169, 189, 231, 265-6; at Peniche, xlvii, 185, 190, 220, 266, 298; on march to Lisbon, xlvii, 269; at Lisbon, xlix, liii, 191, 239, 270; sends challenge, liii, 187, 225, 276; sent home, liv, 277; sends brother to sue for pardon, Ivi; on Swiftsure, 134; apology, 137-8; disappearance, 160; takes hulks, 190; carriage used to convey the sick, 238, 255; testimony about Captain Flick, 327 letters from, 133, 136-7 Evelyn, John, 26 Evesham, John, xxxvi, liii, liv, Ixiii-lxiv, 226-36 Exarama de los Caballeros, 268 Exarama do Obispo, 268 Exchequer, xii, xiii, xvi, xx, xxxiii, 26, 116, 323-4 Exeter, Mayor of, 307 Expedition to Spain and Portugal: objectives of, xiv-xv, xviii, xxx; idea to take Lisbon, xvi; distraction of aim, xvi, xviii-xx; financing of, xvi-xviii; and profit, xix, xliv; Commission for, xxi, 11, 12-14; costs of, xxi, xxiv, 55-62; timing of, xxiii-xxiv, xxvii; transports for, xxvii, xxxi-xxxii, 158; instructions, xxix-xxx, xxxi, xxxvi, 82-8; denied guns, xxxi; delays to, xxxii, 9, 63-78, 118, 119, 126, 127; victuals, xxxiii, xl, liii, liv, 9, 22, 23, 119, 126, 141, 142, 159, 163, 179, 189, 236, 255-6; size, xxxii, xxxvi, xlv, liii, 118, 120, 124, 150, 177, 184, 347-50; sickness, xl, xlv, xlix, Hi, Iv, Ixiv-lxv, 178, 183, 188, 194-5, 203, 233, 253-4, 255; want of artillery, xii, 152,251, 263, 280; want of powder, xii, xliv; desertions, xlv, 169-71, 173, 254, 351-2; plundering forbidden, liii; galleys attack, liv, 234-5, 239-40, 278; mobs cause alarm, Iviii, 210, 211; pay, Ivii, 165, 236, 281, 303; debts of, lix, Ixi, 210, 305, 322, 330; embezzling, lix-lx, 209; accounts, Ix-lxi, Ixii, 21, 319-30; losses, Ixiv, Ixv, 241, 254; origins and original purpose, 3-17; names of adventurers in, 21, 24-6; suggestion that clergy contribute, 22; disbursements for, xxi, xxiv, xxvii, xxxii, Iviii, 8-10, 22-3, 56, 57-62, 90-1, 100, 113-18, 121-3, 130, 209; disputation among ministers about, 28-31; troop levies, 35, 36, 49, 77-8; troops ordered to ports, 45-51; members INDEX 375 imprisoned, 50-1; shortages, 77; Hampshire levies, 77-8; intelligence from a Scot, 81; appointment of deputy commanders, 88-9; troops’ behaviour, 92-3, 95; lack of shipping, 111; sea victuals used, 119; state of army, 120, 180; first reactions at home, 155-73; demand for more men and munitions, 164, 166, 177; compared with action in Netherlands, 178, 249, 282-6; return and disbanding, 197-213; ships cleansed, 206, 207; ships discharged, 208; mariners discharged, 208; army dismissed, 212, 281; list of captains slain or died, 213; recollections and reflections, 215-99; drunkenness in, 220, 253, 254; scarcity of surgeons, 253; shortages of carriages, 255; coin seized, 308-9; list of ships and officers, 331-41; names of captains, 336-8; list of ships and payments, 338-41; army lists, 343-52; see also places visited by Falmouth, 164 Farmyan, Henry, 26 Faversham, Mayor and Jurats of, 330 Fenner, Thomas, xxx, liii, 87, 88, 89, 114, 115, 142-4, 194-5,235 Fenner, Captain William, xli, 87, 113, 236-41, 257 Fenner, William (young), Ivfn, Ixiv, Ixv Fenton, Edward, xix, 1, 21, 23 Fenyston, Captain, 157 Ferris, Richard, 49 Ferrol, xxxix, 257 Finche, Captain, 213 Fitch, Ralph, xix Flanders, xxv, 65 Flick, Captain