Roger John Brownlow Keyes, first Baron Keyes (1872-1945). Keyes was a controversial man during his lifetime and has remained so ever since.
His correspondence and papers is a vast collection held at Churchill College, Cambridge, and these volumes are just a selection of them. There has been renewed interest in the period since the publication of Professor Ranft’s The Beatty Papers (NRS Vols 128 & 132) in 1989 and 1993, and Professor Halpern followed these volumes with his Naval History of World War I in 1994.
A full grasp of the participants and the controversies in Keyes’s early naval career (up to 1930) can only be obtained by starting with the 2 volumes of The Jellicoe Papers (NRS Vols 108 & 111) and Beatty Papers. Other relevant NRS volumes are The Cunningham Papers Vols I & II (NRS Vols 140 & 150) and the Somerville Papers (NRS Vol 134).
Volume II, 1919-1939, starts with Keyes being offered the plum posting of command of the Battle Cruisers, which might have been tailor-made for him and was created a Baronet. The correspondence in this volume include much with other naval officers in other campaigns such as the Baltic.
In 1921 he was Deputy Chief of Naval Staff to Beatty, the new First Sea Lord and a member of the Board of Admiralty for the first time. For 4 years he was involved with almost every major decision taken, and the papers reflect this. He was also deeply involved in the relationship between the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force, in which he was to be bitterly disappointed.
Keyes took over command of the Mediterranean Fleet in June 1925. The final episode in Keyes’s term in the Mediterranean concerns the (in)famous Royal Oak incident, which did not reflect well on Keyes and his handling of his fleet, nor too did his apparent obsession with polo, which fills the letters and papers. He retired having been disappointed not to succeed as First Sea Lord and he began to write his memoirs.
Elected as the MP for Portsmouth North in February 1934 he again became involved in the debate over the Fleet Air Arm and the relationship between the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force and worked hard on the Royal Navy’s behalf in House of Commons debates and this eventually resulted in the Royal Navy reclaiming control of the Fleet Air Arm in 1937.
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INDEX Abbot, Colonel William 28, 386 Abyssinnia. see Ethiopia Acland, Rt Hon Sir Francis Dyke 350, 436 Acton, Ammiraglio di Squadra Alfredo 214, 418 Addison, Captain (later Admiral Sir) A. Percy, 55, 392 Admiralty: and duties of DCNS 6; and building programmes 7, 8, 95, 123-5, 234-5, 237, 240, 284, 285, 405, 421-2; seeks to regain control of naval air 9, 71, 72, 73, 138-40, 412; and Washington Naval Conference 395; and report of Balfour Sub-Committee 90-2, 93-4; and Trenchard-Keyes agreement 97-103; 403, 404; and Mosul crisis 150-1, 162-3, 164, 165, 177; efforts to co-operate with Air Ministry 181-2; and Mediterranean Fleet’s visit to Albania 196-7, 415; and Geneva Conference 213, 221; and Aircraft Coxswain question 221, 232, 240, 419; and China 229; proposal to eliminate ACNS from Board, 231-2, 235, 240; and Belligerent Rights question 240, 422; and Royal Oak affair 247, 260, 283, 292; and Invergordon Mutiny 253, 254, 255, 290, 291, 295, 335, 427; regains control of naval air 256-8, 358, 359-61, 364-5, 367, 368, 439; Board favours Field over Keyes 262-3, 264, 285; and London Naval Conference 275, 276, 426-7; and Admiral Tomkinson 296, 297, 300-2, 305-8, 310, 311, 323-4, 325-6, 327, 428, 430, 432-3; and Lucia Mutiny 305; and Dardanelles campaign 322; Board praised by Keyes (1936) 352, 363; see also Fleet Air Arm, Beatty, Madden, Alexander, Bridgeman, Field, Eyres-Monsell, Chatfield, Hoare Adriatic: operations during World War 51-2, 55, 178; mentioned 117, 198, 305 Aegean: and Turkish objections to British use of 128, 129, 130; Mediterranean Fleet manoeuvres in 131, 132-4, 137, 138, 140, 141; and Exercise “MU”, 152-3 Agar, Lieutenant (later Captain) Augustus W. S.: career 387, 388; mentioned 35, 38, 42, 188. 299 Aglen, Sir Francis A. 211-12, 417 Air League 354, 355, 358 Air Ministry: proposed abolition of 57-9, 73; and Balfour Sub-Committee report 90-1, 93; and Trenchard-Keyes agreement 97-103, 403, 404; and control of Iraq 410; and aircraft coxswain question 221, 232, 419; and Coastal Command 256-7; and control of naval air 355, 358, 359, 361, 367, 439; and flying boat service 362, 365; see also Trenchard, Fleet Air Arm Albania: campaign during war 51; and Mussolini 118; and cancelled visit of Mediterranean Fleet 196-7, 215, 415 Albert I, King of the Belgians 12, 382 Alexander, Rt Hon Albert Victor (later 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough): career 425; and Keyes’s failure to become First Sea Lord 252, 264, 266-8, 269-71, 272, 278, 292, 304, 364; and decision over new First Sea Lord 261-2, 263, 275; visits Atlantic Fleet 259, 260, 261; and Admiralty appointments 276; and Admiral Kelly 287-8, 289, 293, 315; and Lucia mutiny 303, 428; mentioned 251, 285, 350, 356, 366 Alexander-Sinclair, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Edwin Sinclair 179, 203, 208, 381,411 Alien, Captain (later Rear-Admiral) Hamilton Colclough 201-2, 416 450 THE KEYES PAPERS 1919-1938 Alien, Colonel Hon Sir James 107, 405 Allenby, Field Marshal 1st Viscount Edmund H. H. 180, 411-12 Amery, Rt Hon Leopold Stennett: career 397; mentioned 72, 90, 96, 123, 401 Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902) 374, 440 Anglo-Persian Oil Company 105 Anzac: Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 31, 136, 216; beach 125; see also Gallipoli, Dardanelles Campaign Armistice (1918) 5 Asdic 154 Aspinall, Brigadier-General Cecil Faber (later Aspinall-Oglander): career 406; revisits Gallipoli 119, 124-5, 126, 130, 134-6; and Keyes’s memoirs 255, 321-3, 324-5, 431; account of campaign 431; and libel action by Dewar 406 Asquith, Rt Hon Herbert Henry (later 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith) 341, 434 Astor, Colonel John Jacob (later 1st Baron Astor of Hever) 308, 429 Astor, Nancy, Viscountess 123, 407 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal 6, 117, 233 Atlantic Fleet: to reinforce Mediterranean fleet in event of war over Mosul 151, 168, 409; mutiny at Invergordon 253. 290, 427; Kelly becomes C.-in-C. 289, 291, 295; mentioned 4, 5, 209; see also Invergordon Mutiny Austria-Hungary (Navy): 51-2,55 Backhouse, Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) Roger R. C: career 438; becomes First Sea Lord 257, 371, 374. 440; defended by Chatfield 373-4; mentioned 352, 372, 440 Bacon, Admiral Sir Reginald H. S.: career 383; and Zeebrugge 17, 44-46; writes memoirs 48, 381, 383; mentioned 4, 47, 308 Balbo, Maresciallo dell’Aria Italo 349, 436 Baldwin, Rt Hon Stanley (later 1st Earl): career 411; and Mosul crisis 165; and General Strike (1926) 179; and controversy over naval air 181-2, 183, 221, 240, 360, 412, 419; and Egypt 219-20; and Chiefs of Staff Committee 228; and Admiralty building programme 234; on “Freedom of the Seas” 235; and Keyes’s failure to become First Sea Lord 254; and Admiralty efforts to regain control of naval air 256, 257; and Tomkinson 297, 300-2, 303, 315, 316, 328; interview with Keyes 304-6, 308, 315; refuses to reopen naval air question 352, 355, 356-7, 358, 368-9; criticized by Richmond 356-7; grants inquiry into naval air 362, 363, 364, 365; mentioned 7, 123, 309, 312, 314, 408, 417 Balfour, Rt Hon Arthur James (later 1st Earl): career 392; and Dardanelles campaign 53, 66; and Washington Conference 60, 395; heads Sub-Committee 93, 401; poor relations with Admiral H. B. Jackson 196; and lan Hamilton 342; mentioned 93, 123, 234 Balfour. Captain Harold Harington (later 1st Baron) 351,437 Balfour Sub-Committee of Salisbury Committee (1923): report unfavourable to Admiralty 90-1, 93, 401, 403; mentioned 9, 10, 360 Ballard, Admiral George A. 60, 394 Ballin, Albert 395 Baltic 5, 12, 34-6, 38, 41-3, 381-2, 387-8 Barrere, Camille: at Lausanne Conference 6, 76, 78; career 398 Barstow, Sir George Lewis 67, 69, 109, 396 Barttelot, Admiral Sir Brian Herbert Fairbairn 183, 412 Baruch, Bernard Mannes 255, 317, 424, 430 Basra 105, 106; see also Iraq Battle Cruiser Force (later Squadron): offered to Keyes 13; commanded by Keyes 24-5, 50; demobilization problems 29-30, 31; at Jutland 85-7; 308, 429; cruise to West Indies under Tomkinson 254, 296-7, 305, 428; mentioned 3, 253 Bayly, Admiral Sir Lewis 47-8, 68, 389 Beal, Captain (later Vice-Admiral) Alister Francis 221, 419 Beatty, Admiral Sir (later Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Earl) David: career 382; becomes First Sea Lord 6, 10; at Washington Conference 6, 60, 61, 62, 63, 394; and Jutland 8, 9, 85-7, 88, 210, 339, 417, 429, 434; not consulted by Admiralty 13; feud with Wemyss 32, 382, 386-7; receives honorary degree 36; and Cowan 50; and air force 58. 