The start of Volume III, 1939-1945, finds Keyes in a frustrating position. Too young for fleet command in the First World War, he was now too old for command in the Second World War. Keyes’s temperament did not allow him to suffer in silence. His criticisms of the Naval Staff, and implicitly of the government reached another climax with his celebrated speech in the debate in the House of Commons in May 1940, which helped to bring down the Chamberlain government.
On 17 July 1940 Keyes was appointed Director of Combined Operations, and he set to work to build up an organization. Immediately this organization was at odds with both the Royal Navy and the Army, as they were competing for the same supplies, equipment and manpower. He was treated with considerable suspicion, personally, by the 3 Chiefs of Staff, who knew all to well his close connection to Churchill, and most of his proposals were ruled out by various planning committees.
In March 1941 the Commandos carried out a raid on the Lofoten Islands, and for much of the summer Keyes was involved in planning a raid on the Grand Canary Island or the Azores (Operation Pilgrim). This culminated in August in Exercise Leapfrog, designed as the dress rehearsal for the operation. The mistakes committed during this exercise led directly to Keyes dismissal as DCO and was eventually relived of his post by Churchill.
For the second time in the war Keyes was out of a job, when he thought he ought to have been running the war. He continued to write to all his naval friends and spoke out against the conduct of the war in Parliament. Despite his criticisms of the direction of the war Churchill offered Keyes a peerage, which he accepted. He died on 26th December 1945.
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INDEX Abyssinian Crisis 243 Admiralty: and failure to aid Poland 3; and Coastal Command 4, 18; and Norwegian campaign 4, 5, 39, 318; and submarine war 12, 13; suspicious of Combined Operations organisation 78, 148; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 111, 135; and evacuation of Narvik 329-30; and Keyes’s appointment as DCO 115, 227; criticized by Richmond over Irish ports 162; and Fleet Air Arm 222, 247-8, 263-4; and Dudley North affair 223, 265-7. 345; decline proposal Keyes be buried in St Paul’s 226; criticized by Keyes for failure to take offensive action 228, 259; and Lord Cork and Orrery 271-2; and Somerville’s conduct at Cape Spartivento 345-6; see also Naval Staff, Pound, Alexander Admiralty Islands 279, 282, 294. See also Manus Adriatic 117, 272-3 Aegean 98; see also ‘Mandible’, Dodecanese Afrika Korps 82 Agar, Captain Augustus Wellington Shelton 249-50, 349 Ainsworth, Rear-Admiral Walden L. (USN) 289, 360 Air Ministry: and Churchill 4; and Fleet Air Arm 16, 18, 241, 242-3, 260-1; cricized by Keyes over failure to understand naval requirements 19, 21, 22; and Combined Operations 87-8, 93; and Coastal Command 113; mentioned 262; see also Coastal Command, Royal Air Force, Bomber Command, Fighter Command Aird, Jack 102 Albania 117 Albert T, King of the Belgians 48, 50, 51, 319, 320 Alexander, Rt Hon Albert Victor (later 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough): career 323; and Keyes 81, 132; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 101, 129; criticized by Richmond 116, 244, 246, 251, 253; and despatch of ‘Glen’ liners around the Cape 145; criticized by Keyes 150-1, 152, 248, 249, 254, 259; and Singapore base 151; calls for a certain absolute strength 162, 336-7; and Fleet Air Arm 247; and Dudley North affair 266, 267; and Lord Cork and Orrery’s report 271; mentioned 74, 262, 322, 330 Alexander, Lieut-General (later Field Marshal, 1st Earl of Tunis) Harold Rupert Leofric George: career 340; on Keyes’s plans for Sardinia 184; and Operation ‘Leapfrog’ 83, 189, 191, 192, 193, 203; and Operation ‘Pilgrim’ 194; mentioned 197, 215 ‘Alloy’ Operation 107, 129 Amery, Rt Hon Leopold Stennett 7 Andalsnes 4, 5 Andrews, Rt Hon John Miller: career, 343; and proposal Keyes be made Governor General of Northern Ireland 214, 216. 217 Antwerp 49, 320 Anzac (Beach) 225 Arnold, Major-General Archibald V. (USA) 283, 284, 294, 297, 358 Atlantic, Battle of the 167, 168, 169, 170. 173, 175 Atlantic Islands: German threat to 80, 82 170; plans for mopping up 165, 166, 168, 194; and the United States 176, 177, 178; mentioned 167, 171; see also Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands Attlee, Rt Hon Clement Richard (later 1st Earl): career 328-9; mentioned 111, 268 382 THE KEYES PAPERS 1939-1945 Auchinleck, General (later Field Marshal Sir) Claude John Eyre: career 339; viewy on Commandos 182; mentioned 215, 248, 251, 253 Australia: visited by Keyes 223-5, 277, 300-1, 302; threatened by invasion 250; government requires education on naval affairs 277; delays in dockyards 301, 361; development of naval aviation 302; troops anxious to participate in reconquest of British possessions 304 Australia (Navy): supports operations in Admiralty Islands 279; and Tanahmerah landings 282; and invasion of Leyte 287, 289, 290 Azores: and the United States 82, 175, 177; mentioned 79, 127, 167, 340; see also ‘Brisk’, Thruster’ Bacon, Admiral Sir Reginald H. S.: career 318; at Dover 42, 98, 256; and Submarine Service 151; mentioned 72, 240, 249 Baillie-Grohman, Rear-Admiral (later V’ce-Admiral) Harold Tom 239, 347 Baldwin, Rt Hon Stanley (later 1st Earl of Bewdley) 13, 313 Balfour, Captain Harold Harington (later 1st Baron) 19, 314 Baltic 3, 8, 11, 13 Barbey, Vice-Admiral Daniel Edward (USN): career 357; in Leyte invasion force 285, 287; mentioned 281, 360 Bardia, 181 Barham, Admiral, 1st Baron (Charles Middleton) 151, 335 Baruch, Bernard Mannes: career 338; and Keyes 82, 173; mentioned 303 Beardall, Captain (later Rear-Admiral) John Reginald (USN): career 339; and Commander Woolley 176, 177, 178 Beatty, Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Earl, David: career 311; and Keyes 15, 151; and Heligoland action 33; and Madden 34, 43; mentioned 8 Beaverbrook, 1st Baron (William Maxwell Aitken) 111, 260, 329 Belgium: Keyes’s mission to 3-4, 24, 89, 130, 134; campaign in 7, 44-6, 48-56, 66-71, 73-4; operations off coast during World War I 31, 33, 42, 184; see also Leopold III, Zeebrugge, Ostend Belgium (Army): praised by Keyes 48, 52, 90; and Belgian campaign 60-1, 62, 63-6; forced to request armistice 57, 58, 59, 66-71; mentioned 48, 64 Benghazi 103, 140 Benn, Rt Hon William Wedgwood (later 1st Viscount Stansgate) 244, 253. 348 Bergen 24, 27, 265 Berryman, Lieut-General (later Sir) Frank Horton 280, 282, 356 Bevan, Rt Hon Aneurin 252, 255, 349 Bevin, Rt Hon Ernest 248, 255, 259, 348 Billotte, General Gaston-Henri-Gustav 52, 61, 320 Birkenhead, 1st Earl of (Frank Edwin Smith) 151-2, 335 Bizerte 259, 265 Blake, Vice-Admiral Sir Geoffrey 104, 327-8 Blake, Admiral and General at Sea Robert 20, 314 Blarney, General (later Field Marshal) Sir Thomas Albert 28 U 357 Blanchard, General Jean-MauriceGeorges 62, 322 Blenheim, Battle of 128 Boak, Commodore James Earl (USN): career 355; at Manus 279, 282, 283, 291, 358 Boisson, Pierre Fran?ois 353 Bomber Command (RAF): fails to support Coastal Command 19-20, 22, 113; mentioned 18, 314; see also Royal Air Force Bourne, Lieut-General (later General Sir) Alan George: career 325; appointed chief of raiding operations 77, 86-8, 159; and Keyes 91, 102, 149; mentioned 190, 229, 232 Bower, Commander Robert Tatton: career 313; proposals on Coastal Command 314; on Fleet Air Arm 16, 17; on Bergen 24; charges concerning the evacuation of Narvik 114, 329-30 Bownhill, Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick William 113, 329 Bowlby, Captain Geoffrey 51, 55, 320 Bowlby, Captain Lionel 55, 321 Boyd, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Denis W. 262, 352 Boyle, Admiral Hon Sir Algernon D. E. H.: career 316-17; and Keyes 25, 240. 