Robert, xix, xxxvii, xxxix, 114, 117, 327, 328 Flower, John, 114 Flushing, 17, 48, 74, 76, 283 flyboats, xxxi-xxxii, xxxvi, liv, 17, 110, 118, 120, 164, 178, 233, 234, 292 Ford, Dr, 304 Foresight, the, Queen’s ship, 281 Fortune, the, 313, 331 Foster, Mr., 233 Founes, Humphrey, 127, 128, 157 Fountes, Count Piero de, 187 Fowkes, William, 134 Fowler, Richard, 117 France, xx, 254; see also Catholic League Friesland, 251 Frobisher, Martin, xiv Fuenterrabia, 290 Fuentes, Pedro Enriques Acevedo, Count of, xlvii, xlviii, 191, 223, 225, 249, 266 Fulford, Captain, 148, 150, 213, 264 Galicia, xxix, xxxvii,, 83, 165, 274 Ganey see Gayney Garraway, William, xix, 26 Carton, William, 114 Gates, John, 205 Gayney, Ganey, Henry, 211 Geertruidenberg, xxxiii, xliv, 41, 110, 125 George, Captain, 148 George, David, 60 Germany, 248 Gifts, the, 331 Gilbert, Sir John, 169, 172 Gill, Captain, 173 Gittens, Arthur, 49 Glover, William, 26 Godolphin, Sir Francis, 127, 171, 330 Goodard, Richard, 310, 311fn., 328 Goodwin, Captain, 260 Gore, Richard, 26 Gorge, Captain, 150 Gravelines, xi, 103 Gregory, the, liv-lv, Ixiii, Ixv, 226, 233, 235, 326 Grey, Lord, 49 Grey, Michael, 121 Greyhound, the, Ix Griffin, the, Ixv, 210-11 Groyne, the see Corunna Guinea, xix Guipuzcoa, xxix, 83, 165 Guzman, Don Pedro Enriques, 249 Hales, Sir James, 21, 267 Hall, Colonel, 181 Halls, Sir James, 213 Hamburg, 16, 17, 141, 285, 315 Handbury, Richard, 25 Hanseatic Towns, xxii, 16, 305-7 Harcott, Captain, 193 Hart, Captain, 213, 239 Hart, Alderman John, xix, 24 Hatton, Sir Christopher, xxi, 111, 135, 157-8, 329 Havana, xii 376 INDEX Hawkins, Sir John, xiv, xxiv, xlii, Ix, 5-6, 128, 293, 319, 320, 323, 326 Hawkins, William, 1, liv, Ivii, 115, 127, 128, 169, 171, 203fn, 206, 323 Haynes, Mr., 233 Heale, Thomas, 323 Heaton, Thomas, 310, 311fn, 328 Hendamoar, Captain, 315 Hendar, Captain Degory, 148, 150, 152, 205, 230, 257, 261, 264 Heneage, Sir Thomas, 160 Henrickson, Captain William, 121 Henry III, King of France, xx, xxii, xxxiii-xxxiv, Ixv Henry IV, King of England, Ixv Henry VIII, King of England, 113 Herbert, William, 89 Herera, Don Antonio de, 258 Highgate, Captain William, 49-50, 213 Hohenlohe, Philip Hohenlohe-Langenberg, Count, 251 Holland, 36, 37, 39, 104 Holman, Thomas, 25 Holmes, Mr., 307 Holmes, Thomas, 114 Hoorn, 314 Howard, Charles, Lord, of Effingham, Lord Admiral, xiii, xiv, xxiv, 5, 327, 329 Howland, Giles, 26 Huddleston, Richard, 94 hulks: seizure of, li, 162,178, 180,185, 192, 233, 277, 306, 308; inability to grind corn in, liii; sale of cargoes, Ivi-lvii, 199, 202, 203fn, 204, 206, 208, 209, 210, 303, 309, 326; release of, Ix, 304, 311-12, 313; goods stolen from, 209, 304, 305, 309, 315, 321; inventory to be made, 303; commissioners for sale of, 304, 305, 307, 309, 310-11 Huntingdon, Henry Hastings, Earl of, xxxv, 124, 133, 134, 135 Huntley, Colonel, 21, 257, 266, 267 Hurleston, Richard, 87 Hussey, Captain, 173 Inquisition, xxii, 27 Ireland, 251 Jackson, Captain, 190, 266 Jobson, Captain Thomas, 237 Juan de Luna, Don, xl Kemis, Captain, 173 Kennis, Anthony, 161 Kersey see Carsey King, John, 122 Kingsmill, Captain, 213 Klifford, Lieutenant, 237 Knollys, Sir Francis: and Essex, xxxiv, xxxv, 