59, 363; and Churchill’s proposals for a “naval INDEX 451 holiday” 68-9; at Biarritz 71, 72, 73, 178; and Straits question 81-83; and Grand Fleet Destroyers 89; and report of Balfour Sub-Committee 90, 360; letter to officers who might aspire to Admiralty appointments 92-4; and fight over Admiralty building programme 109, 123-4; impending retirement as First Sea Lord, 121, 183-4, 185-8, 189, 190, 199, 216, 374; renews attempt to regain control of air arm 138^0, 150; and Mosul crisis 151-2, 163, 164, 165-6; intrigues against, 183-4; during Boxer Rebellion 185, 413; and Singapore base 413; ability to mix with people 196; supports Keyes over Albanian visit 415; and China crisis 215-16, 223; and Geneva Conference 223-4, 225-6, 227; retires from Admiralty 225-6, 235; criticizes successors 233, 285; anxiety over Japan depreciated by Churchill 237; favours Keyes as First Sea Lord 251, 252, 262, 263, 266-8, 271, 272-3, 283, 292, 293, 425; and Invergordon mutiny 254, 306-7, 308, 324; refuses to return copy of Naval Staff Appreciation of Jutland 298; and Tomkinson 299, 312-13; 314; asked by Keyes for support in candidacy for First Sea Lord 304, 312; and Dogger Bank action 319-20, 430-1; mentioned 3, 27, 66, 191, 361, 363, 370 Beatty, David Field (later 2nd Earl): career 419; and debate over naval air 356, 438; mentioned 223, 225, 228. 233 Beatty, Ethel, Countess 71, 72, 73 Belgium 65. 66 Bentinck, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Rudolf W. 13.50, 382 Best, Captain (later Vice-Admiral) Hon Matthew 232, 420 Betterton, Sir Henry Bucknall (later 1st Baron Rushcliffe) 344, 435 Bevan, Captain (later Rear-Admiral Sir) Hugh Loraine 203, 416 Bingham, Captain (later Rear-Admiral) Hon E. Barry 225, 420 Birdwood, General (later Field Marshal. 1st Baron) William Riddell 54, 354, 392 Birkenhead, Rt Hon 1st Earl of (Frederick Edwin Smith): career 404; and Geneva Conference 226, 227; mentioned 234, 235 Black Sea: and limitations on foreign warships in 76, 77-8, 79; visited by British warships 130, 131, 132-3, 136, 138, 406; possible operations in the event of war over Mosul 163, 165, 167; in war plans, 174-5, 410 Boardman. Paymaster Commander John Cogswell, 69, 396 Boddam-Whetham, Commander (later Rear-Admiral) Edye Kington 244, 422 Bolsheviks 5, 12, 35-6. See also Russia Bonar Law, Rt Hon Andrew 390 Borkum 68 Bosphorus: demilitarization of 77. 82; and possible action against in Mosul crisis 156, 157, 161; past occupation of 166; in war plans 173, 174, 175, 410; see also Marmora, Constantinople, Dardanelles, Straits (Turkish) Bowlby, Mrs Edward Salvin 26, 372 Bowlby, Captain Geoffrey 39, 388 Bowlby, Lieut.-Commander (later Captain) Hugh S.: career 384; in Mediterranean Fleet 50; in China 212, 418; mentioned 23, 39, 43 Bowlby, Captain Lionel 39 Boxer Rebellion 374,413 Boyle, Admiral Hon Sir Algernon D. E. H.: career 383; and Admiral Kelly 183; supports Keyes’s efforts for Tomkinson 333; mentioned 18, 19, 85, 96,400 Boyle, Katherine Bowlby (Mrs James Boyle) 9, 380 Boyle, Captain William H. D., see Cork and Orrery Brade, Lieut-Commander Frank T. 42, 389 Braithwaite, Captain (later ViceAdmiral) Lawrence Walter 212, 244. 418 Braithwaite, General Sir Walter Pipon 241, 422 Brand, Admiral Hon Sir Hubert G.: career 428; and Invergordon Mutiny 332. 333, 334-5; mentioned 297, 411, 433 Bremner, Lieutenant William H. 38, 41, 42, 388 Bridgeman, Rt Hon William Clive (later 1st Viscount): career 404; and fight over Admiralty building programmes 123, 231, 234, 236; asked by Keyes to speak to Chamberlain 140, 141, 142; and General Strike 179; and Beatty’s retirement 186, 187, 189; and Harper 203-4; and Geneva Conference 224-5, 226-7, 228; criticized by Beatty 233; and 452 THE KEYES PAPERS 1919-1938 candidacy of Keyes for First Sea Lord 251, 268, 271, 283, 285, 364; mentioned 107, 109, 216, 258, 415 Bristol, Admiral Mark Lambert 244, 422-3 Brock, Wing Commander Frank A. 15, 383 Brock, Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet) Sir Osmond de Beauvoir: career 390; illness of 55, 69; on Geddes Report 71; as C.-in-C. Portsmouth 183, 184, 242; not considered for First Sea Lord 261, 268; mentioned 6, 49, 117, 274 Browne, Fleet Surgeon Robley 19 Browning, Admiral Sir Montague E.: career 385; mentioned 24, 37, 50, 92-3 Brownrigg, Rear-Admiral Sir Douglas 3^; 44, 48, 389 Bruce, Admiral Sir Henry Harvey 333, 433 Bruce-Gardyne, Commander Evan 19 Bulgaria 172, 174, 175,410 Buller, General Sir Redvers Henry 89, 401 Burnett-Stuart, Major-General (later General Sir) John T. 77 Butterworth, Mr H. T. 317 Bywaten Hector C. 439 Cairo Conference 163, 409-10 Callaghan, Admiral of the Fleet Sir George A. 89-90, 372, 401 Cameron, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral) John Ewen 229-30, 243, 420 Campbell, Vice-Admiral Gordon: career 428-9; and Tomkinson 302, 305-6, 308, 310, 311, 338, 429-30; and Eyres-Monsell 323-4; mentioned 254, 301 Camperdown, Battle of 56 Canton 201-2, 206, 212, 219; see also China Carpenter, Captain (later Vice-Admiral) Alfred: career 384; and Zeebrugge operation 4, 32-3; activities in U.S. and Canada 20-3, 28, 33-4 Carrington, Captain (later ViceAdmiral) John Walsh 247, 423 Carson, Rt Hon Sir Edward H. 56, 393 Cassel, Rt Hon Sir Ernest 67, 395 Cattaro, Bocche 52; see also Adriatic, Austria-Hungary (Navy) Cavan, Field Marshal 10th Earl of (Frederic Rudolph Lambart) 219, 418-9 Cecil, Viscount (Edward Algernon Robert Cecil): career 402; and Corfu incident 7, 94-5; and Geneva Conference 226, 227, 228 Chamberlain, Rt Hon Arthur Neville 234, 355, 421 Chamberlain, Rt Hon Sir J. Austen: career 405; and Mosul dispute 120; and movements of Mediterranean Fleet in Turkish waters 136, 137, 138, 140, 142; and Locarno 408; and proposed visit of Mediterranean Fleet to Albania 415; and China 229; and “freedom of the seas” question 235; and belligerent rights question 240, 422; and Invergordon Mutiny 254. 290, 297, 305, 308, 323, 332, 336, 431-2, 433; mentioned 108, 109, 221, 259 Chamier, Air Commodore Sir John Adrian 354, 355, 356, 358, 438 Chanak 161 Chang Tso-lin 212, 417-18 Chatfield, Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Baron) Sir Alfred Ernie Montacute. career 393; as A.C.N.S. 6; at Washington Conference, 6, 57, 59-60; 62, 63, 64; and Jutland controversy 8, 75-6, 85-7, 299, 434; and air questions 9, 57, 59, 182; and Mediterranean Fleet 122-3, 272, 273, 276; mentioned for Atlantic Fleet 180, 411; on question of naval staff 232; to become First Sea Lord 254, 260, 261, 273, 304. 312, 316; and Tomkinson 254-5, 317-19, 326-8; 330-3, 344, 432, 433; and efforts to regain control of naval air 256-7, 347, 437; Churchill’s opinion of 344-5; and building programme 353; and control of flying boats 355-6, 357, 358-9, 360-4, 370-1; criticized by Richmond 356-7; on goals and problems as First Sea Lord 361-4, 367-8; 369; raised to peerage 370, 440; to retire as First Sea Lord 371, 372, 373-4; mentioned, 259, 274, 277, 278, 339 Chelotti, Contra ammiraglio 77 Chetwode, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) George: career 425; and decision over new First Sea Lord 261-2, 268, 278, 284; reports on appointments 265-6, 275-7, 426; supports Keyes’s candidacy for First Sea Lord 276, 282-3; mentioned, 260, 261, 289 Chetwode, Lieut.-General (later Field Marshal, 1st Baron) Sir Philip W. 57-8, 393-4 INDEX 453 Chiang Kai-shek 120 Chicherin, Georgi V. 399 China: situation in 120, 206-7, 211-12, 223; naval reinforcements dispatched to 198, 200, 201-2, 204-5, 210, 417; concession at Hankow 206, 417; situation described by Boyle 218-19; situation described by Tyrwhitt 229-30, 243-4; mentioned, 203, 216, 374; see also Yangtze, Canton. Wanhsien, Hankow, Hong Kong. Shanghai Churchill, Major John S. S. 119, 191, 414 Churchill, Randolph F. E. S. 104, 119, 191, 200, 404 Churchill, Rt Hon Sir Winston S.: career 386; becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer 7-8, 107, 404; previous bond with Keyes 8, 31-2, 379; and Dardanelles campaign 48, 130; proposes naval holiday 67-9, 395; and report of Mitchell Committee 87-8; and Geddes Committee 396; comments on Jutland 104, 190, 210; attacks Admiralty programme (1925) 109. 110, 119, 284, 405; depreciates Japanese danger 110-11, 119, 190, 237; visits Mediterranean Fleet 119, 190, 191, 199-200, 416; works on The World Crisis 119, 190; and Marriage Allowance 124; and naval air 143, 149; on Mosul crisis 163; and Cairo Conference 409-10; and Beatty’s retirement 186-7, 190; and Geneva Conference 226, 227; attacks Admiralty building programme (1927) 231, 232, 233, 234, 236; and “freedom of the seas” issue 235; on cruiser situation 237, 238. 422; and Keyes’s memoirs 253, 317, 320-1, 334, 343; and Admiral Guepratte 253, 279. 