248-9 Brabner, Lieut-Commander (later Commander) Rupert Arnold 274-8, 348 Bracken, Rt Hon Brendan (later 1st Viscount): career 315; serves as INDEX 383 intermediary between Churchill and Keyes 22, 213, 222, 269; advised by Keyes of new edition of memoirs 164-5; suggests Keyes be sent on goodwill mission to Australia and New Zealand 223, 225, 292; receives report of Keyes’s mission 225, 301, 302-3; anxious about Keyes’s health 304 ‘Brisk’, Operation: delays in preparation of 94, 97; and Joint Planning Staff 96; conflicting claims on ‘Workshop’ 100, 109; proposed force for 103, 104, 327; mentioned 128, 129, 130, 135, 138 British Expeditionary Force: and Belgian campaign 52, 56-7, 59-71, 74, 89-90, 114-15, 322; mentioned 77; see also Gort British Joint Staff Mission (Washington) 82, 175, 176, 179 Brock, Wing Commander Frank A. 108, 110, 328 Brooke, General Sir Alan Francis (later Field Marshal, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke) 187, 205, 215. 340 Brookes, Sir Norman Everard 280, 356 Brunsbuttel 8. 311 Brunton, Commander Thomas B. 163. 337 Byers, Major-General Clovis E. (USA) 282, 357 Byng, Admiral John 267, 353 Cabinet: and Norwegian campaign 4-5. 6, 42, 318; and Belgian campaign 56, 60; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 106; and Operation ‘Puma’ 166; and Dudley North affair 265; mentioned 240, 262 Cadiz 165 Cagliari 81, 183, 184; see also ‘Yorker’ Campbell, Captain Robin 241 Camrose, 1st Viscount (William Ewert Berry) 240, 241, 337 Canada 33, 224 Canada (Army) 183, 186 Canary Islands: necessity to secure 79, 82; mentioned 340, 341; see also Spain, ‘Puma’, ‘Pilgrim’, Gando Cape Helles 225 Cape Spartivento 345 Cape Verde Islands 79, 177; see also ‘Shrapnel’ Cartier de Marchienne, Baron de 25, 53, 317 Carton de Wiart, Lieut-General Sir Adrian: career 321; and expedition to Namsos 4, 5, 72, 89, 206, 238; mentioned 53 Carton de Wiart, Comtesse 53 Casablanca 168, 170 Caslon, Captain (later Vice-Admiral) Clifford 155, 163, 336 Castelorizzo 158, 181, 336 Casten, Dr Virgil G. 290 ‘Castle’, Operation 136 ‘Catapult’, Operation 352; see also Oran Caubergh, Colonel (later Lieut-General Baron) Alfred Van: career 319; in Belgian campaign 46, 48, 50 Ceylon 245, 246 Chamberlain, Rt Hon Arthur Neville: and aid to Poland 11, 12; and Fleet Air Arm 13, 22, 113; and Keyes’s liaison with King Leopold 24; and Norwegian campaign 42, 43-4. 319; and Irish bases 162; and fall of Government 4. 6, 8. 72 Chamberlin, Lieut-General Stephen J. (USA): career 356; mentioned 280, 281, 291, 297 Channel Islands 186, 214 Charles, Prince of Belgium, Count of Flanders 48. 55 Chatfield. Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Baron (Alfred Ernie Montacute Chatfield): career 311; caution of 8. 10; and Fleet Air Arm 14, 21, 243; and Beatty 33; criticized by Keyes over Fleet Air Arm 112-14; criticized by Richmond 116, 162, 251; mentioned 226, 259, 261, 362 Cherbourg Peninsula 186, 214 Cherwell, 1st Viscount (Frederick Alexander Lindemann) 223 Chiefs of Staff Committee: and Operation ‘Hammer’ 5; and Keyes’s proposal for Trondheim 38, 72; appoint Bourne commander of raiding operations 77. 86-8; relationship with Director of Combined Operations 78, 81; and proposal to capture Pantelleria 94, 95, 97, 100, 326; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 80, 104, 106-7, 109, 110, 132, 137-8, 139, 140, 141, 238, 333-4; and Operation ‘Claymore’ 154, 336; agree to amendments to DCO’s directive 159-61, 209; approve formation of new amphibious striking force 164, 165, 204; and Operation ‘Puma’ 169; criticized by Keyes for delaying action 172, 186-7; and Operation ‘Pilgrim’ 191-2, 227, 341, 345; and combined operations 384 THE KEYES PAPERS 1939-1945 86-8, 93-4, 181, 190; suggest new inter-service organization for combined operations 84, 198-200, 201, 207, 209-11, 212, 227; mentioned 11, 179, 270 Churchill, Clementine, Lady 101, 105, 257, 327 Churchill, Diana 105, 328 Churchill Lieut-Colonel J. M. T. F. 272-3, 275, 276, 354 Churchill, Mary 105, 328 Churchill, Randolph Frederick Edward Spencer: career 325; serves in Commandos 91, 135, 136, 146 Churchill, Brigadier Thomas B. L. 272, 273, 275, 276, 354 Churchill, Rt Hon Sir Winston Leonard Spencer: returns to Admiralty as First Lord 3, 8, 9, 10, 311, 312; and Fleet Air Arm 4, 19, 21, 112, 242-3, 261; and Norwegian campaign 4, 6, 22-5, 26, 44; and Keyes’s proposals concerning Trondheim 5, 32, 34, 37, 39, 72, 104, 322- 3; sends Keyes to Belgium 7, 90; and submarine service 21; and Belgian campaign 51, 53-6, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69-70; attacks conduct of King Leopold 58, 59, 74, 322; and seizure of French Fleet 72, 322; appoints Keyes DCO 77, 88, 91, 115; personal relationship with Keyes causes difficulties 78, 83-4, 128-9, 216, 221, 231-3, 234-5, 236, 237, 331; and Pantelleria 79-80, 97, 100-1, 268, 324; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 102, 104-6, 109, 111-12, 119, 125-6, 130, 132^, 211, 238, 332, 333-4, 346; rebukes Keyes for intemperate criticisms of naval staff 81, 142, 153; agrees to amendments to DCO’s directive 159, 209; and Operation ‘Menace’ 128, 171, 223, 266, 268, 331, 352-3; broadcasts to Italian people 136, 333; and Operation ‘Claymore’ 156-7; and Dardanelles campaign 164-5, 172, 255; answers Lloyd George’s criticism 169, 337-8; replies to critics in Parliament 172, 238, 338; orders Commandos in Middle East reconstituted 181; meets with Roosevelt in Newfoundland 186, 340; and Operation ‘Pilgrim’ 192, 193, 196, 197, 341; speech on war situation 206, 342; accepts Chiefs of Staff Committee proposals for new inter-service organization for combined operations 84, 201-3, 207-8, 210, 227, 235; dismisses Keyes 84, 208, 211-12, 216, 228; rejects Keyes’s proposal to go to the Middle East 85, 214; attempts to make Keyes Governor-General of Northern Ireland 85, 213, 214, 216, 343; avoids interview with Keyes 217-18, 233, 237, 268; and question of Keyes’s age 207, 267, 268, 361; and motion of censure 222, 252, 254-5, 256, 267, 270; offers Keyes a peerage 222, 257, 258, 259, 269; approves Keyes’s goodwill mission to Australia and New Zealand 223, 303; at unveiling of memorial plaque to Keyes in St Paul’s 226; and Japanese threat in Indian Ocean 245-6; and death of Geoffrey Keyes 257, 269, 350; sends British Fleet to Pacific 277; mentioned 6, 34, 162, 248, 249, 266, 304, 361 ‘Chutney’, Operation 165 Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 24, 316 Clarke, Captain (WAC) 280, 282 ‘Claymore’, Operation 82, 154-7, 163-4 Coastal Command (RAF): and Fleet Air Arm 4, 17, 18; and proposals of Commander Bower 314; not supported by Bomber and Fighter Commands 19-20, 22, 113; Keyes and Richmond want naval control 113, 114. 116; and evacuation of Narvik 329-30; sec also Royal Air Force, Fleet Air Arm Cockburn, Major 55 Collins, Commodore (later ViceAdmiral Sir) John A. (RAN) 283, 290, 358 Colville, (later Sir) John Rupert: career 327; and Keyes 78, 101, 324, 327, 331 Colvin. Admiral Sir Ragnar Musgrave 253, 349 Combined Operations Organisation: and appointment of Keyes 77, 78; directive to General Bourne 86-8; changes in procedure proposed by Keyes 92; Keyes receives revised directive 159-61, 209; Chiefs of Staff Committee suggest new inter-service organisation 198-200, 201, 207, 209- 11, 212, 277; see also Keyes, Commandos Commandos: under C.-in-C. Home Forces to meet threat of invasion 78; and Atlantic Islands 79; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 125, 133, 137-8, 332, 333-4; and effects of delay in INDEX 385 operations 130, 138-9; sent to Mediterranean and Middle East 81, 99, 100, 165, 181; and Operation ‘Brisk’ 96, 97, 101, 327; and Crete 94, 96, 109; and training 110, 132; strength in December 1940 118-19; dispersal of 144, 146-8, 248, 254, 334; Castelorizzo 158, 336; Churchill orders reconstruction in Middle East 181, 182, 239, 248; operations in Syria 182, 218, 228, 339-40; and Operation ‘Pilgrim’ 194; Haydon recommends use in series of small raids 196-7; and Keyes 85, 204, 212, 215; Keyes favours use in Mediterranean theatre 215-16, 218; Keyes fears will not be properly employed 228-9, 230, 353; and landings in Sicily 269, 353; and South-East Asia 271; and Dalmatian Islands 272-3, 275-6; mentioned 98. 233 ? 