133, 147; reports to Court, xliv; company of horse, 48; and troop levies, 49; Corunna, 158 letter to, 133 Knollys, Sir William, 230 Konigsberg, 162 Ladosdan, 244 Lambertson, Derick, 313 Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Duke of, 178 Lane, Ralph, xlviii, 1, li, Ixiv, 185, 218-21 Lecester, Leicester, Lester, George, 22, 25, 121 Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 3, 251-2 Leighton, W., 134 Leon, Don Pedro poure de, 258 Lester, George, see Lecester Lippomano, Hieronimo, Venetian Ambassador to Spain, 357 Lisbon: ships to be destroyed in, xiv; idea of taking, xvi; belief fleet was in, xliv; march to, xlvii, 179, 180, 233, 267-9; expedition in suburbs, xlviii-li, Hi, liii, 179-81, 269-75, 353; strength of, xlix, 182; ordnance at, 81; famine in, 81; instructions to attack, 85; project to sack, 105-6; provisions found and destroyed, 177, 178, 192; galleys in, 189 London, City of, xiii, xviii, 9, 24, 25, 61, 117 Lorinha, 268 Lores, 268 Lorraine, Charles II, Duke of, xi Love, George, 315 Low Countries see Netherlands Liibeck, 141, 162, 192,311 Luers, Luke, 312 Lumbard, Francis, 290 Luna, Juan de, xl, 145, 149, 151, 160, 258, 260-1 Madeira islands, Ivfn, 81, 232 Malaga, 106 Manis, Don Gabriel de, 223 Mannington, Ambrose, 226 Manriques, Don Pedro de, 258 INDEX 377 Mansur, Mulay Ahmed el, Sharif of Morocco, xv, xxvii-xxviii, liii, 3-4, 6, 82, 98-9 Marchant, Captain, 121, 122, 160′ Marquis, Lord see Winchester, Marquis of Marr, Mr., 292 Marre, Joseph, 121, 122 Marsh, Robert, 25 Martin, Richard, 188 Mary German, the, 124 Masham, Alderman, 25 match, xlix, 41, 188, 239 Maurice, Count of Nassau, xxxiii, 36, 110, 125 Medina-Sidonia, Duke of, 15, 222, 224 Meetkerke, Colonel, 180, 186, 205, 263, 264, 267, 270 Mendoza, Bernardino de, xxxvii, 357 Merchant Royal, the, xix, liv, 278, 328, 331 Meteren, Emmanuel van, xxiii Middleton, Captain, 263 Milan, 249 Mills, Thomas, 121 Milward, William, xxxiii Minshaw, Captain, liv, 213, 278 Monson, William, Ixiv Montacruz castle, 231 Moody, Captain, 213 Moore, Hugh, 115 More, Sir Edward, 21 Morgan, Captain George, 213, 239 Morgan, Matthew, 205 Morgan, Sir Thomas, 69, 70, 74, 76-7, 78 Morgan Jr., Captain, 213 Morocco, xxvii; see also Mansur, Mulay Ahmed el Morton, George, 205 Mosalle, Don Juan de, 258 Moura, 357 Mourray, Don Jeronimo de, 258 Moys, William, 157, 163 Naples, 249 Navarre, Henry IV, King of, 161 Nealls, Captain, 210 Netherlands see United Provinces Neville, Henry, 117 Newberg, John, xix Newton, Captain, 213 Newton, John, xix, 26 Nicholas, M., 29 Nicholson, Thomas, 49-50 Nieuwendaal, 65 Nieuwpoort, xxv, 65, 66 Nineoes, Don Gabriel de, 187 Ninis, Don Gabriel de, 225 Nonpareil, the, Queen’s ship, xlii, 293 Nonsuch, Treaty of, xxii, 37fn, 47, 74 Norris, Lord, 49 Norris, Sir Edward, xxvi, xli, Ix, 21, 72, 75, 87, 205, 270, 281; wounded, 144, 148, 159, 243 letters from, 184, 206 Norris, Sir Henry, 21, 180, 243, 268-9 Norris, Sir John: at council after Armada, xiv; military ambitions, xvi, xlii; financial contribution, xviii, xxi, 10, 24, 56; and costs, xxi; disbursements to, xxi, 61, 90-1, 130; in Netherlands, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvii, 12, 33-43, 128; arrogance, xxiii; and