280-1; urges rearmament 257; and Keyes’s participation in public affairs 286, 321; and Tomkinson 299, 306-7, 332, 344; on Lord Fisher 321; and India 435; meeting with Chatfield 344-5; enlisted in fight to regain control of naval air 352. 354, 355. 366, 367, 368-9, 439; return to Admiralty desired by Keyes 353; mentioned 163. 299, 304, 356, 366, 389 dementi, Sir Cecil 244, 423 Clerk, Sir George R. 420 C.M.B.s: operations in Baltic 5. 35, 38; raid on Kronstadt 41-2 Coastal Command 256, 257; see also Royal Air Force, Air Ministry Coastguard Service 360-1 Colenso, Battle of 89, 210 Collard, Rear-Admiral Bernard St. George: and Royal Oak incident 121-2, 245-6; mentioned. 213, 418, 428 Colonial Office 105 Colville, Admiral Hon Sir Stanley C. J. 54, 308, 310, 311, 392 Colvin, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Reginald Musgrove 308, 311, 429, 430 Colwyn Committee 412 Congreve, General Sir Walter Norris 191, 210, 414 Connaught, Field Marshal, 1st Duke of 247, 423 Constantinople: possible action against in Mosul crisis 157-8; 161, 409; British occupation of (1922) 165; in war plans 171. 172,410 Coolidge, President Calvin 121, 213, 221, 233, 410, 418 Cooper, Alfred Duff; see Duff Cooper Corbett, Sir Julian: career 389; writes official naval history 8, 48. 66; reads Keyes’s diary of Dardanelles campaign 53-4, 74-5; account of Jutland 85-7, 399, 400; criticized by Dewar, 88-9 Corfu 7, 94-5. 197,402 Cork and Orrery, Admiral of the Fleet, 12th Earl of (William H. D. Boyle): career 385-6; in China 205-7, 212, 217-19; praised by Tyrwhitt 230; on Invergordon Mutiny 254, 295-6, 302, 428; recommended by Keyes as First Sea Lord 257. 371, 372, 373; on Keyes’s failure to become First Sea Lord 277. 302-3; and Madden 301; passed over as C.-in-C. China 299, 301, 307, 315. 428; answers Trenchard in House of Lords 355; mentioned 25, 245, 292 Gotten. George Frederick 235, 421 Cowan, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) Walter H.: career 381; in Baltic 5, 12, 34-6, 37, 38-9, 381-2, 387-8; assistance to Gough 40; on Kronstadt raid 41-3; created baronet 50, 391; comments on Jutland 89-90, 121, 194-5, 210-11, 417; on loss of Valerian, 192-3; views on gunnery 194. 208-10; mentioned 40, 239 454 THE KEYES PAPERS 1919-1938 Cradock, Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher 90, 401 Craigie, Sir Robert L. 235, 421 Crichton, Lieutenant (later Commander) Francis Michael: career 435; on difficulties of dual control of naval air 345-6, 348-50; on Ethiopian crisis, 346-7; in China 374, 440 Crowe, Sir Eyre A. B. W. 82, 83, 399 Culme-Seymour, Admiral Sir Michael 188, 413 Cunliffe. Lieut-Commander (later Captain) Robert Lionel Brooke 242, 422 Cunliffe-Lister, Sir Philip, see Swiriton, 1st Earl of Cunliffe-Owen, Lieut-Colonel Frederick 126, 406 Cunningham, Captain (later Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Viscount) Andrew Browne 193, 414 Cunningham, Commander (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) John Henry Dacres 19, 384 Curzon, Rt Hon George Nathaniel (1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston): career, 398; at Lausanne Conference 80, 81, 84, 379, 398, 399; and Corfu incident 94-5; and Japanese earthquake 96; and Dardanelles campaign 341 Cyprus 168 Daily Herald 343 Daily Mail 321, 347 Daily Telegraph 348, 349 Dampier, Rear-Admiral Cecil F. 24, 385 Daniel, Commander H. M. 121-2, 245-6, 292, 428 Dardanelles: demilitarization of 77; possibility of assault on in war over Mosul 119, 120, 150, 155-62, 163, 164, 409; past occupation of 166; in war plans 167, 169, 173, 174, 175, 176, 410-11; and Straits convention 175, 283; sec also Bosphorus, Straits (Turkish) Dardanelles, Campaign (1915): and Keyes 6, 8, 53-4, 324, 432, 379; and ANZAC 31; and Wemyss 47; and Lacaze 84; report of Mitchell Committee 87-8; revisited by Hamilton and Aspinall 119; comments of Aspinall-Oglander 125-6, 135-6, 321-3, 324-5, 431, 432; and De Robeck 242-3, 253, 279, 280-1; and Tomkinson 304; and Hamilton’s recall to England 341-3; views of Mark Kerr 434; mentioned 18, 64-5, 66. See also Gallipoli, Anzac, Hamilton, lan, De Robeck, Keyes, Aspinall Dardanelles, Commission (1917) 8, 46-7, 334 Davies, Commander (later ViceAdmiral) Richard Bell 18, 19, 20, 57, 383 Dawson, Geoffrey 355, 357, 438 Dayrell-Reed, Lieutenant Archibald 38, 41-2 De Bon Vice-Amiral Ferdinand 50, 391 De Chair, Somerset 351, 437 Demobilization (1919) 5, 18-19, 25, 29-30 Dempsey, Jack 194 De Robeck, Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet) Sir John Michael: career 385; receives G.C.B. 50; and action at Mudania 391; and Dardanelles campaign 53, 66, 242-3, 253, 434; death of 119, 241, 242, 243, 244, 422; Keyes’s opinion of 242-3, 280-1; defended by Guepratte 279; mentioned 8, 24, 39. 195 De Robeck, Hilda, Lady 241, 242 Devonshire, 9th Duke of (Victor Christian William Cavendish) 20, 384 Dewar, Captain (later Vice-Admiral) Kenneth G. B.: career 400; comments on Corbett’s version of Jutland 88-9; and Royal Oak incident 121-2, 245-6, 292, 406; assists Churchill in Jutland account 190; campaign for Parliament 285, 427 Dewar Staff Appreciation see Naval Staff Appreciation (Jutland) Diamandy, H.E.M. 77 Dickens, Captain Gerald Charles 57, 69, 394 Dirigible (United States): Shenandoah 410 Divisions (British): 29th 216 Dobbs, Sir Henry C. 105, 106, 404 Dobson, Commander Claude C. 41. 42, 388-9 Dogger Bank, action (1915) 319-20, 429, 430, 431 Domvile, Admiral Sir Barry 60, 69, 213, 394 Donne, Lieut-Commander Lancelot Vivian 205, 417 Dover Patrol: fund 20, 21, 33-4; Bayly mentioned as possible C.-in-C. 47; commanded by Keyes 305 Dreyer, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral INDEX 455 Sir) Frederic: career 393; and control of naval air 150, 182-3; to command Battlecruiser Squadron 180, 183; considered an intriguer 232; and Alexander 261; favoured by Field as DCNS 274, 276; and Jutland 299; becomes C.-in-C. China 299, 301, 302, 306, 307, 308, 428, 432; and Invergordon mutiny 311, 335; mentioned 57, 104, 291. 294, 308 Dniry-Lowe, Captain (later ViceAdmiral) Sidney R. 23, 384 Duff, Captain (later Admiral Sir) Arthur A. M. 25, 31, 385 Duff Cooper, Rt Hon Alfred (later 1st Viscount Norwich) 371, 372, 440 Dunbar-Nasmith, Captain (later Admiral Sir) Martin E. 34, 387 Duncan. Major-General Sir John 229, 243, 420 Durazzo 197, 198, 415-16 Eastern Mediterranean Squadron 7 Egerton, Captain Wilfred Allan 227, 420 Egypt: nationalist agitation in 120, 180-1, 219; negotiations over retention of British officials 200-1; control of army 217; situation described by Kelly 219-20; views of Lord Lloyd 222-3, 419; rumours of Italian attack 346 Ellington, Marshal of the R.A.F. Sir Edward Lesnard 362, 369, 371, 439 Estonia: army 35, 42; government 42-3, 381-2 Ethiopia: crisis over Italian aggression 362, 435; state of Royal Navy at time of crisis 344-5; opinion in Mediterranean Fleet 346-7; crisis delays Fleet Air Arm enquiry 369 Evan-Thomas. Admiral Sir Hugh 210, 417 Evening Standard 242, 243, 272, 355 Everett, Admiral Sir Allan Frederick 103, 404 Exercise “MU” 118-19, 152-5 Eyres-Monsell, Rt Hon Sir Bolton Meredith (later 1st Viscount Monsell of Evesham): career 427; and Invergordon Mutiny 254, 255, 256; and effort to regain control of naval air 256, 344. 358, 368; approached by Keyes about position of First Sea Lord 292-3, 300; to be attacked over passing over of Boyle 299-300; meets Chatfield in Mediterranean 301, 304; and Admiral Gordon Campbell 302, 323-4; interview with Keyes over Tomkinson 303, 304, 306-8, 309, 310-11; and Beatty 312-13; and Keyes’s desire for Invergordon enquiry 313-16, 325-7, 328, 329-30, 331; and Parliamentary debate over Tomkinson 332-3, 343^, 432-3; interview with Tomkinson 336-8; impending retirement 347, 350, 436; mentioned 299, 300, 432 Fanshawe, Captain Guy Dalrymple 151, 409 Feisal. King of Iraq 409-10 Feng Yu-hsiang 212, 418 Fergusson, General Sir Charles 338, 433 Fergusson, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) James A. 39^40, 41, 338, 388 Field, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) Frederick L.: career 394; C.-in-C. Mediterranean 122-3, 251; efforts to co-operate with Air Ministry 152; and Geneva Conference 213, 221, 223, 224, 226-7; 228; as DCNS 231, 234, 240; favoured by Madden to succeed him as First Sea Lord 251, 258, 259, 260, 301; candidacy for First Sea Lord 260, 261, 268, 275, 283, 285; becomes First Sea Lord 252, 262, 269, 271, 272, 276-7; previous relations with Keyes 270, 277-8, 425; appointments to Board 274, 276, 278, 287, 288; and building programme 282, 285; at Jutland 299, 427; criticized by Kelly 289; and Invergordon mutiny 254, 290, 291, 335, 432; criticized by Keyes 293, 315, 316, 364; and Tomkinson 296, 297, 300, 303, 305, 307, 308, 309-10, 311, 319, 329, 336, 429; impending retirement 304; and Eyres-Monsell 309; mentioned 59, 68, 302. 