293 Commandos (Units): No. 2 275, 276, 354 No. 3 353 No. 7 181 No. 8 (Guards) 132 No. 11 (Scottish) 102, 182. 218. 228- 9, 334, 335 No. 40 (Royal Marine) 275, 355 No. 50 (Middle East) 336 Conolly, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral) Richard L. (USN): career 355-6; meets Keyes in Hawaii 224, 228; at Manus 279, 282; at Hollandia 280, 281; Keyes’s host during invasion of Leyte 282-7, 289, 290, 292, 294, 297; and landings in Sicily 293; and Keyes’s proposal for night landings 298 Cooper, Alfred Duff; see Duff Cooper Copenhagen 252, 253 Cork and Orrery, Admiral of the Fleet 12th Earl of (William Henry Dudley Boyle): career 315-16; and Norwegian campaign 23, 234; introduces Keyes in House of Lords 222, 351; conducts inquiry into Somerville’s conduct after Cape Spartivento 231, 345-6; and debate in House of Lords over naval air 258. 259, 260; and Dudley North affair 266; report on Narvik suppressed in Admiralty 271-2; comments on destruction of Scharnhorst 272; mentioned 226, 362 ‘Corkscrew’, Operation 330-1 Cornwallis, Admiral Sir William 162. 337 Corthouts, Major 48 Cowan, Admiral Sir Walter Henry: career 325; serves with Commandos in Adriatic 272-3, 275-6; mentioned 90, 158 Crete: and Commandos 94, 96; centre for raiding 98, 99, 109, 110; shortage of anti-aircraft guns 326; loss of 187, 206, 253, 338; mentioned 119, 127, 181 Cripps, Rt Hon Sir R. Stafford 262, 352 Cromwell, Oliver 161 Crutchley, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Victor Alexander Charles 283, 358 Cunningham, Lieut-General (later General) Sir Alan Gordon 254, 350 Cunningham, Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Viscount) Andrew Browne: career 328; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 80. Ill, 126-7, 158; success of 147; and Castelorizzo 158, 336; and Dudley North 223; and Normandy landings 223, 273; and inquiry into Somerville’s conduct after Cape Spartivento 345-6; and reinforcements for south-east Asia 303-4; enters House of Lords 305, 362; mentioned 104, 142, 150, 164, 226 Cunningham, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) John Henry Dacres: career 329; and Operation ‘Menace’ 107. 266, 328; and Fleet Air Arm 113, 242 Curtin, Rt Hon John J. 302. 362 Daily Graphic 25 Daily Mirror 58, 321-2 Daily Telegraph: and Keyes 4, 8, 240-2; and Trenchard 253; mentioned 19, 304-5 Dakar: expedition to 78, 93, 136, 171; Keyes considers plan foolish 107; and General Irwin 331; Vichy reinforcements doom expedition 223, 266. 345, 352-3; mentioned 168, 170, 264; see also ‘Menace’ Dalmatian Islands, see Adriatic Dalton, Rt Hon Hugh (later Life Baron) 154, 157, 336 Daniel, Captain (later Admiral Sir) Charles Saumarez 105, 328 Dardanelles Campaign (1915): and Keyes 42, 72, 98, 225; and Churchill 128, 164-5; mentioned 6, 31, 33, 259; see also Gallipoli Davies, Vice-Admiral Richard Bell 254, 350 386 THE KEYES PAPERS 1939-1945 Davis, Captain (later Admiral Sir) William W.: career 328; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 80, 104-6, 109, 133; and Operation ‘Yorker’ 143 Davy, Lieut-Colonel (later Brigadier) George Mark Oswald, career 320; and Belgian campaign 48-9, 50, 64, 65; mentioned 54, 55 Dechaineux, Captain E. F. V. (RAN) 290, 360 De Gaulle, Brigadier-General Charles Andre Joseph Marie 136-7, 266, 333 Denmark 4 De Pret-Roose, Captain Jacques 46 De Robeck, Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Michael 9, 312 De Valera, Eamon 14, 313 Diego Suarez 245 Dieppe 260, 298, 351 Dill, General (later Field Marshal) Sir John Greer: career 321; and Belgian campaign 54, 55, 62, 65, 68; relations with Keyes 205, 206, 207; mentioned 56, 59, 70, 71 Dinagat Island 285, 286 Divisions (Belgian): 15th (Infantry) 64 Divisions (British): 1st 330 10th 284 29th 284 46th 293 56th 293 Divisions (French): 60th 64 68th 62 Divisions (German): 1st Parachute 353 Hermann Goering 353 Divisions (United States): 1st Cavalry 285, 296 7th Infantry 284, 285, 288, 294, 296 9th Infantry 284, 285 24th Infantry 282, 285 96th Infantry 285 Dodecanese Islands: considered preferable to Pantelleria by JPS 99, 104, 326; attack considered inexpedient by Churchill, 103; and Keyes 109, 139, 233, 331; and Cunningham 158, 336; see also ‘Mandible’ Dorling, Vice-Admiral James Wilfred Sussex 174, 338 Douglas-Pennant, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Cyril Eustace 303, 362 D’Oyly-Hughes, Captain Guy 115, 265, 330 Drake, Sir Francis 161, 165, 252 Drax, Admiral Hon Sir Reginald A. R. Plunkett-Ernle-Erle 253, 349 Dreyer, Admiral Sir Frederic 305, 362 Du Cane, Peter 22, 23, 24, 315 Duff Cooper, Rt Hon Alfred (later 1st Viscount Norwich) 8, 311 Dunkirk 90, 140, 147, 321, 325 Eden, Rt Hon Robert Anthony (later 1st Earl of Avon): career 316; and Belgian campaign 24, 51, 52, 62; and Operation ‘Puma’ 82, 169, 170, 171, 338; and Operation ‘Pilgrim’ 198, 342 Egypt 164, 245, 246, 251, 253 Eichelberger, Lieut-General Robert Lawrence (USA) 282, 285, 357 Eisenhower, General (later General of the Army) Dwight David (USA) 259, 266, 351 Elisabeth, Queen of the Belgians 50, 53, 55, 64-5, 319, 320 Erben, Rear-Admiral Henry (USN) 284, 358-9 Esmonde, Lieut-Commander E. 247, 348 Evening Standard 243 ‘Excess’, Operation 127, 129, 137-8, 331, 333, 336 Executive Planning Section (Joint Planning Staff): and proposal to capture Pantelleria 94, 97, 101; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 105, 106, 109, 110, 139, 336; criticized by Keyes for delaying action 172, 205, 228; and Operation ‘Brisk’ 327; and Operation ‘Leapfrog’ 189-90, 191, 206; and Norwegian campaign 206; and Maund 232; see also Joint Planning Staff Eyre & Spottiswoode 164-5 Fell, Commander 135 Fergusson, Brigadier Sir Bernard Edward (later Baron Ballantrae) 85 Field, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Frederick L.: career 317-18, 362; and Keyes 34, 106, critized by Richmond 116, 162, 244; death of 304-5 Fighter Command (RAF) 19-20, 22, 113; see also Royal Air Force Fisher, Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Baron (John Arbuthnot Fisher) 151, 172, 255, 335 Fisher, Admiral Sir William W. 116-17, 162, 330 Fleet Air Arm: and Coastal Command 4, 17, 18; and Norwegian campaign 6, 32; and difficulties en- INDEX 387 countered on return to naval control 113, 242-4; success at Taranto 118, 243, 330, 347; debate in House of Lords 222, 260-1, 351; success against Bismarck 347; neglected by Admiralty 247-8, 260-1; and escape of Scharnhorst and Gneisenau 247, 348; Trenchard’s criticism of answered by Portal 262, 263^4; and operations against Tirpitz 272, 354; mentioned 17, 21, 35 Fleets (United States): 3rd 285, 286, 289, 294. 295, 360 7th 292, 294 Fletcher, Vice-Admiral Frank Jack (USN) 282, 358 Foch, Marshal Ferdinand 184. 340 Forbes, Admiral Sir Charles 5, 226 Force 103, 331-2 Force H 127, 128. 322, 345 Force X 360-1 Force Y (French) 345 Forde. Rt Hon Francis Michael 301. 361 Forester, Cecil Scott 206, 342 Fortnightly 250, 254 Forward Operational Planning Section (Joint Planning Staff) 133, 143, 149; sec also Joint Planning Staff France: and Belgium 89; and African empire 175; Keyes recommends raids along coast (1941) 183-6, 211, 214, 215; sec also Vichy France (Army): defeated on Meuse 48, 58-60; and Belgian campaign 52, 56, 57, 61, 62, 64, 65, 90. 114; and attempts to block Zeebrugge (1940) 54, 73-4. 323 France (Navy): and Trondheim 32; and attempts to block Zeebrugge (1940) 54, 73^; British action against at Oran 72, 74, 93, 322; Keyes wants to use in his plans 136-7; Keyes hopes to win over 152, 158, 171; Vichy Government sends reinforcements to Dakar 223, 231, 264, 345, 352-3 Franco y Bahamonde, Generalissimo Francisco 79 Fraser, Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Baron, of North Cape) Sir Bruce Austin 9, 151, 312, 354 Fraser, Rt Hon Peter 302, 362 Freeman, Lieutenant (USN) 282 Freetown 83, 191, 196, 341, 342 French, Admiral Sir Wilfred Frankland 174, 176, 177, 338 Gallabat 117, 330 Gallipoli: compared to Norwegian campaign 36, 39; and Churchill 128, 164, 172; lack of inter-service cooperation at 149; demonstrates costliness of daylight landings 298; mentioned 15, 31, 33, 189, 351; see also Dardanelles Gambier, Admiral of the Fleet Sir James (1st Baron) 253, 349 Gando 189, 194, 341 Gaselee, Brigadier (later General) Sir Alfred 284, 358 Geddes, Rt Hon Sir Eric C. 150, 335 George V, King of England 51 George VI, King of England 54, 272 Germany: and threat to Belgium 3; attacks Norway 4, 239, 276; threat to Atlantic Islands 79, 166-7. 