Lord Willoughby, xxii-xxiii, xxiv, 37, 38; successor if incapacitated, xxx; and army size, xxxii; disbursements of, xxxii, 57-9, 62, 100, 121-3, 209; at Corunna, xxxix, 158, 243, 261; decision for Portugal, xlii; march to Lisbon, xlvii-xlviii, 181-2; sends challenge, liii, 187, 225, 276; return to England, Iv, 280; accounts, Ix-lxi; criticisms of, Ixiv, 221, 281-2; and Drake, Ixiv; Privy Council court of enquiry, Ixv; falls out of favour, Ixv; notes of charge, 11; memorial of, 55; instructions, 82-8; at Puento de Burgos, 159; at Cascaes, 185; wants hulks and cargoes as prize, 199; and sale of goods in hulks, 206; at Vigo, 240-1, 246; military career, 251-2; charging of, 290-4; testimony about Captain Flick, 328 letters from, xxi, xxxiv, Ivi, 22, 36-7, 38-9, 118-20, 125-6, 126-7, 134-5, 141, 144-8, 152-3, 179-81, 189, 199-200, 206-7, 212, 295 letters to, 39, 49, 89, 109, 130, 136,162,200,201,204,207, 208, 212, 311 Norris, Vincent, 26 North Sea, xi Northumberland, Henry Percy, Earl of, xviii, xxi, 21, 100 Noue, Monsieur Francois de la, 222 N. S. del Rosario, the, xvii Offley, Alderman, 25 378 INDEX Oldenbarnevelt, Barnevelt, Jan van, 36, 37, 38 Opperson, Hans, 312 Oquendo, Captain, 15 Ordnance, Office of, 321 Ortel, Joachim, 69, 75, 104 Osborne, Sir Edward, xix, 24 Osborne, Peter, Ix, Ixi, 21, 23, 319 Ostend, xxv, xxvi, 41, 47, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76 Ousley, Captain, 278 Palmer, Captain, 190, 213 Palmer, Andrew, 25 Palmer, Edmund, Ixvi, 15, 217, 218 Palmer, Sir Henry, xiv, xxi Parker, Thomas, 229 Parma, Alexander Farnese, Prince of, xvii, xx, xxvii, xxxiii, 37, 103, 111, 120, 247, 248, 263 Paxides, Earl of, 258 Pedraca, 191 Pelican, the, 312 Pembroke, Earl of, 49 Pemerton, William, 226, 233 Peniche: landing at, xlvii, 179, 184, 231, 266-7, 298; castle captured, xlvii, 184, 190, 298; Captain Barton abandons, liv Pepperell, Mr., 329 Petance, 263 Peter, King of Castile, 178 Peterson, Bannis, 213 Petvin (Petfin), Captain Edward, 205, 239, 279 Pew, Captain Edward, 238 Pewe, Captain, 185, 213, 231, 244 Philip II, King of Spain, xii, Ixvifn, 27, 357 Philip of Nassau, Count, 38 Philpott, Captain, 213, 261 Pin, M. du, 125, 161 Pischerus, Dr Michael, 315 Platt, Plott, Captain, 158, 163 Plymouth, xxxii, xxxiv, 236, 241, 281, 311, 315, 323 Pont Saint see Puente de Burgos Poole, Captain William, 237 Poor, Captain, 239 Poore, Captain Henry, 279 Popinjay, the, 315 Porto Santo, Ivfn, 240 Portsmouth, 310, 325 Portugal see Expedition to Spain and Portugal Potts, Antony, Iviii powder, xli, xliv, xlix, 41, 58, 152, 166, 184, 188, 235, 238 Pranell, Alderman, 25 Prideaux, Captain, 213 prisoners, 94-5 Privy Council: and troops from Netherlands, xxiii, 48; and finance, xxxiii; and hulks’ cargo, Ivi, Ivii, 303-4, 309-10, 311-12; and pay, Iviii-lix; and accounts, Ix-lxi; court of inquiry, Ixv; financial contribution, 22; order about supply to Spain, 305-7; petition to, 322 letters from, 48, 49, 50, 100-1, 109, 127, 130, 161, 162, 169-71, 173, 189, 199, 201-2, 204, 206, 207, 208-10, 211, 212, 303, 304-5, 307-8, 308-9, 309-10, 311, 312-13, 313-14, 319, 322, 328, 329, 330 letters to, 36, 78, 125, 141, 144, 148, 157, 179, 315 Prodigal Child, the, 