314 Fisher, Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Baron (John Arbuthnot Fisher): career 395; and Keyes 8; and obsolete sloops 66; proposes attack on Borkum 68; and Baltic projects 88-9, 400; resignation over Dardanelles 281, 321; mentioned 339, 361, 363, 373,440 Fisher, Admiral Sir William Wordsworth: career 403; offered position of DCNS 239-40; Keyes’s opinion of 273^, 365; appointed 2nd-incommand of Mediterranean Fleet 276; to succeed Chatfield as Mediterranean C.-in-C. 304. 307, 308; 456 THE KEYES PAPERS 1919-1938 Mediterranean C.-in-C. during Ethiopian crisis 347; mentioned 99, 241, 255, 278 Fitzgerald, Captain (later Rear Admiral) John Uniacke Penrose 207, 417 Fitzgerald, Lieut-Colonel Oswald A. G. 341, 434 Fitzmaurice, Vice-Admiral Sir Maurice Swynen 203, 416 Fleet Air Arm: and Balfour SubCommittee, 90-4; and TrenchardKeyes agreement 98-103, 118, 359, 403, 404; in Mediterranean Fleet 118-19; Admiralty renews attempts to regain control 138-40, 181-3, 412; disadvantages of dual control 143-9, 166, 345-6, 348-50; role in Exercise “MU” 153-4, 409; and aircraft coxswain question 221, 232, 240, 419; and Eyres-Monsell 344; and Inskip enquiry 352, 355-6, 362, 366, 367, 368, 436, 437; and flying boat service 355-6, 357, 358-9, 360, 362-3, 364-5; Admiralty regains control 256-8, 370, 371. Sec also Royal Air Force, Coastal Command. Air Ministry Fletcher, Lieut-Commander Reginald T. H. (later 1st Baron Winster) 350, 436-7 Foch, Marshal Ferdinand 80, 81, 82, 84, 398 Foreign Office: and Gough 40; and Keyes’s version of Lausanne Conference 84; and Corfu incident 94-5, 402; and earthquake in Japan 96; opposes Hamilton’s trip to Gallipoli 108; and movements of Mediterranean Fleet 117-18, 132-4, 221; and Egypt 180. 200, 222; objects to Mediterranean Fleet’s visit to Albania 196-7, 215, 415; and Churchill’s visit to Athens, 199; criticizes Admiralty over Wanhsien affair, 203; and Lord Lloyd’s resignation 259; sec also Chamberlain, J. Austen, Cecil, Wellesley Forth-Clyde Canal 70 France: and Mosul crisis 152, 156; disagrees with Britain over disarmament proposals 213; Roosevelt’s difficulty dealing with 340; and Geneva Protocol 408; sec also France (Navy), Foch, Lacaze. Fromageot, Barrere France (Navy): and Washington Conference 61. 62, 63, 64, 394; and Dardanelles Campaign 84; and London Naval Treaty 251, 339, 434; building capital ships 352, 358; and air service 359; sends Vauquelin to Canada 434. See also Lacaze, Guepratte Franckenstein, George 54, 392 Franklin, Captain Harold Gordon Cooper 200, 416 Fremantle, Admiral Sir Edmund R. 49, 390 Fremantle, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Sidney R.: career 388; and German Fleet at Scapa Flow 36; views on battleships and submarines 49. 390; and action at Mudania 50, 391 Fromageot, Henri 80, 398 Fuad I, King of Egypt 219 Fuller, Captain (later Admiral Sir) Cyril T. M.: career 386; views on Captain Carpenter 28; and Zeebrugge operation 45; and controversy over control of naval air 90, 182, 401; and Battle Cruiser Squadron 180, 183; to be C.-in-C. North America 239^0; becomes Second Sea Lord 276. 287, 301; past relationship with Madden 292, 427; and Invergordon mutiny 294, 335, 424, 428 Fullerton. Admiral Sir Eric John Arthur 283, 426 Gallipoli: relations between Army and Navy during campaign 54; and lan Hamilton 56, 340-3; revisited by Aspinall-Oglander 125-6, 135-6; visit of Mediterranean Fleet to 126-7, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 140; memorial at Cape Helles 130, 136, 407-8; proposed occupation in the event of war over Mosul 160-1, 162-3; in war plans 175; and comments of AspinallOglander on Keyes’s memoirs 321-3, 431; mentioned 104, 109; see also Hamilton, lan, Dardanelles Campaign (1915), Anzac, Aspinall Gambier, Admiral of the Fleet Sir James 186, 413 Gauchet, Vice-Amiral DominiqueMarie 50, 391 Geddes, Rt Hon Sir Eric C.: career 385; and Commission on National Expenditure 7, 9, 57, 393; and Bonar Law Committee 49-50, 390; mentioned 24 Geddes Commission on National Expenditure: and reductions in expenditure 7, 9, 393; and proposed INDEX 457 abolition of Air Ministry 57-8; report of 71, 396 General Strike (1926) 179 Geneva Disarmament Conference: British proposals reported by Pound 220-1; and difficulties with the United States. 223^, 224-5. 225-6. 228; and “total tonnage scheme” 226-7; mentioned 121, 213, 294. 304, 362, 373 George V, King: and Madden 189; and Alexander-Sinclair 203; remarks on Japanese 245; talk with Keyes about Royal Oak affair 247-8, 283, 292; and decision over new First Sea Lord 262-3, 266. 269-71; asks Keyes to take over British Legion 293 Germany (Army): continued threat in Baltic 5, 34. 35, 36. 40; disregards Allied orders 43 Germany (Navy): High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow 5, 24, 25-6, 27, 31; scuttling of Fleet 36; High Seas Fleet at Jutland 88-9; and Churchill’s prewar proposals for a naval holiday 236; building capital ships (1930’s) 352, 358; to build 8″-gunned cruisers 366, 369 Gibson. Hugh 225. 419-20 Gillman. General Sir Webb 235, 421 Godfrey. Colonel (later General Sir) William Wellington 216-17. 418 Godley, General Sir Alexander John 108, 405 Goldsmith. Paymaster Commander Edward Philip 232, 420 Goltz, General Rudiger Graf von der 34, 387 Goodenough, Admiral Sir William Edmund 85. 87, 179. 400 Gort, Colonel (later Field Marshal) 6th Viscount (John Standish Surtees Prendergast Vereker) 229, 243, 420 Gough, General Sir Hubert de la Poer: career 382; in Baltic 5, 12, 34, 43, 387; requests to take wife to Baltic 40-1; does not return to Baltic 388 Graham. Rt Hon Sir Ronald W. 214. 215, 418 Graham-Watson. Lieutenant Claude B. 12. 381 Grand Fleet 3, 8, 11, 89; see also Battlecruiser Force, Beatty, Jellicoe, Jutland Greece: and use of Aegean by Mediterranean Fleet 129, 132; and Mosul crisis 152. 156; role in war plans. 172, 174; and Churchill’s visit to Athens 199; and Corfu incident 402 Greene. Sir W. Graham 196, 414 Grey, 1st Viscount of Fallodon (Sir Edward Grey) 198, 416 Guepratte, Vice-Amiral Emile-Paul Aimable 253, 279, 280, 281, 282; 426 Guest, Captain Rt Hon Frederick Edward 355, 356, 358, 368-9, 468 Haggard. Admiral Sir Vernon H. S. 241, 276, 422,425 Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas (later 1st Earl): career 382; Churchill regrets he did not remain at head of army 190; death of 242, 422; mentioned 13, 56, 70 Haking, General Sir Richard Cyril Byrne 181, 195,412 Halahan. Captain Henry C. 22. 384 Haldane, 1st Viscount (Richard Burdon Haldane): career 393; and TrenchardKeyes agreement 99, 100-2, 403; mentioned 56, 97, 395 Halifax, Rt Hon 3rd Viscount (later 1st Earl) (Frederick Lindley Wood) 109, 369. 405, 440 Hall, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral) Sidney Stewart 49. 390 Hall. Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) William Reginald 71, 72, 73, 396-7, 398 Halsey, Admiral Sir Lionel 12, 381 Hamilton. General Sir lan: career 383; publishes diary 8, 48; opinion of Jellicoe 16, 17; on Zeebrugge operation 18; and Dardanelles campaign 54, 125. 341-3, 434; invited to Royal Navy Club 56; proposes Forth-Caledonian Canal 70; invited to unveil New Zealand memorial at Gallipoli 107-8; revisits Dardanelles 119, 126, 186; writes article on war for Encyclopedia Britannica 149; attends De Robeck’s funeral 241-2; comments on Royal Oak affair 246, 423; remarks on Keyes’s memoirs 340, 434. Sec also Gallipoli, Dardanelles Campaign, Aspinall Hamilton, Jean, Lady 130, 149 Hamilton. Commander (later Admiral Sir) Louis Henry Keppel 204-5. 416 Hankey, Colonel (later 1st Baron) Maurice Pascal Alers 228. 334, 396, 422, 433 Hankow 206, 229-30, 243, 417 Harcourt, Rt Hon Sir William G. G. V. V. 356, 438-9 458 THE KEYES PAPERS 1919-1938 Hardman-Jones. Vice-Admiral Everard John 304. 429 Harington, General Sir Charles 84, 399 Harper, Captain (later Vice-Admiral) John Ernest Troyte: career 399^00; report on Jutland 121; retirement of 203^; mentioned 85. 87 Hase. Commander Georg von 87, 400 Hawke, Admiral Sir Edward 56, 392 Headlam, Lieut-Colonel Cuthbert Morley 232, 235, 240. 