170, 185, 194, 195; attacks Russia 82, 176, 183, 186. 216; drive in Balkans anticipated 126; may reinforce Italians 127; danger British will be forestalled in Pantelleria 129-30. 132, 332; transport in English Channel 140; drive towards Egypt 164; and North Africa 175; and Sardinia 193 Germany (Air Force): and Norwegian campaign 6; dominates North Sea 19, 20; superiority in Belgium 45, 46, 55-7, 62-4, 69; arrives in Mediterranean theatre 81, 139, 140, 158, 336; resources strained by Russian campaign 183 Germany (Navy): and Trondheimfiord 5, 39, 41, 72, 89; and Narvik 23, 315, 317; and submarine war 251, 253 Gibraltar: and threat of Spanish intervention in war 78. 82; Operation ‘Puma’ may precipitate attack on 167; mentioned 186, 194, 195 Godfrey, General Sir William Wellington 91, 325 Goering, Reichsmarshal Hermann 91, 325 Golfini, Monsieur (ADC to Prince Charles) 48 Gort, General (later Field Marshal) 6th Viscount (John Standish Surtees Prendergast Vereker): career 320; meeting with Keyes 50, 55; misses meeting with Weygand 52; and conduct of King Leopold 57-9, 71-2, 266; and Belgian campaign 60-5, 67, 69, 71, 73, 114, 115; mentioned 54, 84, 147, 173. 206, 258 Graham, Lieutenant (USN) 282 388 THE KEYES PAPERS 1939-1945 Greece: assistance to 98, 99, 117; struggle against Italy 103, 109, 181, 238; and Operation ‘Mandible’ 125; and Operation ‘Lustre’ 158, 336; loss of 206 Grenfell, Captain Russell 301, 361 ‘Grind’, Operation 129, 130, 331 Groves, Brigadier Percy Robert Clifford 252, 349 Grunne, Comte Guillaume de 53. 55, 321 Guest. Captain Rt Hon Frederick Edward 21, 113, 314 Hailey. Major (later Brigadier) John Malcolm 49, 65, 320 Haining, General Sir Robert Hadden 135-6, 204, 332-3 Halifax, Rt Hon 3rd Viscount (later 1st Earl) (Edward Frederick Lindley Wood): career 319; and Keyes 44, 129, 342; and King Leopold 68 Hall, Rt Hon George Henry (later 1st Viscount) 239, 346 Hall, Admiral Sir William Reginald: career 311; criticizes Admiralty conduct of the war 3. 9-10 Hallett, Vice-Admiral Theodore John 102, 327 Halsey, Admiral (later Fleet Admiral) William Frederick (USN): career 359; and invasion of Leyte 285, 286, 289, 295. 360; mentioned 293-4 Hamilton, General Sir lan 299, 361 Hamilton, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Louis Henry Keppel: career 338; and Operation ‘Leapfrog’ 83, 189, 190, 192, 193, 203; and Operation ‘Puma’ 169, 190; and Operation ‘Pilgrim’ 194? 204 ‘Hammer’, Operation 5 Harcourt, Captain (later Admiral Sir) Cecil Halliday 24, 316 Harris, Air Marshal (later Marshal of the RAF Sir) Arthur Travers 177, 179, 339 Harrison, Jack 151 Harwood, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral) Sir Henry: career 327; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 102-4, 106, 110, 129 Hawke, Admiral of the Fleet Edward 33, 151, 317 Haydon, Brigadier (later Major-General) Joseph Charles: career 327; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 102, 105, 106, 110-11, 119-24, 330, 332; on effect of delay on Commandos 130, 333; prepares report on bringing Commandos up to full strength 147; and Operation ‘Claymore’ 154, 157, 163, 164; proposes series of raids (Sept 1941) 196-7; and Allied landings in North Africa 259, 351; mentioned 104, 135, 154, 215 HefTernan, Captain (later Rear-Admiral) John Baptist (USN) 289, 360 Heligoland Bight, action (1914) 12, 34 Hendaye 79 Henderson, Rt Hon Arthur 244, 347-8 Henderson, Admiral Sir Reginald Guy 264, 352 Herbert, Captain Godfrey 22. 315 Hitler, Adolf 79, 91, 169, 252 Hoare, Rt Hon Samuel John Gurney (later 1st Viscount Templewood) 21, 44, 113, 314, 319 Hodge, Lieut-General John R. (USA) 283, 358 Hollis, Colonel (later Lieut-General Sir) Leslie Chasemore: career 332; describes Admiralty suspicions of DCO 78; comments on dismissal of Keyes 84; and amendments to DCO’s directive 208, 209. 210; mentioned 135, 212 Home Fleet 5, 238 Homonhon Island 285, 286 Hopkins, Harry L.: career 339; interview with Commander Woolley 82, 174-6, 177; interested in Azores 175; meets Keyes 175, 339; expects Keyes will command Operation ‘Puma’ 178; remarks on resentment of US Chiefs of Staff towards civilian interference 180 Hore-Belisha, Rt Hon Leslie (later 1st Baron) 52, 321 Hornby, Brigadier (later Major-General) Alan Hugh: career 328; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 104, 110; and preparations for offensive operations 134-6, 334; and Operation ‘Claymore’ 163 Horton, Admiral Sir Max Kennedy 41, 253, 318 Howe, Admiral of the Fleet Richard, 1st Earl 134, 151, 207, 268, 332 Indian Ocean 245-6, 255, 350 Information, Ministry of 155, 336 Inonu, General Ismet 137, 333 Inskip, Rt Hon Thomas Walker Hobart 1st Viscount Caldecote) 13-14, 21, 113, 313 Invergordon Mutiny 35, 74, 305, 362 INDEX 389 Ireland: bases denied British 14, 162, 244, 251, 313; Keyes suggests Dominion forces occupy 73 Ironside, Field Marshal (later 1st Baron) William Edmund: career 317; and Keyes’s Trondheim scheme 31, 37-8; and Belgian campaign 50, 59 ‘Irrigate’, Operation 203, 342 Irving, Major-General Frederick Augustus (USA) 282, 285, 357 Irwin, Major-General (later LieutGeneral) Noel Mackintosh Stuart 107, 128, 328, 331 Ismay, Major-General (later General, 1st Baron) Hastings Lionel: career 325-6; Keyes tells of difficulties 94; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 100; mission to Russia 195, 196, 208. 342; and amendments to DCO’s directive 209; conveys Keyes’s messages to Churchill 217-18, 226; worried about Keyes’s retention of secret papers 227, 230, 346; and Keyes’s suspicion he was victim of intrigue 232. 234-7, 346; mentioned 77, 132, 211, 212 Italy: and Scandinavia 22-6, 239, 315; attitude causes anxiety 37, 40, 42, 89, 238; and Pantelleria 95, 126; expecting attack in Dodecanese 99; attacks Greece 109. 238; raids on mainland of 326; defeated in Libya 127; claims in Mediterranean 136; and Sardinia 183, 186; Keyes proposes amphibious operations against 215 Italy (Army): and desert war 80, 103, 187; garrison in Pantelleria 95-6, 125, 330; and Albania 117; in East Africa 330; and Castelorizzo 336 Italy (Navy): success at Alexandria 254, 349; and Cape Spartivento action 345; reverse at Taranto 347; mentioned 245, 261 Jacob, Lieut-Col (later Lieut-General Sir) lan 101. 327 James, Wing-Commander (later Sir) Archibald W. H. 231-2, 234, 236, 345 James, Admiral Sir William Milbourne: career 317; as C-in-C Portsmouth 4, 31; and Keyes’s Trondheim plan 309; on Pound 255; mentioned 89, 249 Japan: successes in Far East (1942) 221, 240, 244, 347; threat to Madagascar 245; mentioned 40, 225, 249 Japan (Navy): successes in Indian Ocean 245, 246, 249, 349, 350; and invasion of Leyte 285-7, 291-2, 295, 299, 360 Jellicoe, Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Earl (John Rushworth Jellicoe): career 318; and Beatty 34, 43; dismissed by Lloyd George 42, 151, 249; and Passchendaele offensive 108, 256; mentioned 72, 98, 240, 244 John, Captain (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) Caspar 247, 348 Johnson, Captain (later Brigadier) James Robert 45, 48, 51, 52, 54, 319 Johnson, Robin E. A. 132, 332 Joint Intelligence Committee 172, 228 Joint Planning Staff: and Operation ‘Workshop’ 80, 105, 106, 109, 110, 139; relationship to DCO 159-60; and Norwegian campaign 206; and Operation ‘Brisk’ 96, 97; and Pantelleria 98, 101, 106, 326; criticized by Keyes for delaying action 172. 205, 228; sec also Executive Planning Section, Forward Operational Planning Section ‘Jubilee’, Operation 351 Kassala 117, 330 Kemsley, Viscount (John Corner Berry) 301, 361 Kenney. Lieut-General (later General) George Churchill (USAAF) 291, 360 Kenny, Commander (USN) 285-6, 290 Keppel, Admiral Augustus 151, 335 Kershaw, Captain Cecil A. 163, 337 Keyes, Diana Margaret 25, 132, 316 Keyes. Elizabeth Mary 25, 316 Keyes, Eva Mary Salvin Bowlby, Lady: illness of 4, 22. 