313 Prudence, the, 233 Puebla, Captain, 280 Puente de Burgos, xli, 144, 147, 152, 230, 250, 263-5 Pugh, Captain Robert, 266 Pullison, Sir Thomas, 117 Quarles, James, 23, 59, 114, 117 Quinborough, 313 Raleigh, Sir Walter, Ix, 49, 305 Ratcliffe, Alderman, Ixi, 24, 25, 320 Recalde, Admiral, 144, 151, 328 Red Hart, the, 315 Red Lion, the, 312 Reignold, the, 313 Revenge, the, Queen’s ship, xlii, 11, 135, 183, 233, 293 Reynolds, Mr., 133 Reyz, Muschac, xxvii, 81, 82 Rich, Lord, xviii, 21, 133, 134 Roberts, Henry, xxvii, 3-4, 6, 81-2 Rochelle, La, xxxvi, xlv, liv, 161, 164, 277 Rostock, 162, 312 Royal Exchange, 210 Ruby an, the, 210 Sackville, Captain, xlii, 114, 115, 122, 291, 292, 293 INDEX 379 St. Andrew’s, 151 St. John, the, 143, 144, 150-1 St. Julian’s castle, 105, 106, 187, 188, 232, 233 Saltonstall, Richard, Sheriff, 24 Sampson, Captain Anthony, 261 Sampson, Captain John, 186, 237, 242, 257, 261 Samson, the, 312 Samson, Captain An., 213 Samson, Captain John, 114 San Antonio, church of, xlviii Sandam, Robert, 25 Sandwich, 117 San Felipe, the, xviii San Juan, the, xxxix S. Juan de Colorado, the, 249 San Sabastfan, xviii, xix, xxxvi, Ixv, 15, 268, 277 San Salvador, the, xvii Santa Cruz, Marquis, 143, 231, 258 Santander: Armada and, xviii, xx, xxi; expedition to attack, xix, xxx, 85; expedition doesn’t attack, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxix, xlii, Ixv, 290, 291, 292-3, 298; strength of, xli-xlii; ships in, xlii, xliv, Ixv; ships being built in, 218, 290; burning ships in, 223 Santisso, Terneis, 265 Sauban, Captain, 280 Savoy, Duke of, xi Seagar, Captain, 237 Searl, Alexander, 315 Seralba, Ceralvo, Seralvo, Marquis of, xxxix, 143, 146, 149, 259, 263, 265, 288 Serle, Ixi Setubal, 271, 312, 313fn Seville, xiv, xv, xxxi Sewte, William, 115 Shepherd, Richard, 26 Sherley, Sir Thomas, 56, 91, 100 123 Shilton, Captain, 152 shot, 235 Shrewsbury, George Talbot, Earl of, 89, 123, 168 Shuker, Henry, 26 Sidney, Mr., 159 Sidney, Sir Philip, 103 Sidney, Colonel Thomas, 150, 181, 231, 237, 238, 264, 267, 270, 277 Skidmore, William, 25 Smith, Customer, 24 Socas, Captain Manco Caucasode, 258 Solo, Captain Juan de, 280 Somers, Lieutenant, 237 Southampton, 310 Southampton, Mayor of, 205 Spain: sea communications, xi-xii; naval stores, xii; corn, xii, 15, 217; and silver, xii-xiv, xv; famine in, 15, 217; ability to furnish an army, 177; building of ships, 218; supplies to, 305-7; see also under names of places in and Expedition to Spain Thomas, the, 331 Thomas, John, Ivii, 207 Thorney, Thomas, 310, 311fn, 328 Timmermann, Maurice, 305 Toledo, Don Francisco de, 272 Torres Vedras, xlvii, 268, 273 Trenchard, 173 Turner, Richard, 161 United Provinces: contribution to expedition, xvii, xxi, xxvi, 38, 40, 42-3,124; troops withdrawn from, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, 37, 48, 66-8, 69, 73, 76; Estates General, xxiii, xxvi, 36, 37, 38, 39-43, 47, 66-8, 69-70, 73, 74, 76, 313, 314; ‘cautionary towns’, xxv, xxvi, 37, 40, 48; return of troops to, Ivii, 205, 212; money spent aiding, Ixiii; weapons remaining in, 128 Unity, the, Ix, 308 Union, Umpton, Colonel Edward, 181, 213, 239, 257, 267 Ushant, 291, 292 Utrecht, xxvi Venice, 81 Vera, Juan