420 Heath, Admiral Sir Herbert L. 24, 385 Heligoland Bight, action (1917) 208 Henderson, Rt Hon Arthur 425, 429 Henderson, Rt Hon Sir Neville Meyrick 181, 412 Heyssler, Kontreadmiral Erich: career 391; role during war 51-2, 54-5; remarks on Durazzo action 198-9 Hipper, Admiral Franz Ritter von: career 400; at Jutland 85; obituary in The Times 304, 308, 429 Hoare, Rt Hon Sir Samuel John Gurney (later 1st Viscount Templewood) : career 420; and Chiefs of Staff Committee 228; and aircraft coxswain question 232; becomes First Lord 256, 362, 436, 439; and Admiralty attempt to regain control of naval air 355, 359, 361, 365-6; mentioned 358, 363-4, 435 Hodges, Admiral Sir Michael Henry: career 402; in Mediterranean Fleet 177 ; 184, 411; to become 2nd Sea Lord 232, 420; at De Robeck’s funeral 241; Keyes’s report on 266, 272, 273, 276, 298, 301; not consulted on choice of First Sea Lord 276, 278; and Atlantic Fleet 290, 427; mentioned 96, 200, 292, 427 Hogg, Sir Douglas McGarel (later 1st Baron Hailsham) 234, 421 Hong Kong 97, 202, 207, 218, 245 Hood. Rear-Admiral Hon Horace L. A. 66, 90, 395 Hornby, Admiral R. S. Phipps 50, 391 Home, General Sir Henry S. 56, 392 Home, Sir Robert Stevenson 49, 390 Horthy de Nagybanya, Admiral Nicholas Vitez 54-5, 198-9, 392 Horton. Captain (later Admiral Sir) Max K. 426 Howard, Rt Hon Sir Esme William (later 1st Baron Howard of Penrith) 235, 421 Hungary 198 Hurd? Sir Archibald S. 10-11, 381 Imbros 150, 156, 160,409,410 India 344, 359, 435 Inonu, General Ismet 7, 84, 127, 133, 138, 399 Inskip, Sir Thomas Walker Hobart (later 1st Viscount Caldecote): career 426; appointed Minister for Co-ordination of Defence 256, 257; and Royal Oak affair 283, 300-1; invites critics of naval programme to give evidence 436, 437; conducts naval air service enquiry 352, 362, 366, 369, 437; recommendations 370, 371 Invergordon Mutiny: events in Atlantic Fleet 253, 254, 255, 290, 424, 427; Keyes blames Admiralty 292; Admiralty criticizes Tomkinson 296, 302, 428; Admiralty criticized b~y Boyle 295-6, 430; results 430, 431-2; and Parliament, 323-4, 325-6; see also Tomkinson, Kelly, Campbell Iraq: nationalist spirit in 105, 106; and dispute with Turkey 119-20; and Mosul crisis 161, 162, 163; role in event of war with Turkey 171, 172, 173; and Cairo Conference 409-10; and Royal Air Force 359 Iskanderun, Gulf of 171, 172, 173, 176, 410 Ismet Pasha sec Inonii, General Ismet Italy: and Corfu incident 258, 260, 402; and Mosul crisis 152, 156; and Albania, 197, 215, 415; and Yugoslavia 415; and China 214; and London Naval Treaty 251; and Ethiopia 346-7, 435. See also Mussolini, Italy (Navy) Italy (Navy): and Washington Naval Conference 61, 62, 63, 394; and London Treaty 251, 339; building capital ships 352, 358; mentioned, 178, 183 Jackson, Major H. 196, 414-15 Jackson, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Henry Bradwardine 196, 414 James, Wing Commander Archibald W. H. 351,437 James, Commander Charles H. N. 53, 66, 392 James, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) William Milbourne 305, 307, 324, 429 Japan: suffers earthquake (1923) 95, 96, 402; potential danger discounted by politicians 97; Churchill depreciates future threat, 110-11; INDEX 459 activities in China 211, 374, 417-18; and Geneva Conference 221, 226-7; Roosevelt’s views on 339-40; and second London Naval Conference 362; see also Japan (Navy) Japan (Navy): potential danger of 6, 111, 112; building programmes 49, 109, 237. 352; and Washington Conference 57, 61, 62, 63, 394, 395; operations against Port Arthur 66; simulated in Exercise “MU” 152-5; squadron to visit Hong Kong 245 Jellicoe, Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Viscount (later 1st Earl): career 381; publishes memoirs 3, 4, 11; and battle of Jutland 8, 9, 75, 85-7, 286, 299, 339, 417; and origins of Zeebrugge operation 14-15, 16, 17, 43-6, 48, 382-3; and Admiral Bayly 47, 389; Jutland role criticized by Dewar 88-9; Cowan comments on 89; and Jutland controversy 251. 268, 413; brother-in-law of Madden 216; and Geneva Conference 221, 419; and Admiralty Staff 232; mentioned 104, 241. 293, 370 Jerram, Rear-Admiral Sir Rowland C. 57, 393 Jerram, Admiral Sir T. H. Martyn 86, 299, 400 Joffre, Marshal Joseph Jacques Cesaire 341, 434 John. Lieut.-Commander (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) Caspar 348, 436 Johnson, Colonel James Robert 375, 440 Jones, Captain (Imperial War Graves Commission) 125, 406 Jones, Admiral Hiliary P. 224-5. 226, 419 Joynson-Hicks. Rt Hon Sir William (later 1st Viscount Brentford) 71. 96. 397 Jutland, Battle of: controversy 8, 121, 187, 251, 252. 268, 339, 413, 434; and Jellicoe’s account 11; Naval Staff appreciation 75-6. 85, 191, 298, 299, 414; criticism of Corbett’s account 85-7, 88-9; Cowan remarks on Naval Staff appreciation 89-90, 194-5; Churchill’s comments 104. 190, 210; and German account 198; and Madden 286; and Kipper’s obituary in The Times 308, 429; see also Battlecruiser Force. Beatty, Jellicoe, Harper Kellog-Briand Pact (1928) 426 Kelly, Captain (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) John D.: career 385; and Royal Oak incident, 122, 245, 247; and fight over Admiralty building programme 123; invited by Keyes to be second-in-command, Mediterranean Fleet 177-9, 184; on General Strike 179; remarks on Madden as Beatty’s replacement 184, 189; remarks on situation in Egypt and Lord Lloyd 219-20; proposed by Keyes for Second Sea Lord 252, 276, 277, 278, 287-9, 292, 301, 315; commands Atlantic Fleet after Invergordon mutiny 253, 289-90, 291, 293, 295, 335; criticizes Admiralty over Invergordon 297; and Tomkinsoh 307, 309, 312; C.-in-C. Portsmouth 338; mentioned 25, 306, 433 Kemal, Mustafa see Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal Kenworthy, Lieut-Commander Joseph M. (later 10th Baron Strabolgi) 26, 28. 386 Kerr, Admiral Sir Mark E. F. 343, 435 Keyes, Commander Adrian St. Vincent 195, 414 Keyes, Diana Margaret 248, 375 Keyes. Dorothy Agnes (Lady Gough) 5 Keyes, Elizabeth Mary 38, 50, 131, 230, 243, 287. 388 Keyes, Geoffrey Charles Tasker 24, 38, 39, 243, 247, 287, 296. 298, 375, 385. 388 Keyes, Katherine Elizabeth 25. 26, 375, 385 Keyes, Eva Mary Salvin Bowlby (Lady Keyes): reads Hamilton’s Gallipoli Diary 48; works with husband 53; and Admiral Browning 92-3; supports Churchill in election 107; arrives in Malta 142-3; illness 298, 300, 308, 310, 325; and Dudley Pound 312; mentioned 9, 25, 131 Keyes, Roger George Bowlby (later 2nd Baron Keyes) 24, 375, 385 Keyes, Roger John Brownlow (later Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Baron Keyes): commands Dover Patrol 3, 4, 47, 381; commands Battle Cruiser Squadron 3, 5, 13, 24-5, 382; and demobilization problems 29-30; reverts to Rear-Admiral 3, 36-7, 43, 388; receives honorary degree 3, 36; created Baronet 3, 37, 38-9, 90, 388; and Jellicoe 3-4, 14-15, 16; and 460 THE KEYES PAPERS 1919-1938 Zeebrugge operation 3-4, 16, 22-3, 27, 44-6, 54; and Captain Carpenter 4, 21-3, 32-4; becomes DCNS 6, 9, 55-6; and Corfu incident 7, 94-5; and Naval Shipbuilding SubCommittee 7, 49-50; previous links with Churchill 8, 31-2, 119, 379; and Sir Julian Corbett 8, 53^, 66-7, 74-5; and Jutland controversy 8, 75-6, 299; negotiations with Trenchard 9-10, 97-103; becomes C.-in-C. Mediterranean 10, 109, 117-18; and Archibald Kurd 10-11, 381; and Dardanelles Campaign (1915) 46-7, 48; on Richmond’s proposal concerning obsolete ships 66; and Washington Conference 67-9; and naval air arm 72, 73; at Lausanne Conference 76, 77-8, 80-1, 83-4. 379; and Balfour SubCommittee report 90-2, 360; and potential Japanese danger 97, 110, 112, 374; relations with Turks 109; remarks on Fleet Air Arm in Mediterranean Fleet 118, 119; revisits Dardanelles 119, 130, 407-8; and Mosul crisis 120, 155-62, 164, 166-76; and Egyptian crisis 120, 180-1; and Royal Oak incident 121-2, 245-6, 247-8, 252, 284; criticism of his command in Mediterranean 122-3, 252; and movements of Mediterranean Fleet in Turkish waters 128-9, 131-4, 136, 140-2, 232-3, 420-1; survives air crash 142-3, 149, 150; remarks on difficulties of dual control of naval air 143-9; and Exercise “MU” 152-5; and Beatty’s retirement 185-8; experiences during Boxer Rebellion 185, 374. 413; remarks on Madden as Beatty’s successor 186, 216, 251, 268; and cancellation of Mediterranean Fleet’s visit to Albania 196-7, 215, 415; interview with Mussolini 214; remarks on cruiser situation 236, 237-9; views on De Robeck 242-3, 253; becomes C.-in-C. Portsmouth 251; and London Naval Conference 251; fails to become First Sea Lord 9, 121, 252. 254, 262-5, 266-8, 269-71, 272-3, 275, 282-3, 284; proposes Tyrwhitt for Mediterranean command 252, 272, 273-4; proposes Kelly for Second Sea Lord 287-8; writes memoirs 252-3, 255, 317, 319-21, 321-3. 324-5, 334, 431, 432; and Guepratte’s defense of De Robeck 253; enters Parliament 255; visits Canada and the United States 255, 317, 333, 335, 339-40. 424, 434; and Admiralty efforts to regain control of Fleet Air Arm 256-8, 344; opinions on Admiralty appointments 273-4, 279, 426; becomes Admiral of the Fleet 277; views on Field 270, 277-8, 286, 425; retirement 282, 286, 427; and Submarine Service 283, 301, 304, 352, 372, 385; views on Madden 286, 287, 299; suggested by Kelly for Atlantic Fleet after Invergordon 290; renews candidacy for position of First Sea Lord 291-3, 300-1, 304; interview with Eyres-Monsell about Tomkinson’s case 303, 304, 306-8, 310-11; interview with Baldwin over Tomkinson 304-6; desires enquiry for Tomkinson 254-6, 300-2, 311-12, 313-15, 316, 319, 325-7, 429; raises Tomkinson’s case in Parliament 328, 329, 330, 331-2, 333, 335, 337, 343-4, 432-3; publication of memoirs 340, 343, 434-5; and Government of India Act 344, 435; parliamentary activities in favour of naval air 350, 355-6, 357-61, 364-5, 366, 367, 368-9; parliamentary discussions concerning seapower 350-353; remarks on flying boat service 358-61, 374; proposes Cork and Orrery as First Sea Lord 371 King-Hall, Lieutenant William S. R. 50, 110, 129, 131, 133, 390 Kitchener, Field Marshal, 1st Earl (Horatio Herbert Kitchener): career 391-2; meeting with Keyes 53, 66; scrapped War Office plans 102; and Dardanelles campaign 322, 342; meeting with lan Hamilton 341 Knox, Geoffrey George 420-1 Krasnaya Gorka. Fort 35, 42 Kronstadt 35, 36, 41-3 Kuomintang 120; sec also China Lacaze, Vice-Amiral Marie Jean Lucien: career 398; at Lausanne Conference 6, 7. 