89, 315; and Norwegian campaign 32, 309; cool towards offer of peerage 259; accompanies husband on goodwill mission to US, Australia and New Zealand 223-4, 277. 281. 283, 292-4 300; mentioned 74, 102, 132, 254, 323 Keyes, Lieut-Colonel Geoffrey Charles Tasker: career 316; serves in Commandos 81, 91; at Duchess of Montrose’s Ball 131; and Litani River action 228, 339-40; and raid on Rommel’s headquarters 221, 239, 241, 248, 300, 346-7; awarded posthumous Victoria Cross 221. 254, 347; honoured on plaque in St Paul’s 226; mentioned 24, 48, 53, 102, 132, 174, 196, 225, 249, 281 Keyes, Katherine Elizabeth 24, 25, 74, 91, 132, 255, 316 390 THE KEYES PAPERS 1939-1945 Keyes, Lieutenant Roger George Bowlby (later 2nd Baron Keyes): career 321; serves in Royal Navy 53, 56, 131; in Arethusa 241, 250, 255, 347; in Adriatic 275; mentioned 48, 102, 132, 174, 196, 248 Keyes, Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Baron (Roger John Brownlow Keyes): unemployed at outbreak of war 3, 89; wants to be Chief of Naval Staff 3, 8-9; on loss of Courageous 8-9; sends Sunday Chronicle article to Churchill 10, 312; submits memorandum on conduct of war (Oct 1939) 11-14; seeks employment as Deputy First Sea Lord 15; comments on loss of Royal Oak 16; and F’eet Air Arm 4, 19-22, 112-14, 314-15; and Submarine Service 21, 151; secret mission to Belgian royal family 3-4, 24, 89, 114; and German attack on Norway 4, 167; gives interview to Italian journalist on meaning of Narvik 22. 23, 25, 315; interview with Churchill over Norwegian campaign 22-5; proposes attack on Trondheim 4-5, 6, 26, 27-8. 30-40. 72, 89, 309; speech in Parliament and fall of Chamberlain Government 7, 72; comments on Norwegian campaign 41-3, 44, 130, 233; and Dardanelles campaign (1915) 42. 107; comments on Dover Straits and Belgian coast operations during World War I 42; regrets advice to Beatty concerning Madden 34-5, 42; liaison officer with King Leopold during Belgian campaign 7. 44-6, 48-56, 66-9, 73-4, 89, 134; defends King Leopold’s conduct 56-8, 59-66, 71-2, 74. 114-15, 226, 233. 321-2, 346; suggests occupation of southern Ireland 73; appointed Director of Combined Operations 77, 85, 88, 90, 91, 115; relationship with Pound 78; relations with naval staff, 78, 81; relationship with Churchill 78, 81, 85, 128-9, 216, 221, 331; comments on seizure of French Fleet 93; proposes capture of Pantelleria 79-81, 94-6, 97-9, 100; and Operation ‘Brisk’ 94, 96, 100, 103, 327; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 102-12, 118- 19, 125, 129—34, 136-8, 211, 238-9, 268, 331-4; remarks on cancellation of ‘Workshop’ 138-142; and Operation ‘Yorker’ 81, 143-6, 149; proposes changes in planning procedure and organization 81-2, 92, 93-4, 159-61, 190. 208-9; and Operation ‘Claymore’ 82, 153-4, 156-7, 336; and Operation ‘Puma’ 82, 166—71, 190; and allegations about role of polo in pre-war Mediterranean Fleet 105-6; criticizes plan for Operation ‘Menace’ 107, 268, 334; describes preparations for Zeebrugge-Ostend operations (1918) 108-9, 110, 187; and French Navy 136-7, 152, 168, 171; submits memorandum on direction of combined operations 147-52, 153, 334-5; as DCNS under Beatty 151-2; forms new amphibious striking force 164-6, 204; criticizes interservice staffs for delaying action 172, 186-7; and President Roosevelt 173, 177, 224; opposes daylight assaults on defended beaches 181-2, 225, 297-8, 351; advocates capture of Sardinia 183-4, 186; and Operation ‘Pilgrim’ 83, 183-6, 190-2. 193-5, 197, 214-17, 340, 341, 343; and Operation ‘Leapfrog’ 83, 188-9, 190-1; opposes Chiefs of Staff Committee proposal to reduce his role to adviser 84, 190, 201- 11; dismissed as DCO 84, 208, 212, 227, 235; proposes going to Middle East as adviser to newly planned combined operations organization 85, 213, 214; offered peerage by Churchill and proposed as GovernorGeneral of Northern Ireland 213, 214. 216, 235, 238, 240, 343; unsuccessful in request for interview with Churchill 217-18, 233, 237, 268; fears Commandos will not be used properly after his dismissal 212, 215. 221, 228-30, 353; suspects his dismissal was due to intrigue 221, 231-7; speaks in Parliament on his dismissal 237-8, 346; loss of son Geoffrey 221, 239, 241, 257; criticizes slackness in dockyards 221, 248, 348, 361; seconds motion of censure against Churchill 221-2, 250, 252, 254-6, 267, 270, 349; meets Field Marshal Smuts 256-9; again offered peerage by Churchill 222, 228, 257-9, 269-70; and controversy over Fleet Air Arm 240, 241; replies to Trenchard in House of Lords 222-3, 260-1, 351; and Dudley North affair 223, 231, 264-7, 344; and Somerville 231; exchange with Churchill over his lack of employment (1943) 267-71, 299, 353, 361; suffers detached retina INDEX 391 223, 271, 272, 354; tours Normandy beaches 223; sent on goodwill mission to Australia and New Zealand 223-4, 277-9, 294, 301, 302-3, 361; visits Canada and the United States 224, 292-3; interview with Admiral King 224, 292; tours training establishments in California 224, 292, 293; observes exercises in Hawaii 224, 281, 293; visits New Guinea 224, 279-80, 281, 282; with Leyte invasion force 224-5, 281, 283-9, 294-6; suffers smoke poisoning 225, 289-90, 298-9; advocates Americans employ night landings 296-7, 298; strains heart flying without oxygen 225, 300; returns to England via Ceylon 225, 300-4, 361; reports on situation in south-east Asia 303-4; remarks on death of Admiral Field 304-5. 362; failing health 304, 305, 362; death 226 Kimmins, Major (later Licut-General Sir) Brian 52 King, Admiral (later Fleet Admiral) Ernest J. (USN) 224, 292. 360 Kinkaid, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral) Thomas Cassin (USN): career 355; arranges for Keyes to observe Leyte landings 224; described by Royle 277; at Manus 279, 283; meets Keyes in New Guinea 279-80. 281; remarks on Fletcher Pratt’s history 282; and invasion of Leyte 286, 290, 295; describes Surigao Straits and Samar Island battles 291-2; and Keyes’s proposal about night landings 298; mentioned 284. 291, 294 Knox, Captain John 110. 328 Larken, Admiral Sir Frank 174. 339 Lausanne Conference 137 Laycock, Brigadier Sir Joseph 91 Laycock, Lieut-Colonel (later MajorGeneral Sir) Robert 91, 136, 241, 254, 325 League of Nations Union 45 ‘Leapfrog’, Operation 83. 189-93, 203, 204. 206 Leopold III, King of the Belgians: career 316; asks Keyes to come to Brussels 3, 24, 89, 114; and Belgian campaign 45-6. 48-57; and armistice 57-66, 66-71, 74, 84, 115, 321-2; refuses to leave country 64-5, 67-8. 70-1; encounters strong opposition towards return to throne 226; mentioned 7, 147, 266 Leros 99, 103 Le Touquet 214 Lewis, Commander 50 Leyte: invasion observed by Keyes 224, 225; mentioned 286-9, 295-7; see also Philippines, Surigao Straits, Samar Island Libya: raiding operations on coast proposed 103, 104; land battles in 126, 127, 187, 206, 254; mentioned 143, 248, 346 Liners (British): Aboukir 65 Aquitania 103 Bulolo 338 California 338 Queen Elizabeth 103, 279 Queen Mary 103 Litani River, action 241, 339-40 Little, Admiral Sir Charles James Colebrooke 9, 175-9, 312 Lloyd George, Rt Hon David (later 1st Earl): career 337; and Jellicoe 42, 249; and Churchill 169. 172, 337 Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Lieutenant Henry Pyers Ronald 54, 55 Lofoten Islands: first raid 82, 158. 191. 211. 336; second raid 241, 347; sec also ‘Claymore’ Logic. Colonel Marc J. (USA) 284, 359 London Naval Treaties 35, 43. 45, 116, 244, 248, 330 Londonderry. 7th Marquess of (Charles Stewart Henry Vane-TempestStewart) 17, 314 Longmore, Air Chief Marshal Sir Henry Arthur Murray 253. 349 Lovat, Lieut-Colonel 17th Baron (Simon Christopher Joseph Fraser) 222, 271, 351, 354 Lucas. Colonel Burton K. (USA) 283 ‘Lustre’, Operation 158. 336 Lynes, Commodore (later Rear-Admiral) Hubert 50. 320 Lyster, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) A. Lamley St George 244, 247. 347. 348 Lyttleton, Rt Hon Oliver (later 1st Viscount Chandos) 248, 348-9 MacArthur, General of the Army Douglas (USA): career 355; invites Keyes to visit headquarters 224; described by Royle 277; in Nashville 286. 