de, xl, 145, 258, 280 Vergudo, Francisco, 111 Vet, John, 313 Victory, the, Queen’s ship, xxi, 22 Vigo, 217, 240-1, 246, 279-80 Vincent, Mr., 207 Viralta, Christofero Vasques de, 280 Wachtendonk, 76 Wade, Thomas, 25 Wagener, Hans, 312 Waldo, Robert, 25 Walker, William, 122 Walsingham, Sir Francis: at council after Armada, xiv; Roger Williams and; on charging Drake and Norris, 290-1 380 INDEX Walsingham, Sir Francis (contd) letters from, Ivii, 6-7, 15-16, 21, 50, 135-6, 188, 304 letters to, xxi, xxiv, Ivi, Ixiv, 4-5, 15, 22, 35, 36, 38, 55, 56, 70, 75,76, 110, 111, 120, 125, 158, 160, 161, 178, 181, 194, 199, 217, 218 Wamesley, William, 25 Watts, John, xix, 25, 115 Wayse, Christopher, 25 Webb, Thomas, 25 West, Thomas, xlii, 291, 293 West Indies, 96, 252 Whorwood, Captain, 357 Wignal, Robert, xlii, 291, 293 Wilford, Mr., 38 Wilkes, Thomas, 294, 295, 313 William, the, liv, 235, 240 Williams, Lieutenant, Ix Williams, Sir Roger: designated to succeed Norris, xxx, 88; ambitions, xxxi, 103-4; and Lisbon, xxxi, xxxvii; and Essex, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xlv, 135, 136-7, 231; at Peniche, xlvii, 266, 298; at Lisbon, xlviii, xlix, 269, 270; defends expedition, Ixii; criticises Drake, Ixiv; as adventurer in expedition, 21; as messenger for Norris, 38; remembrances for, 39; on council of expedition, 87; discourse by, 103-4; popularity, 135-6; made colonel-general, 138; ‘A Brief Discourse of War’, 224 letters from, 111-12, 222-4, 357 Willoughby, Peregrine Bertie, Lord, xxii-xxiii, xxv, 37, 65-6, 71-2, 76, 205 letters from, 35, 36, 68-9, 75 letters to, 47, 48, 73 Wilson, Captain, 239 Winall, Captain John, 237 Winchester, Marquis of, 49 Windebank, Thomas, xliv, 135, 161-2 Wingfield, Captain Anthony: and victuals, xl; and Don Antonio, 1; defends expedition, Ixii, Ixiii, 246-90; criticises Drake, Ixiv; numbers in expedition, Ixiv, Ixv; company to go to Netherlands, 205; at Corunna, 261, 262; at Puente de Burgos, 263-4; at Lisbon, 269; at Vigo, 279 letters from, 294 Wingfield, Sir Edward, xviii, xxxvi, 21, 266, 267 Wingfield, Richard, 205, 257, 261, 270, 275, 279 Winter, Sir William, xiv, 61 Wishalt, Bartholomew, 315 Wishalt, Jerome, 315 Wismar, 162 Withers, John, 25 Wolf, Captain, 173 Wright, Thomas, 49 Xantes, Pedro, 271 Yorke, Captain, 122, 261, 268, 270 Young, Captain, 190 Young, Captain, 213 Young, Captain John, 242, 244, 269 Young, Richard, Ix, 308, 319, 320, 329 Zeeland, 36, 37, 104
Richard Wernham was born on 11 October 1906. He studied at Exeter College, Oxford from 1925 to
1928. He was appointed a Fellow of Trinity College in 1934, remaining there until 1951. He was
Professor of Modern History and a Fellow of Worcester College from 1951 to 1972. He died on 17
April 1999.
His publications include
Before the Armada: The Emergence of the English Nation, 1485-1588 (Jonathan Cape, 1966).
The Making of Elizabethan Foreign Policy, 1558-1603 (University of California Press, 1980).
The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589 (Navy
Records Society, 1989).
The Return of the Armadas. The Last Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain, 1595-1603
(Clarendon Press, 1994).
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