76-7, 78-80, 84, 379 Lambart, Captain Hon. Lionel J. O. 216, 418 Lambert, George (later 1st Viscount) 71. 397 Larkcn, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Frank 203-4, 416 Latvia: attempts to reorganize army and reinstate government 35, 387; government supported by Cowan INDEX 461 381-2; see also Baltic, Cowan Lausanne Conference: attended by Keyes 6, 379; proceedings of 76-84; and Straits Convention 7, 283. 399; mentioned 95, 128, 133, 134, 138. 283 League of Nations: and Corfu incident 7, 94. 402; and Mosul crisis, 117, 120. 132. 150, 151-2, 155-7, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 170, 172. 173, 175; and Ethiopia, 346-7, 435; and Treaty of Mutual Assistance 408; mentioned 81, 294 Lee. Rt Hon Arthur Hamilton (later 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham) 71, 396 Lett, sec Latvia Leveson, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Arthur C. 36-7, 123, 388 Liman von Sanders, Field Marshal Otto 126, 407 Lindsay, Rt Hon Ronald C.: career 406; and activities of Mediterranean Fleet 126-7, 130, 136-7, 138; meets Aspinall 135 Liners (British): Empress of Britain 333 Mancla 345 Mongolia 211 Olympic 56-7 Ormonde 108 Linlithgow, 2nd Marquess of (Victor Alexander John Hope) 307, 323, 429, 431 Little, Captain (later Admiral Sir) Charles J. C. 34, 387 Lloyd, 1st Baron (George Ambrose Lloyd): career 411; and situation in Egypt 180-1, 219-20; and negotiations with Egypt over retention of British officials 200-1; and dispute over control of Egyptian army 217. 222-3; resignation of 259, 425; and Tomkinson 307; to help in Keyes’s campaign 321; and Government of India Act 435; mentioned 120, 239. 285, 295, 299, 355. 356 Lloyd George, Rt Hon David (later 1st Earl): career 388; and Hubert Gough 40-1; and Washington Conference 68, 395. 396; retirement of 187; meeting with lan Hamilton 342; mentioned 334, 366 Locarno Pact (1925) 140. 141, 408 Locker-Lampson, Rt Hon Godfrey L. T. 235, 240, 421 London Naval Conference and Treaties: disadvantages for Great Britain 285, 294, 361, 426-7; denounced by Keyes 251, 339, 434; and Backhouse 372, 373; 2nd naval conference (1935) 361-2, 369; expiration of treaty 294, 358; mentioned 273. 276, 282, 292, 316, 365, 371, 425 Long, Rt Hon Walter Hume (later 1st Viscount) 13,50, 382, 387,391 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 47 Lucia Mutiny 292. 295, 301, 303, 305, 306, 428 Lynden-Bell, Major-General Sir Arthur L. 53, 392 MacDonald, Rt Hon James Ramsay: becomes Prime Minister 251; and Keyes’s failure to become First Sea Lord 252, 262-3, 264, 265, 266-8. 269-71. 272, 273, 302; mentioned 285, 362 Maclean, Captain (later Vice-Admiral) Colin K. 43, 389 Macleod, Commander Kenneth 57, 393 MacNamara, Captain (later RearAdmiral Sir) Patrick 28, 386 Madden. Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet) Sir Charles: career 386; C.-inC. Atlantic Fleet 5, 52; remarks on demobilization problem 30-1; and scuttling of German Fleet 36; may succeed Beatty 121, 184, 189; proposed by Keyes to follow Beatty as First Sea Lord 186, 216, 251, 268; Beatty anticipates he will have difficult time as First Sea Lord 225, 420; criticized by Pound and Beatty 231. 232, 233; and building programme 234; and defence of Singapore 235; and Admiral Fuller 239; Pound comments on performance as First Sea Lord 240-1; and Royal Oak affair 247; and decision over his successor 261; opposes Keyes following him as First Sea Lord 251, 252. 260. 262, 263, 265, 269, 270-1, 283, 284-5. 293; criticized by Beatty 272. 285; and Admiralty appointments 278, 287, 298; and battle of Jutland 299, 427; criticized by Keyes 286, 292-3, 301, 316, 364; and comments of Richmond 356; mentioned 241. 302, 308 Malacca, Strait 152-3, 155 Malta 95, 346 Manchester Guardian 222, 338, 433 Manchuria 211, 417 Marlborough, Duke of 344, 435 462 THE KEYES PAPERS 1919-1938 Marmora: operations in discussed during Mosul crisis 150, 155-62, 163, 409; in war plans 165, 167, 173, 174, 175, 176, 410-11; sec also Dardanelles, Bosphorus, Straits (Turkish) Marriage Allowance 123-4, 406 Marsden, Commander (later Captain) Arthur 324, 332, 336, 432 Marten, Captain Francis A. 195, 203, 414 Maxwell, General Sir John 343, 435 McBean, Lieutenant Russell H. 42 Meade, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Hon Herbert (later MeadeFetherstonhaugh) 200, 245, 292, 416 Mediterranean Fleet: composition and role 117, 118; excessive regulation by staff 122-3; visits to Turkish waters 127-9, 130, 131^, 136-7, 138, 140-1, 142, 232-3, 420-1; and Mosul crisis 150-1, 155-62, 163, 164, 165, 177, 409; objective in war plans 167-76, 410-11; visit to Albania cancelled 196-7, 215; contribution to Valerian Fund 207-8; and Royal Oak affair 121-2, 245-6, 247 Medrow, W. A. 96, 402 Mercer, Major-General Sir David 45, 389 Merchant Ships (British): Castilian 228 Irene 230 Kiawo 413 Seang Bee 202 Mildmay, Rt Hon Colonel Francis Bingham (later 1st Baron) 73, 397 Milford Haven. 2nd Marquess of (George Louis Victor Henry Sergius Mountbatten) 219, 418 Millo di Casalgiate, Ammiraglio d’Armata Enrico 178, 411 Milner, Rt Hon 1st Viscount (Alfred Milner) 20, 341, 384 Mitchell, Rear-Admiral Francis H. 400 Mitchell Committee 87-8, 400 Mitylene 410 Mohammerah, Sheik Khazal of 105, 106, 404 Monro, General Sir Charles: career 390; relations with Keyes 53-4, 66; mentioned 48, 196, 431 Montagu, Rt Hon Edwin Samuel 67, 395-6 Moore. Rear-Admiral Sir Archibald 320, 430 Moore-Brabazon, Rt Hon John T. C. (later 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara) 71, 355, 356. 358, 397 Morning Post 332 Morrow, Dwight W. 410 Mosul, Vilayet of: dispute with Turkey 120, 126-7, 134, 137, 138; and possible Turkish aggression 150-1, 166; action by Mediterranean Fleet 155-62, 163, 164; negotiations with Turks 165, 177; in war plans 167. See also League of Nations, Mediterranean Fleet Mudania, Battle of 50, 391 Mudros 54, 130,407 Munro Kerr. Admiral Sir William 246, 423 Murray, Sir Oswyn A. R.: career 402; mentioned 96, 104, 235, 240, 308, 311 Mussolini, Benito: career 402; and Corfu incident 7, 94-5; and Adriatic 117; and Albania 118, 197, 415; meets Keyes 118, 214; to meet Churchill 191; and Ethiopia 346 Nanking 229, 420 Napier, Lieutenant L. E. S. 42, 389 Nasmith, Captain Martin E. See Dunbar-Nasmith Naval Air Service; see Fleet Air Arm Naval Shipbuilding Sub-Committee of C.I.D. (Bonar Law Committee) 49, 50-1, 390 Naval Staff Appreciation (Jutland): memorandum by Keyes and Chatfield 75-6; seen by Churchill 104; controversy over 121; Beatty and Keyes refuse to return copies 298, 299; mentioned 85, 89, 400, 404; sec also Jutland, Harper Navy League 350, 354. 355 Navy, The 350 Nelson, Horatio, Viscount 85, 86, 210 Nicholson, Commander (later Captain) Richard Lindsay 151, 409 Nicholson, Admiral Stuart 280, 426 Nicolson, Hon Sir Harold 94-5, 402 Northcliffe. 1st Viscount (Alfred Charles W. Harmsworth) 16, 23, 383, 387 Oliphant, Sir Lancelot 136, 140, 408 Oliver, Frederick Scott 16, 383 Oliver. Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet) Sir Henry F.: career 383; and Zeebrugge operation 15. 46; and demobilization problem 29; refers to “Downing Street Front” 67; Churchill asks to see 68; Beatty contacts about naval air 139, 360; to be relieved as C.-in-C. Atlantic Fleet 180, 411; INDEX 463 comments on relations between H. B. Jackson and Balfour, 195-6; praised by Cowan 210; a possible candidate for First Sea Lord 268; mentioned 48, 94, 95, 274 Oropesa Sweep 154, 409 Osborne, Captain D. 246 Otranto Straits, Action (1917) 51-2. 55 Page-Croft. Brigadier-General Henry 321, 431 Pakenham, Admiral Sir William Christopher 13, 382 Palestine 359 Paris Peace Conference 12, 28, 36 Parker, Admiral Henry Wise 96, 402-3 Peel. 2nd Viscount (later 1st Earl) (William Robert Wellesley) 93. 109, 234, 401 Peninsula War 65-6 Persia 105-6 Phillips, Captain (later Vice-Admiral Sir) Thomas Spencer Vaughan 294, 428 Pope-Hennessy, Major-General Ladislaus Herbert Richard 235,421 Port Arthur 66, 374 Pound, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) A. Dudley P. R.: career 413; suggestions about Beatty’s impending retirement 185; and Geneva Conference 121, 213, 220-1, 224-5, 226-7, 294; praised by Beatty 223; criticizes Madden 231; remarks on attempt to eliminate ACNS from Board 231-2, 235, 240; and Churchill’s attack on Admiralty building programme 234-5, 240; against Fuller coming to Admiralty 239; supports Keyes’s candidacy for First Sea Lord 259-60, 261, 268-9; advice to Tomkinson after Invergordon 307. 