287; meets Keyes 294; and Pacific Campaign 294-6; mentioned 225. 279, 280. 281, 284, 291, 298, 299, 303 392 THE KEYES PAPERS 1939-1945 MacDonald, Rt Hon James Ramsay 244, 347 Macfarlane, Major-General (later Lieut-General Sir) Frank Noel Mason 58, 322 Macmillan, Rt Hon Harold 7, 345 Madagascar 245, 246 Madden, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Charles E.: career 317; succeeds Beatty 34, 43; criticized by Richmond 116, 162, 244; mentioned 362 Mahan, Captain Alfred Thayer (USN) 251, 349 Mailliard, Lieutenant William Somers (USN) 281, 357 Malta: and Pantelleria 95, 103, 139; shortage of anti-aircraft guns 326; difficulty in supplying 158, 251; mentioned 98, 119, 140, 175 Manchester Guardian 253 ‘Mandible’, Operation 125-7, 145, 146, 150; see also Dodecanese Manners, Lieut-Colonel J. C, 275, 355 Manus: visited by Keyes, 279, 282-4, 290, 291, 294; mentioned 280, 281, 285. 289 Margesson. Captain Henry David Reginald (later 1st Viscount), 152, 335 Marshall. Captain (later Vice-Admiral) William J. (USN) 284, 359 Martin, Thomas B. 277, 355 Massawa 163 Matapan, Cape 246 Mathews, Admiral Thomas 267, 353 Maund, Captain (later Rear-Admiral) Loben E. H.: career. 332; writes paper seeking return of Combined Operations organization to Admiralty 135. 236, 332; and Keyes 232; and Cork and Orrery 234; mentioned 234, 254 Maxton, James 128, 331 Maxwell, Rear-Admiral Sir Wellwood George Courtenay, 254, 350 Mediterranean: Keyes wants to use amphibious force in 79, 94, 98, 119. 148, 149. 157, 181, 218; German air power arrives in 81; Keyes sees prospect of mortal blow to Italy 215; command of lost 250, 253, 254, 349-50; see also ‘Workshop’, ‘Yorker’. Cunningham, A. B. Mediterranean Fleet 127 ‘Menace’. Operation 107, 223, 331, 334. 345; see also Dakar Menzies, Rt Hon Sir Robert G. 302. 361-2 Merchant Ships (German): Hamburg 164, 337 Merlimont 214 Michie, Allan A. 281, 357 Military Co-ordination Committee 5 Minorca 117 Mitscher, Vice-Admiral Marc Andrew (USN) 285, 359 Montgomery, General (later Field Marshal, 1st Viscount) Bernard Law 187, 269, 340 Montrose, Duchess of 131 Moore-Brabizon, Rt Hon John Theodore Cuthbert (later 1st Baron Brabizon of Tara) 113, 329 Morford, Brigadier Albert C. see St Clair-Morford Morocco, Spanish 167 Morrison, Rt Hon Herbert Stanley (later 1st Baron) 248, 255, 259, 348 Morshead, Lieut-General Sir Leslie 282, 357-8 Mostyn, 2nd Lieutenant Henry Pyers, see Lloyd-Mostyn Mountbatten, Captain (later Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma) Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas: career 343; succeeds Keyes 84, 212, 213, 217, 227- 9, 255, 270, 271, 354; to retain Commandos 233; meets Keyes in Ceylon 225. 303-4; mentioned 140, 230. 301, 334 Munster, Captain the Earl of (Geoffrey William Hugh FitzClarence) 52, 55, 320-1 Muselier, Vice-Admiral d’Escadre Emile-Henry 136-7, 333 Mussolini, Benito 22, 25. 26 Namsos 4, 5. 36, 37, 39, 41 Napoleon I, Emperor 162 Narvik: seized by Germans 4, 5; Keyes’s opinion on meaning of 22, 23, 315; naval action at 26. 265, 317; evacuation of, 114, 117 329-30; mentioned 33. 40, 234 National 251 Naval Staff: criticized by Keyes over Norway 6, 44, 78, 236. 238; and Keyes’s Trondheim scheme 33, 35, 37; and Operation ‘Pilgrim’ 83; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 105. 106, 109, 111, 138-9, 140-1. 146, 147-8; and Operation ‘Puma’ 169; Keyes suspects they intrigue against him 207, 227, 232, 237; mentioned 34, 38, 41, 240; sec also Admiralty, Pound INDEX 393 Needham, Major-General Henry 47, 48, 50, 52, 319 Nelson, Horatio, Viscount 74, 162, 226, 252 Newall, Marshal of the Royal Air Force (later 1st Baron) Sir Cyril Louis Norton 32, 302-3, 317, 362 New Guinea 279-82, 291, 304 News Chronicle 240, 241 New Zealand 223, 225, 300, 302 Nichols, Captain C. A. G. 283 Nimitz, Admiral (later Fleet Admiral) Chester William (USN): career 355; meets Keyes 224, 293; mentioned 277, 282, 292 Noble, Rear-Admiral Albert Gallatin (USN) 281, 357 Normandy, invasion of 223. 273, 274 Norrie, Major-General (later 1st Baron) Sir Charles Willoughby Moke 300, 361 North, Admiral Sir Dudley Burton Napier: career 345; Keyes becomes interested in case 223, 264-7, 344; treatment blamed on Keyes 231, 345; and action against French Fleet 266, 352 Norway: attacked by Germany 4; campaign in 4-6, 23-4. 27-8, 30-1, 39; raids on coast (1941) 155-7. 214-15, 241; mentioned 130, 206; see also Narvik. Trondheim. Namsos, ‘Claymore’ Oldendorf. Rear-Admiral Jesse B. (USN) 286, 359-60 Oliphant. Sir Launcelot 48, 50, 319 Oliver, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Henry Francis 172, 338 Operations, see under respective code names, ‘Workshop’, ‘Puma’, etc Oran 136, 168, 171, 266, 352 Osmena, President Sergio 281. 282. 299, 357 Ostend: attempts to block (1918) 108- 9, 150; plan to block in 1940 frustrated 73-4 O’Sullivan, Colonel (later MajorGeneral) Curtis D. (USA) 284-5, 359 Overstraeten, Lieut-General Raoul F. C. Van: career 319-20; in Belgian campaign 48, 49, 52. 53, 56; on difficult position of Belgian Army 62, 63 Owen, Captain G. D. 174 Pacher, Lieut-Colonel (later MajorGeneral) Francis T. (USA) 285, 359 Pacific, campaign in 224, 277, 279, 293-5, 297-9, 304; see also Philippines, Leyte, New Guinea, Admiralty Islands Pantelleria: seizure proposed 79, 80, 94-9, 103, 109, 110, 268, 326; and COS and IPS 106, 187; capture in 1943 330-1; see also ‘Workshop’, ‘Corkscrew’ Parker, Admiral Sir Hyde 74, 93, 323 Passchendaele 108, 256 Patton, Lieut-General (later General) George S. 269, 353-4 Peck, John (later Sir John) H. 211, 342 Pelelieu 277, 355 Pell, Captain (later Lieut-Colonel) Beauchamp Tyndall 284, 358 Philippines 224, 293-6, 277, 304; see also Leyte Phillips, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Tom Spencer Vaughan: career 312; talks with Keyes 56; and proposal to capture Pantelleria 94; and loss of Prince of Wales 240, 337; and Fleet Air Arm 243; mentioned 9, 238, 323 ‘Pilgrim’, Operation: evolved from ‘Puma’ 83, 190, 340; preparations tie up forces 183-4, 186, 218, 237, 341; criticized by Keyes as cumbersome 185, 191-2. 195-6; Keyes eliminated from planning 190, 191; small ships for operation sent to Freetown 192. 196, 202, 215-16, 341, 342. 345; Keyes proposes alternative plan 193-5, 197, 214, 217, 343; naval part of force untrained 204 Pitt, William, 1st Earl of Chatham 79, 147, 157, 176, 334 Poland 3, 11, 12 Portal, Air Marshal (later Marshal of the Royal Air Force, 1st Viscount): career 326; and Pantelleria 97; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 143, 144; and Keyes 205 Portal, Captain (later Admiral Sir) Reginald Henry 254, 261, 262-4, 350 Portugal 78. 167, 177; see also Azores Pound, Admiral of the Fleet Sir A. Dudley P. R.: career 311; former Chief of Staff of Keyes 3, 8, 15; interview with Keyes concerning Norwegian campaign 5, 33, 34, 35, 38; Keyes suspects he is using his age against him 23, 89; advice to Keyes concerning Madden 34-5, 43; criticized by Keyes over Norway 44, 227, 238; difficult relationship with Keyes 78. 236; and Operation ‘Work- 394 THE KEYES PAPERS 1939-1945 shop’ 102, 104, 106; and Zeebrugge operation (1918) 108, 110, 111; nominates Hamilton for Operation ‘Puma’ 169; and Operation ‘Pilgrim’ 192; and abolition of Keyes’s directorate 193, 203, 207, 258, 341; Keyes believes he sabotaged offensive plans 205, 239, 240; and Fleet Air Arm 242, 260; criticized by Keyes 248, 249, 255; criticized by Richmond 253, 254; and Dudley North affair 266, 267; mentioned 9, 14, 16, 232, 240, 266, 323 Power, Tyrone 283 Pownall, Lieut-General Sir Henry Royds: career 342; crit’cizes Keyes 83-4; at War Office 204; and Keyes 233. 258, 346; leaves War Office 237 Pratt. Fletcher 282, 358 ‘Puma’, Operation: Keyes involved in planning 82, 190; advocated by Keyes 166-9; Keyes submits plan for 169; Keyes submits appreciation on 170, 171; described to Americans 174-8; expanded into Operation ‘Pilgrim’ 185, 190, 340; mentioned ‘189, 194, 197,202,237 Quebec 33, 37. 149 Quiberon Bay 33 Ramsay, Admiral Hon Sir Alexander Robert Maule: career 312; and Fleet Air Arm 9, 113, 242-4; describes Admiralty neglect of Fleet Air Arm 260-1 Ramsay, Admiral Sir Bertram Home: career 321, 354; and Normandy landings 223, 273, 274; mentioned 53, 223, 341 ‘Ransack’, Operation 186 Red Sea 163, 250 Regiments (British): 3rd (King’s Own) Hussars 48 12th (Prince of Wales’s Royal) Lancers 46, 63, 101 Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 149 Black Watch 284 Connaught Rangers 284 Queen’s (Royal West Surrey Regiment) (2nd Foot) 149 Royal Scots (1st Foot) 102 Royal Scots Greys 254 Royal Welch Fusiliers 45 Regiments (United States): 9th Infantry 284 10th Infantry 284 llth Infantry 284 Reynaud, Paul 266, 353 Rhodes 99, 103, 336; see also Dodecanese, ‘Mandible’ Richmond, Admiral Sir Herbert W.: career 329; praises Keyes’s role in recovering control of naval aviation 112; criticizes former First Sea Lords 116-17, 162, 244; remarks on conduct of war 117-18, 221; plans for Syria during World War I 118; stresses importance of flotilla strength 162-3; letter of condolence on death of Geoffrey Keyes 241, 242; criticizes former First Lords for London Treaties 244; cites Japanese threat to Ceylon 245-6; remarks on necessity of air power and sea power 250-4; to host Keyes at Cambridge 258, 260 Ritchie, Captain Oliver (UJN) 290 River Plate, Battle of 103, 314, 315 Roger II, King of Sicily 111-12, 329 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin: career 349; headquarters raided 221, 239, 248, 346-7; mentioned 251, 253, 257, 263, 336 Romulo, Brigadier-General Carlos P. 281, 282, 357 Ronarc’h, Vice-Amiral Pierre 168, 337 Ronarc’h, Capitaine de vaisseau (later Vice-Admiral d’escadre) Pierre-Jean 168, 337 Roosevelt, President Franklin Delano: interview with Commander Woolley 82, 176-8; and Atlantic Islands 169, 177, 178, 214; and Keyes 173, 177, 193, 224, 292; interested in naval warfare 180; engages in defacto war against German submarines 193, 341; and public opinion 337; death of 303, 362 Roosevelt, Colonel James (USMC) 293, 360 Royal, Rear-Admiral Forrest B. (USN) 279, 280, 281, 285, 356 Royal Air Force: and Fleet Air Arm 4; attacks German naval bases 8, 12, 311; retains control of flying boats 13, 14; and Keyes’s Trondheim scheme 31; and Belgian campaign 49, 56, 57, 62, 63, 69; in Red Sea area 330; and Ceylon 245, 246; mentioned 187, 251, 253; see also Air Ministry, Coastal Command, Fighter Command, Bomber Command Royal Marines: Keyes plans use in INDEX 395 Norwegian campaign 33, 37; Keyes proposes to employ in Mediterranean 149, 215, 229; mentioned 182, 226, 271 Royal Naval Air Service 20. 21; see also Fleet Air Arm Royle, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Guy Charles: career, 313-14; and Fleet Air Arm 16; and relations with Air Ministry 17, 18; on situation in Pacific 277. 355 Russia: attacked by Germany 82; situation discussed by Harry Hopkins 176; mentioned 40, 183, 186, 216 St Clair-Morford, Brigadier (later Major-General) Albert C.: career 326; and Operation ‘Brisk’ 96, 97, 101-3, 327 St Lawrence River 33 St Vincent, Admiral of the Fleet. 1st Earl (John Jervis) 134, 161, 207, 268. 332 Saipan, 277 Samar Island, Battle of 291-2. 295, 360 Sandford, Commander 49 Sardinia: capture suggested by Keyes 183-4, 186. 187; Germans occupy 144, 193; mentioned 81. 83, 143; sec also ‘Yorker’, Cagliari Saunders, Admiral Sir Charles 33, 37. 149. 317 Seal. Sir Eric: career 315; and Keyes’s interview with Churchill 22, 23. 24; mentioned 53, 242 Sempill, 19th Baron (Commander William Francis Forbes-Sempill) 258, 351 Seversky, Major Alexander P. de 261, 292, 295, 299, 351-2 Shakespeare. Rt Hon Sir Geoffrey H. 8, 311-12 Sherwood. Lord 222 Shirer, William L. 239, 276, 346 ‘Shrapnel’, Operation 107, 128, 129, 130 Sicily: German Air Force arrives in 139_40, 144. 145, 150, 336; Allied invasion of 269, 276, 293, 353 Sierra Leone 214, 215, 216; sec also Freetown Silverman, S. Sydney 255, 350 Simon. Rt Hon Sir John Allsebrook (later 1st Viscount) 42, 44. 318, 319 Sinclair, Rt Hon Sir Archibald Henry Macdonald (later 1st Viscount Thurso)56, 321, 327 Singapore: creation of base 151; loss of 244, 245, 250, 347 Slayton, Lieut-Commander (USN) 284 Smuts, Field Marshal Jan Christian: career 350; and Keyes 256-7, 258, 259, 269 Somerville, Admiral of the Fleet Sir James Fownes: career 323; and action against French Fleet 73, 74, 322; and Dudley North affair, 223, 266, 345, 352; inquiry into conduct after Cape Spartivento action 231, 345-6; commands force sent to Indian Ocean 255, 350; mentioned 226 ‘Source’, Operation 354 Spain: possible entry into war on side of Germany 78, 79, 82, 166-7, 331; action at Tangier 127, 167, 337; and defences of Atlantic Islands 170; mentioned 165, 216; see also Franco, Canary Islands, ‘Puma’, ‘Pilgrim’ Special Service Troops, see Commandos ‘Springboard’, Operation 340 Stanhope, 1st Earl (James Stanhope) 244, 347 Stanhope, 7th Earl (James Richard Stanhope) 243, 347 Stanley. Rt Hon Oliver F. G. 44, 319 Stavanger 6 Steinkjer 38. 41-3; see also Trondheim, Trondheimfiord Struble, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral) Arthur D. (USN) 286, 359 Sturges, Major-General (later LieutGeneral Sir) Robert Grice 169. 215, 338 Submarine Service 21, 151 Suez Canal 158, 250 Sunday Chronicle 10, 32, 312 Sunday Graphic 25 Surigao Straits. Battle of 225, 291, 299 Sutherland. Lieut-General Richard K. (USA): career 356; meets Keyes 279-80, 291. 296-7; mentioned 281. 282, 298 Swift, Maior-General Innis Palmer (USA) 282, 357 Syria: Richmond’s plan for operations along coast 118; Commando operations in 182, 218, 339-40; see also Litani River Talbot, Rear-Admiral (later ViceAdmiral) Arthur George 298, 360 Tangier 127, 167, 337 Tapp. Lieutenant (RAN) 277. 279, 281, 282 396 THE KEYES PAPERS 1939-1945 Taranto: Fleet Air Arm success 118, 243, 263, 330, 347; mentioned 117, 245-6 Tarawa 277 Thomas, Captain Edward Penry 277, 355 Thompson, Commander Charles Ralfe 105, 328 Thruster’, Operation 190, 194. 215, 340 Tientsin 284, 358 Times, The 8, 253, 305 Tito, Joseph Broz 275, 354-5 Tomkinson, Vice-Admiral Wilfred: career 323; and Admiral Field 304-5, 362; mentioned 239, 248, 249, 254 Torch’, Operation 351 Tovey, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) John Cronyn: career 335-6; and Operation ‘Claymore’ 153-6, 163-4 Trafalgar, Battle of 151 Tree, Ronald 331 Trenchard, Marshal of the Royal Air Force, 1st Viscount (Hugh Montague Trenchard): career 347; in House of Lords debates 222, 223, 259, 262, 351; influence over Daily Telegraph 240, 241, 253; criticized by Richmond 250-3; and Fleet Air Arm 260-1, 263-4; mentioned 244, 258 Trevelyan, Dr George Macaulay 258, 351 Trincomali 245, 246; see also Ceylon Trondheim: seized by Germans 4; proposal to attack 4-5, 6. 89; Keyes plans attack 27-8, 30-40, 42, 309; Keyes believes Navy let the Army down 233; and Naval Staff 237; and Shirer 239, 276; mentioned 147, 206, 239, 265; see also Trondheimfiord, ‘Hammer’ Trondheimfiord 5, 36-9, 41. 342; sec also Trondheim, Steinkjer ‘Truck’, Operation 128, 138 ‘Tungsten’. Operation 354 Tunisia 259, 265, 351 Turkey 99, 104, 125,326 Tyrwhitt, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Reginald Yorke 226 United States: and Keyes’s plans for Atlantic Islands 82, 83, 195, 197-8; and Spanish Atlantic Islands 168, 169; interest in Azores 175, 177, 178; opinions of British Joint Staff Mission on armed forces 179-80; possible assistance to British in Far East 244 United States (Army): and landings in Sicily 269, 353; and Normandy invasion 274; and Pelelieu 277, 355; and Admiralty Islands 279; and New Guinea 280, 282; Ranger battalion in preliminaries to Leyte invasion 285, 286; and Pacific campaign 294 United States Marine Corps 293, 296 United States (Navy): at Manus and the Admiralties 279, 283-4, 294; work of engineers in New Guinea 280; and invasion of Leyte 285-9, 295-6, 359; and battles of Surigao Straits and Samar Island 291-2, 360; anticipated attempts to merge naval and army air services 292 Vandenheuvel. Major 46, 48, 51 Van Hook, Rear-Admiral Clifford E. (USN) 280, 291, 356 Varley, Commander C. H. 353 Vichy (France): and reinforcements for Dakar 223, 345, 352; and Madagascar 245, 246; mentioned 95 Vickers (firm) 21 Villeneuve, Vice-Amiral Pierre-Charles 162, 337 Warburton-Lee, Captain Bernard Armitage Warburton 265, 352 Wardlaw-Milne, Sir John S.: career 350; motion of censure against Churchill 221-2, 255, 270, 349 War Office: and Keyes 93; raises independent companies for raiding 87; discounts Richmond’s suggestions about landing craft 117; and Commandos 118, 148, 212, 215, 229 Warren, Commodore (later Rear-Admiral) Guy 191, 341 Warships (Australian): Australia 283, 289, 290, 301, 361 Shropshire 283, 287 Sydney 283 Warships (British): Classes: ‘Dido’ 102, 104, 106 ‘Glen’ (LSI) 94, 98, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107. 