309, 311-12. 314, 319. 326, 328, 330; mentioned as a future First Sea Lord 331, 373; becomes First Sea Lord 257. 440; mentioned 200 Prendergast, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Robert J. 23, 384-5 Preston, Vice-Admiral Lionel George 276. 425 Puleston, Captain William Dilworth 339. 433^ Quex; sec Sinclair. Admiral Sir Hugh Francis Paget Quiberon Bay, Battle of 56 Raikes, Captain (later Admiral Sir) Robert Henry Taunton 211, 417 Ramsay, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral) Hon Sir Alexander R. M. 346, 349, 435-6 Ramsay. Captain (later Admiral Sir) Bertram Home: career 415; ordered to China 198; comments on situation in China 211-12; and incident with Backhouse 440; mentioned 206 Raper, Alfred Baldwin 71, 397 Rawlinson, General (later Field Marshal, 1st Baron) Sir Henry Seymour 27, 107, 386 Regiments (British): East Yorkshire 407 King’s Own Scottish Borderers 202, 212 Royal Scots Greys 375 Royal Welch Fusiliers 375 Regiments (Indian): 5th Gurkhas 423 Reuter, Rear-Admiral Ludwig von 25-6. 386 Rcvnc de Paris 253, 279 Reza Kahn (later Riza Shah Pahlevi) 105. 404 Richards. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Frederick William 283, 356, 361, 363, 426 Richmond. Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Herbert W.: career 394; on capital ships 60, 394; views on Washington Conference 64-6; C.-in-C. East Indies 96-7. 102-3. 107. 403; comments on protection of Persian oil supplies 105-6; views may add to difficulties of Admiralty 350-3, 361. 437; joins fight for Admiralty control of naval air 354-6, 356-7; criticizes Chatfield 356; becomes Master of Downing College 354, 438; criticizes Baldwin 357; mentioned 282, 343 Rigele, Linienschiffsleutnant Hermann 415 Robertson, Field Marshal Sir William R. 56, 342-3. 392-3 Roome, Engineer Captain (later RearAdmiral) George W. 25. 385 Roosevelt. President Franklin Delano: career 430; and Keyes’s visit to the United States 255, 317, 339-40, 374 Rose, Vice-Admiral Sir Frank Forrester 179, 411 Rothermere, 1st Viscount (Harold Sidney Harmsworth) 321, 431 464 THE KEYES PAPERS 1919-1938 Roumania. and Mosul crisis, 152, 156; mentioned in war plans 172, 175, 410 Royal Air Force: relations with Navy 9, 57-9; and Iraq, 105, 163, 359, 410; service in carriers 138-40, 144-9; role in the event of war with Turkey over Mosul 171; and chartered liner at Alexandria to maintain flying boats 345-6, 361; lacks understanding of naval traditions 349; strategic doctrine 359; and control of Fleet Air Arm 368; retains control of shore based aircraft 370; and Inskip’s recommendation 371; mentioned, 256, 366; sec also Air Ministry, Trenchard. Coastal Command, Fleet Air Arm Royal Navy Club 56 Royal Oak incident: and Keyes 121-2, 245-6, 247, 260; and Kelly 247-8; Alexander promises will not effect decision on new First Sea Lord 261; supposedly used against Keyes by Madden 262, 283, 284, 300; deplorable handling by Admiralty 292, 301 Royle, Captain (later Admiral Sir) Guy Charles Cecil 211, 417 Russia: and Lausanne Conference 78, 81, 82, 399; and Persia 105, 106; and Turkey 156, 170, 173; activities in China 211 see also Baltic, Black Sea, Bolsheviks Russia (Bolshevik Navy) 34, 35, 42 Russia (White Army): fraternizes with Germans 34; intriguing and quarrelling 42, 43. Sec also Cowan, Baltic Russo-Japanese War 374; see also Port Arthur Salisbury, 4th Marquess of (James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil): career 401; arbitrates aircraft coxswain question 240, 419; on committee to study building programme 235; to help in demand for Invergordon enquiry 307; mentioned 93, 355 Salisbury Sub-Committee of C.I.D. (1923) 91, 93, 401 Salmond, Marshal of the R.A.F. Sir John M. 357, 439 Sanders, Field Marshal Otto Liman von sec Liman von Sanders Sandford, Commander Francis Hugh 32. 88, 387, 400 Sandford, Lieutenant Richard 400 Santa Quaranta 196-7, 415; see also Albania, Adriatic Scapa Flow 5, 25-6, 27, 31, 36 Scheer, Admiral Reinhard: career 400; and Jutland 85, 86, 87, 89. 198; sortie in August 1916 339 Scott, Admiral Sir Percy 50-1, 92, 391 Seagrave, Captain (later Vice-Admiral) John R. 23, 384 Sevres, Treaty of 6, 81 Seymour, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Edward Hobart 185,413 Shanghai 206, 216, 243; see also China Shannon, Dowager Countess of 18, 383 Sims, Admiral William Sowden 198, 415 Sinclair, Admiral Sir Hugh Francis Paget 51, 391 Singapore: base at, 6, 62; decision not to precede with development of base 96-7, 403; reinforcement of 102-3, 117, 119; relief simulated in Exercise “MU” 152-5; construction of base resumed 189, 190, 413; War Office proposes reduction in defences 235; visited by Tyrwhitt 244; destination of long distance flight by flying boats 349 Sirianni, Ammiraglio di Squadra Giuseppe 214, 418 Slaghek, Capitano di Vascello Luigi 178 Smith, Frederick Edwin see Birkenhead, 1st Earl of Smyrna 171-2, 173, 410 Snowden, Rt Hon Philip (later 1st Viscount) 285, 427 Stack, Sir Lee 180,412 Stamfordham, 1st Baron (Arthur John Bigge) 247, 423 Stanley, Rt Hon Lord (Edward Montagu Cavendish) 311, 344, 347, 369, 430 Stapleton – Cotton, Rear – Admiral R.G.A.W. 409 Staveley, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral) Cecil M. 180, 181, 411, 414 Steele, Lieutenant Gordon 42, 389 Still. Lieutenant J. 125, 406 Stopford, Lieut.-General Hon Sir Frederick William 135, 342, 408 Straits (Turkish): and Lausanne Conference 6, 7; demilitarization of, 76, 77, 79-80, 81, 82, 83, 84; see also Dardanelles, Bosphorus, Lausanne Conference Strickland, General Sir E. Peter 219-20, 419 Sturdee, Admiral of the Fleet Sir F. C. Doveton 353, 438 INDEX 465 Submarine Service 283, 301, 304, 352 Sueter, Rear-Admiral Sir Murray Fraser: career 397; supports Keyes over Tomkinson case 333; perennial critic of Admiralty 71, 350-1, 369, 437 Summerford, Engineer Rear-Admiral Horace George 192. 414 Summerford, Sub-Lieutenant Ronald 192, 414 Sunday Times 343, 357 Swinton, 1st Earl of (Philip CunlifTeLister) 247-8, 355, 368, 438 Taylor, Captain (later Vice-Admiral Sir) Ernest Augustus 23, 25, 351. 384. 437 Tewfik Bey. Colonel 79-80, 398 Tewfik Rushdi Bey (later Tewfik Rushdi Aras) 127,407 Thurn, Vice-Admiral John Knowles im 297, 301. 428 Thursby, Admiral Sir Cecil F. 280. 426 Thwaites. Lieut.-Colonel Norman G. 3, 20, 21, 384 Tillard. Captain Stephen Dowell 206, 417 Times, The: and Hipper’s obituary 304. 308, 429; and naval air question 352, 355, 356, 357; mentioned 321; sec also Dawson, Geoffrey Tomkinson, Captain (later ViceAdmiral) Wilfred: career 383:, on state of Lion 18-20; commands Battle Cruiser Squadron 253, 254, 427; and Invergordon mutiny 254, 255, 256, 429; criticized by Admiralty 294, 296, 309-10, 312-13, 428, 430; desires enquiry 299, 300-1, 302, 314-16, 325-7 329; and Gordon Campbell 302, 305-6. 308, 310, 323^, 429-30; past service with Keyes 304-5; advised by Pound 307, 309, 311-12, 330, 331; and Eyres-Monsell 309, 310-11, 336-8; termination of career 317-19; wants Admiralty letter of censure withdrawn 328-9; case raised in Parliament 329-31, 332-3, 343-4. 432-3; criticized by Brand 334-5; criticized by Waistell 335 Trade, Board of 360 Trafalgar. Battle of 298 Treasury, British: and Corfu incident 94; and oil reserves 95-6; and Trenchard-Keyes agreement 98-9, 100, 403, 404; pressure on Admiralty for economy 123, 166, 427; and Air Ministry 359; see also Churchill Trenchard, Air Chief Marshal (later Marshal of the R.A.F., 1st Viscount), Hugh Montague: career 403; negotiations with Keyes 9-10, 97-101, 102, 103, 256; and “unified air” proposal 182, 183, 412; and Chiefs of Staff Committee 228; and aircraft coxswain question 240; and debates over control of naval air 355, 356, 361, 366, 368, 438; mentioned 150.. 166, 359, 363; sec also TrenchardKeyes Agreement, Royal Air Force, Air Ministry, Fleet Air Arm Trenchard-Keyes Agreement (1924) 10, 118, 256, 283,412 Tunney, Gene 194 Turkey: and Lausanne Conference 6, 78, 399; and Straits, 79-80, 81-2, 83, 86; limitation of fleet 83; relations with British 84, 108, 117; objects to activities of Mediterranean Fleet 127-9, 130, 131, 132-4, 137, 138, 142; and Iraq 105, 119-120; and Mosul crisis 120, 150-1, 155-6, 162, 163, 164; negotiations with British Government over Mosul 165, 166, 177; plans for war against 167-76; sec also Dardanelles, Bosphorus, Marmora, Straits (Turkish), Mosul, Lausanne Conference Tyrrell, Sir William George (later 1st Baron) 219, 225, 235,240,419 Tyrwhitt, Angela, Lady 207, 218,230 Tyrwhitt, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet) Sir Reginald Yorke: career 382; and Zeebrugge operation 15, 46, 383; argument with Leveson 36-7; C.-in-C. China 120, 201, 206, 212. 218. 