118-19, 129, 135, 138, 140, 144-6, 148, 151, 158, 175, 181, 334, 335 ‘Maraciabo’ (LST) 184, 340 ‘R’ (Battleships) 5, 23, 26, 37, 254, 350 . ‘U’ (Submarines) 128 ‘Ulster Monarch’ (LSI) 103 ‘X-craft’ (Midget submarines) 272, 354 INDEX 397 Aboukir 13 Acasta 323 Ajax 17, 314 Ardent 323 Arcthusa 250, 255, 347 Ark Royal 21, 166, 231, 232, 236, 254, 346, 347 Bachaqucro 340 Baralong 22 Barham 127, 349 Britannia (Training ship) 305 Centurion 5, 27, 30, 37, 318 Colossus 8. 15 Cornwall 249, 349 Courages 3. 8, 12, 13, 265, 312 Crcssy 13 Dorsetshire 250, 349 Duke of York 272, 354 Exeter 17, 314 Formidable 143, 144, 350 Freesia 131 Glenearn 326, 334-5 Glengylc 326, 332, 334. 335 G/enroy 239, 326, 332, 334, 335, 347 Glorious 73, 114, 117, 231. 265, 323, 329 Hermes 350 Hoguc 13 //o>vc 277 Hyperion 158 Indomitable 350 Illustrious 158, 336, 347 Karanja 106, 138, 140 Kingfisher 102 /Cm# George V 155 Malaya 127 Misoa 340 We/son 155 Orangeleaf (RFA Oiler) 128 Ox/ey 313 Prince o/ Jfa/es 255, 340, 347 Princess Beatrix 163, 330, 342 Queen Charlotte 149 Queen Elizabeth 48, 254, 349 Queen Emma 163, 330, 342 Ramilles 315. 350 Repulse 255, 347 Renown 26, 265, 315 Resolution 26, 315, 350 Revenge 315, 350 Oafc 16, 265, 313 Scott/nan 104, 106, 135, 327, 332 Sovereign 26, 315, 350 Ulsterman 327 Saumarez 354 Savage 354 Scorpion 354 Sheffield 128 Southampton 324, 336 Sturgeon 313 Sw#o/£ 6 Swordfish 313 Talisman 347 Tartar 164 Tasajera 340 Torbay 347 Triad 318 TV/fen 313 lf/5/er Monarch 327 £7/5fer Prince 327 [7/sfer Queen 327 Ka//anf 174, 254. 349 Kernon (Training ship) 305 Victorious 348 Warspite 317, 350 Wyvern 53, 321 X.6 354 *.7 354 Warships (French). Dunkerque 73, 323 7ean £arf 168, 337 Strasbourg 323 Warships (German): Classes: ‘Blucher’ 315 ‘Deutschland’ 21 ‘Maass’ 27 Admiral Graf Spec 17, 21, 314 Admiral Scheer 311 Bismarck 21, 243, 263, 348 Blucher 318 Emden 311 Gneisenau 246. 265, 311, 315, 323, 329, 348 Liitzow 318 Prinz Eugen 348 Scharnhorst 246, 265, 272, 311, 315, 323, 329, 348, 354 7/rp/rz 250, 354 17.29 312 f/.47 313 17.57 346 Warships (Italian): Conte di Cavour 347 Duilio 347 Littorio 347 Warships (New Zealand): Achilles 314 Warships (Norwegian): Sford 272, 354 Warships (United States): Appalachian 224, 225, 281, 283, 287, 288. 289, 290 Augusta 340 Canberra 359 398 THE KEYES PAPERS 1939-1945 Erbcn 284 Greer 341 Honolulu 289, 298 Houston 359 Hughes 286 /. Franklin Bell 290 Mount Olympus 283 Nashville 286, 287 Pennsylvania 279 Rocky Mount 285 Tennessee 225, 286, 289, 299 Wflsa/c/i 284, 286 Watson, Major-General Edwin Martin (USA) 177, 339 Wavell, General (later FieM Marshal, 1st Earl) Sir Archibald Percival: career 328; offensive in desert war 80, 148, 187, 254; and East Africa 330; delivers Lee-Knowles lectures at Cambridge 157, 336; mentioned 104, 119, 129, 142, 150, 248 Wemyss, Lj’eut-General (later General Sir) Colville 177, 179. 339 Wemyss, Admiral Sir Rosslyn Erskine, see Wester-Wemyss ‘Weseriibung’, Operation 4 Wester-Wemyss, Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Baron (Rosslyn Erskine Wemyss): career 313; as Deputy First Sea Lord 15; brings Keyes to Dover 90, 325; and Dardanelles campaign 128; mentioned 150, 335 Weygand, General Maxime: career 320; meets Keyes 51, 55, 60, 61; message to Lord Gort 62; Churchill has confidence in 67; Keyes hopes to win over 137, 152, 167, 171 Wilhelm II, Kaiser 51 Wilhelmshafen 8, 311 Wilkinson. Vice-Admiral Theodore Stark (USN): career 356; and invasion of Leyte 285-7; mentioned 280-3 William-Powlett, Major Peter de Barton Vernon 91, 255, 325 Williamson-Noble, Dr Frederick Arnold 286, 296, 359 Willis, Vice-Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) Algernon Usborne 190, 215, 340-1 Willoughby, Brigadier-General Charles A. (USA) 280-2, 291, 297, 356 Wilson, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Kynvet 118, 330 Wilson, General (later Field Marshal) Sir Henry Maitland 182, 218, 339 Wilson, Sir Leslie Orme 279, 355 Winant, John Gilbert 174, 176, 339 Winster. 1st Baron (Commander Reginald Thomas Herbert Fletcher) 267, 353 Winterton, 6th Earl (Edward Tumour) 238, 346 Wolfe, Major-General James 33, 37, 149, 317 Wood, Rt Hon Sir H. Kingsley 19, 242-3, 314 Woolley, Paymaster Captain Herbert G. A.: sent to Washington 82, 173; and Operation ‘Workshop’ 100, 131, 132; meets Harry Hopkins 174-6; interview with President Roosevelt 177-8; opinion of American forces 178-80 ‘Workshop’, Operation: proposed by Keyes 79-81, 100; under consideration by Chiefs of Staff Committee 102-7, 109-12; explained to Cunningham 119; General Haydon’s brief for 119-24, 330; capture in 1943 330-1; supported by Churchill 124- 6, 238, 346; opposed by Cunningham 126-7, 158; postponed 127-8, 130, 132-3. 135-8, 331, 332, 333-4; cancellation of 138, 139-41, 146, 334; Churchill wants Keyes to command 211; mentioned 143-5, 150. 169, 189, 190, 204, 233, 336; see also Pantelleria Wrathall, Major W. P. 50, 320 Wright, Commander 290 ‘Yorker’, Operation: proposals for 139; supported by Keyes 143-6, 150; mentioned 169; sec also Sardinia Yugoslavia: partisan operations in Dalmatian Islands 272-3, 275 Zeebrugge (1918): precedent cited for Operation ‘Workshop’ 80, 81; and Naval Staff 98; preparations for raid 108-9; operation described by Keyes 110; mentioned by Churchill 125; and delays 132; and interservice co-operation 187; mentioned 33, 43, 51, 150, 238, 298; see also Ostend Zeebrugge (1940) 54, 73-4, 323
Paul Halpern was born in New York 27 January 1937, and graduated from the University of Virginia in 1958 with honours in History. He served in the US Army 1958-60, reaching the rank of First Lieutenant. He entered Harvard University in 1960, where he gained an MA in History in 1961 and in 1966 his PhD, with a two volume thesis on The Mediterranean Naval Situation. He spent his entire academic career at Florida State University at Tallahassee, starting as an instructor in 1965, rising to assistant professor in 1966, associate professor in 1970, and professor in 1974. On retiring in 2005 he became emeritus professor. In 1986-87 he served as visiting professor of strategy at the Naval War College in Newport Rhode Island.
He served on the Council of the Navy Records Society 1968-72, 1982-86 and 2010-14. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a member of the American Historical Foundation, the US Naval Institute, the Naval Historical Foundation, Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Eta Sigma
His publications include
• The Mediterranean Naval Situation, 1908-1914 (Harvard University Press, 1971).
• The Naval War in the Mediterranean (Allen and Unwin, 1987).
• The Royal Navy in the Mediterranean, 1915-18 (Navy Records Society, 1987)
• The Keyes Papers, Volume I (Navy Records Society, 1972).
• The Keyes Papers, Volume II (Navy Records Society, 1980).
• The Keyes Papers, Volume III (Navy Records Society, 1981).
• A Naval History of World War I (Naval Institute Press, 1994).
• Anton Haus: Osterreich-Ungarns Grossadmiral (Graz, 1998).
• The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the gateway to the Adriatic in World War I (Indiana University Press, 2004).
• The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919-29 (Navy Records Society, 2011).
• The Mediterranean Fleet, 1930-39 (Navy Records Society, 2016).
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