416-17; describes situation in China 229-30, 243-5; proposed by Keyes for command of Mediterranean Fleet 252. 272, 273-4, 276, 279; not appointed to Mediterranean 265-6, 278, 292, 301; and Invergordon mutiny 290, 332, 333, 433; and Tomkinson 329, 432; recommends Cork and Orrery as First Sea Lord 372; comments on Backhouse 372. 374; mentioned 39, 370 Tyrwhitt, (Later Admiral Sir) St John Reginald Joseph 39, 388 United States: possible assistance in Anglo-Japanese war 111, 112; rivalry with Britain 121; and Geneva Conference 221, 223, 224-5, 226-7; and belligerent rights question 422; and preliminaries to second London naval 466 THE KEYES PAPERS 1919-1938 conference 362; remains outside League of Nations, 408; mentioned, 233, 235, 374; sec also: United States (Navy), Washington Conference, Washington Treaties, Coolidge United States (Navy): and parity with Great Britain 6; building programme 49, 236, 238; and Washington Conference 57. 59-60, 61, 62, 63, 238, 395; development of air arm 166, 410; and enforcement of freedom of the seas 239; builds 35,000 ton battleships 351-2; see also: Washington Conference, Washington Treaties, Morrow Versailles, Treaty of 5 Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 214 Vitale, Colonel Umberto 77 Wafd Party 120 Waistell, Captain (later Admiral Sir) Arthur K.: career 393; C.-in-C. Portsmouth 282, 426; and Invergordon mutiny 332, 333, 433; criticizes Tomkinson 335; mentioned 56, 297 Wake, Captain (later Vice-Admiral Sir) St Aubyn Baldwin 196, 203, 416 Wales, Prince of (later Edward VIII) 56, 293, 393 Wanhsien, action 413 War Office: proposes abolition of Air Ministry 57-9; demands enquiry on air question 72; plans scrapped by Kitchener during war 102; and Worthington-Evans 107; transfers control of Iraq to Air Ministry 410; orders Gort home from China 229, 243; proposes reduction in defence of Singapore 235; and AspinallOglander’s account of Gallipoli 325 Warren, Commander 246 Warships (Austro-Hungarian): Helgoland 51 Novara 51, 55 Saida 51 St. Gcorg 51 U.31 415 Warships (British): Classes: “C” (Cruisers) 239 “D” (Cruisers) 207, 239 “Dido” 366, 367, 439 “E” (Cruisers) 102 “Iron Duke” 169 “Kent” 230, 244, 422 “Queen” 280 “Rosario” 66 “Super Hood” 67, 104, 238, 395 Aboukir 353 Agamemnon 208 Agincourt 65 Ajax 375 Alacrity 19, 413 Aphis 204-5, 417 Ark Royal (1914) 95 Baralong 42 Barham 200, 219, 222,409 Benbow 168, 169 Birmingham 23 Bristol 51 Broke 132 Bryony 109, 125, 126, 131, 133, 134, 225. 242, 246, 345, 405 C.3, 400 Calcutta 193, 194 Caledon 241 Capetown 192, 193, 194, 195 Caradoc 201, 202, 206 Cardiff 244 Caterham 241 Cockschafter 413 Collingwood 23 Colossus 19, 305 Courageous 208, 345, 346, 348 Coventry 128, 168 Cressy 353 Curlew 192, 193 Daffodil 22 Danae 212, 218 Dartmouth 51, 55 Dauntless 197, 206 Delhi 207, 218,232,418 Despatch 201, 206, 218,413 Dragon 218 Dreadnought 65 Dublin 178 Durban 201 Eagle 61, 118, 122, 129, 142-3, 144, 146, 147, 148, 345, 409, 410 Effingham 102, 103 Egmont 246 Emerald 202 Enterprise 202 Falmouth 87 Firedrake 15 Formidable 47, 389 Frobisher 217 Furious 348, 411 Galatea 40, 388 General Craufurd 46 Glorious 208, 348 Haw kins 212 Hermes 99, 201, 202, 403, 409, 410 INDEX 467 Hesperian 199 Hague 353 Hood (1891) 65 Hood (1918) 5, 26, 28, 49, 50, 52, 67, 200, 305, 352 Indefatigable 429, 434 Indomitable 88 Inflexible 88 7r0M £>//fce 87, 286, 421 Irresistible 407 Keppel 206 /Cmg George X 286, 427 L.4 230 Ladybird 204-205, 417, 440 Lion 3, 18, 19-20, 38, 86, 87, 88, 305, 430 Lord Nelson 24 Lucia 292, 295, 301, 303, 305, 428 Lurcher 15 Malaya 220, 222, 345 Mantis 413 Marlborough 350, 409 M0rs 65 Monarch 194, 210, 414 Nelson 221, 232, 345, 349 New Zealand 430 Ocean 407 Petersfield 207 Princess Royal 26, 177, 417 <2//een Elizabeth 31, 87, 117, 125, 133, 190, 213, 228, 241, 242, 247, 280, 298, 339, 409 Queen Mary 429, 434 Ramillcs 225, 228, 345 Renown 219. 269, 419 Repulse 26, 50, 269, 345 Resolution 169, 180, 181, 245 Revenge 414 Rodney 345 Royal Oak 121, 122, 169, 245, 246, 247, 260, 261, 262, 283, 284, 292. 300, 301, 410 Royal Sovereign 219 Scarab 413 Sir John Moore 46 Surprise 188, 413 Tarantula 201 Tiger 3, 5. 25, 26, 50, 385 Titania 211 Valerian 192, 193, 207,414 Valiant 168 ; 169, 170, 410 Venus 26 Verulam 43 Veteran 202 Victorious 65 Vindictive (1897), 4, 10, 22, 32, 33, 385, 387 Vindictive (1918), 201 Vittoria 43 Wanderer 204-5, 417 Warspite 188, 345 Weymouth 198, 415 Widgeon 413 Wife/I 187, 188 Wolverine 204-205, 417 Warships (Canadian): Saguenay 339, 434 Warships (French): Vauquelin 339, 434 Warships (German): Bliicher 320 Derfflinger 86 Emden 26 Friederich der Grosse 26 Goe&ert 83, 399 Lutzow 86 Seydlitz 86 Warships (Italian): Conte di Cavour 178 Warships (Japanese): Mwfsw 63, 68, 395 Warships (Russian): Andrci Pervozvanni 41, 42 Bogatyr 42, 389 0/eg 35 Pamiat Azov 41, 42 Petropavlovsk 35, 41, 42 K//r/fc 41 Warships (United States): Classes: “Maryland” 63, 68, 395 Colorado 63 Scorpion 133 Washington Naval Conference: Chatfield attends 6, 57, 59-60, 62-4, 394; French position 61; Richmond’s views on 64-6; and limitation of Turkish fleet 83; and proposal for naval holiday 395; sec also Washington Treaties Washington Treaties: preclude storage of mines at Hong Kong 97; possibility of abrogation 238; limitations extended by London Naval Conference 251, 427; Roosevelt considers necessary 339; termination 358; see also London Naval Conference and Treaties Wedgewood. Josiah C. (later 1st Baron) 35, 369, 387 Wei-hai-wei 218, 230 Weir, 1st Baron (later Viscount) William Douglas 93, 401 Wellesley, Sir Victor A. A. H. 120, 416 Wemyss, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Rosslyn Erskine (later 1st Baron 468 THE KEYES PAPERS 1919-1938 Wester-Wemyss): career 382; replaces Jellicoe 3; feud with Beatty 32, 382, 386-7; sends Cowan to Baltic 38; and Dardanelles Campaign 46, 53, 66, 280; mentioned 14, 17, 37, 370 Westminster, 2nd Duke of (Hugh Richard Arthur Grosvenor) 237, 321, 421 Weygand, General Maxime 77, 80, 84, 398-9 Wigram, Clive (later 1st Baron) 247, 423 Wilson, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet 104, 404 Wilson, Field Marshal Sir Henry Hughes 57-9, 394 Wood, Frederick Lindley see Halifax, 1st Viscount Worthington-Evans, Rt Hon Sir Laming 107, 179, 404-5 Yachts (British): Sheelah 185, 223, 228, 233 Yahsin, Premier (of Iraq) 105 Yang Sen 413 Yangtze River: action at Wanhsien 189, 203, 413; 3rd Flotilla on 244; mentioned 189, 374, 440 York, Albert, Duke of (later George VI) 419 Yugoslavia: and British naval visits 118; tension with Italy 415 Zaghlul, Saad 180,217,411 Zeebrugge, Raid (1918): and Kurd’s account 10-11; and Jellicoe 3, 4, 14-15, 16, 17, 44-6; and Tynvhitt 15, 383; publicity distasteful to Keyes 16, 22-3, 27; Hamilton comments on significance 18; role of Captain Carpenter 21-2, 32-3; comments of Heyssler 54; Richmond’s desire to block in 1914 65; and Sandford brothers 400; exhibition at Wembley (1924) 104; mentioned 9, 214, 382 Zihni Bey, Commander 124, 131, 406
Paul Halpern was born in New York 27 January 1937, and graduated from the University of Virginia in 1958 with honours in History. He served in the US Army 1958-60, reaching the rank of First Lieutenant. He entered Harvard University in 1960, where he gained an MA in History in 1961 and in 1966 his PhD, with a two volume thesis on The Mediterranean Naval Situation. He spent his entire academic career at Florida State University at Tallahassee, starting as an instructor in 1965, rising to assistant professor in 1966, associate professor in 1970, and professor in 1974. On retiring in 2005 he became emeritus professor. In 1986-87 he served as visiting professor of strategy at the Naval War College in Newport Rhode Island.
He served on the Council of the Navy Records Society 1968-72, 1982-86 and 2010-14. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a member of the American Historical Foundation, the US Naval Institute, the Naval Historical Foundation, Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Eta Sigma
His publications include
• The Mediterranean Naval Situation, 1908-1914 (Harvard University Press, 1971).
• The Naval War in the Mediterranean (Allen and Unwin, 1987).
• The Royal Navy in the Mediterranean, 1915-18 (Navy Records Society, 1987)
• The Keyes Papers, Volume I (Navy Records Society, 1972).
• The Keyes Papers, Volume II (Navy Records Society, 1980).
• The Keyes Papers, Volume III (Navy Records Society, 1981).
• A Naval History of World War I (Naval Institute Press, 1994).
• Anton Haus: Osterreich-Ungarns Grossadmiral (Graz, 1998).
• The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the gateway to the Adriatic in World War I (Indiana University Press, 2004).
• The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919-29 (Navy Records Society, 2011).
• The Mediterranean Fleet, 1930-39 (Navy Records Society, 2016).
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