The Mediterranean Fleet entered the 1930s looking back to the lessons of Jutland and the First World War but also seeking to incorporate new technologies, notably air power. Unfortunately in the depression years of the early 1930s there was a lack of funds to remedy deficiencies. The problem became critical during the Abyssinian crisis of 1935. The crisis wound down by mid-1936 but the respite did t last long. In June 1936 the Spanish Civil War broke out and the Mediterranean Fleet was soon involved in evacuations of British and other endangered foreigners from Spanish ports as well as the protection of British flagged merchant ships in the war zone.
In addition to the Spanish Civil War there was an increase of tension with Germany in 1938 that culminated with the Czechoslovak crisis in September. The situation of the Mediterranean Fleet and its possible actions had the Munich agreement t been reached are described. The Spanish Civil War ended in 1939 with the victory of the Nationalists and the Mediterranean Fleet was again involved in evacuations. By w the prospect of war with Germany and possibly Italy was quite clear and serious preparations for war continued. The plans for war in the Mediterranean are reproduced in detail.
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Abrail, Vice Amiral Jean Marie Charles, 529, 529 n. 1
Abyssinia see Ethopia
Aden, 106, 161, 172–3, 177, 186, 361, 363
Admiralty: and Malta, 7–8, 34–5, 51–2, 82; strength of Mediterranean Fleet, 9, 16–17, 20–22, 50–51, 71; and Gibraltar, 28, 153–4, 245–6; and Turkey, 55–6, 531; potential conflict with Italy (1935), 64–5, 68–70, 74, 78 n. 3, 91, 93, 112–15, 126, 148–50; reversion to normal conditions (1936), 74, 75, 170–73, 176, 183–7; and Spanish Civil War, 194, 196–7, 197, 199–201, 204–5, 224–31; and non-intervention committee, 233–5, 244–5, 261–2, 266; and incidents with British warships, 255–6, 259 n. 1, 288, 290; attacks on merchant shipping, 278, 283, 336 n. 1, 351–2, 366–71; and “pirate” submarine attacks, 296–8, 302–4, 335; and Nyon agreements, 313–15, 317, 320–21, 350–51; and German warships in Spain, 322, 410, 521–2; and relaxation of Nyon patrols, 353, 369, 383, 396, 420; and Czechoslovak crisis, 384–5, 427–9, 432, 434–5, 437–8; and renewal of attacks on shipping, 399, 403–4, 420–21, 424; and Italian occupation of Albania, 386, 389, 509, 511–14; and Spanish Morocco, 393, 540; and Greek territorial waters, 393, 541; and Mediterranean strategy, 489–91; 515–16, 539–40; staff talks with French, 527–8, 531, 534; and 1939 cruise programme, 528; and Hague Treaty rules for conduct of war, 540–43; and Italy, 394–5, 557–8 See also Chatfield, Fisher, Pound, Backhouse, Cunningham, A.B.
Aegean Sea, 201–2, 205, 374
Air Council, 7, 30
Alba, Duke of, 488, 488 n. 1
Albania, 389, 509–11
Alexandria: and potential conflict with Italy, 65, 72, 97, 113, 145; and concentration of fleet, 67, 70, 74, 385, 389, 433, 444–8; British forces at, 118, 122, 158; base defences, 125, 135, 146, 158–9, 164, 520; and end of Ethiopian crisis, 182–3, 185; and floating dock, 363, 372, 390, 517, 537–8; and AA defences, 390, 446, 535–7; mentioned, 10 n. 2
Algeria, 392, 492, 533
Almeria, 198, 254, 257–8, 263
Amsden, Captain William F. (USN), 210
Anderson, Captain Walter Stratton (USN), 167
Anglo-French Agreement (1937), 311–13, 318, 320–21
Anglo-French staff talks, 384, 391, 490. See also Pound, Cunningham, A.B., France, Navy
Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935), 64
Apfel, Mr. Edwin, 501–2, 504
Arliss, Commander Stephen H.T., 264 Arzeu, 202, 204, 319, 323, 359
Atlantic Fleet, 3 n. 2, 5, 9, 12, 17, 18 n. 1, 21. See also Home Fleet
Aubert, Capitaine de frégate Yves, 272–3
Augusta: in British war plans, 392, 526, 533–4, 550, 552; mentioned, 66, 68, 78, 104, 140, 150–51
Backhouse, Vice Admiral Roger: career, 46 n. 2; C-in-C Home Fleet, 69–70, 87–8, 116–17, 119–20, 150–53, 155; designated 1SL, 376, 406–7; and Czechoslovak crisis, 385, 441–2; and alleged pessimism in Mediterranean Fleet, 387, 463, 471; and attacks on British shipping, 466–7; programme for 1939, 470–71; mentioned, 3, 46, 49, 89, 324, 358, 393, 489. See also Admiralty, Home Fleet
Badoglio, Marshal Pietro, 175
Bailey, Rear Admiral Sidney Robert, 134
Bain, Commander D.K., 472
Balbo, Maresciallo dell’Aria Italo, 33
Baldwin, Stanley, 163 n. 1
Balearic Islands, 192. See also Palma, Majorca, Minorca
Barcelona: situation, 219–24, 270; evacuation, 472–6
Bastarreche, Rear Admiral Francisco: port admiral at Palma, 199, 274, 277, 278; and attacks on British merchant ships, 351; at Cadiz, 364–5; mentioned, 283–4
Beatty, Admiral of the Fleet 1st Earl, 3
Beckett, Lieut. Commander Roger Caton, 239–41
Bernotti, Ammiraglio di Squadra Romeo, 349–50, 358, 396, 398
Bevan, Captain Richard Hugh Lorraine, 14
Binney, Rear Admiral Thomas Hugh: career, 89 n. 2; in Aegean, 338, 343, 347–8, 355, 357; mentioned, 211, 218, 407
Bizerta, 133, 137, 139
Black, Vice Consul R.A., 364
Blake, Rear Admiral Geoffrey, 47, 360, 374
Blehaut, Capitaine de vaisseau Henri Paul, 545
Bonham-Carter, Lieut. General Charles, 188, 360
Borghese, Lieutenant Junio, 200, 204 n. 1
Bourragué, Contre Amiral Célestin Jean Léon, 555
Boyd, Captain Denis William, 169
Boyle, Admiral Sir William Henry Dudley, 39, 46, 156, 161, 463–4
Brandaris, General J., 478–9
Brownrigg, Vice Admiral Henry John, 89, 146
Cables, undersea, 70, 129–30
Cadiz, 363–5
Cagliari, 69, 114, 116–18, 120
Calvert, Rear Admiral Thomas Frederick Parker, 403–5
Camin, Judge, 475
Campbell, Major General David Gtaham, 25 n. 1
Casado, Colonel Segismundo, 501–3
Casement, Lieut. Colonel J.J., 479
Cazenave, Enseigne de vaisseau H.L.R., 138–40
Chamberlin, Neville, 48, 205
Chatfield, Admiral Alfred Ernle Montacute: career, 14 n. 1; commands Mediterranean Fleet, 3–9, 14–16; and defence of Suez Canal, 10, 44–5; and strength of Mediterranean Fleet, 17–20, 42–4, 383, 418; and visit of Prince of Wales, 22–5; and Defence Requirements Committee, 38 n. 2 and n3, 48; and Silver Jubilee Review, 45–6; and Samos incident, 47–8; programme, 48–9; and Keyes, 49–50; and Ethiopian crisis, 67–8, 73, 74, 93–102, 162–6, 182; critical of British foreign policy, 109, 362–3; and Spanish Civil War, 194, 196, 246, 330–31, 347–8; and Noyon agreements, 201, 203, 306–7, 421 n. 1; and German threat, 206, 360–61; and Japan, 206, 375–6; and potential American cooperation, 375–6; and defence of Egypt, 361; and MTBs, 362. See also Admiralty, Fisher, Pound
Chetwode, Vice Admiral George, 33
Chetwode, Field Marshal Philip, 476
Chiefs of Staff Committee: and potential war with Italy, 69, 72, 94, 96, 111, 135–6, 147; and Libya, 205, 344–6; mentioned, 206, 360
Churchill, Winston S., 359
Chilton, Sir Henry, 367 n. 1
Ciano, Galeazzo, 515
Committee of Imperial Defence: and Gibraltar, 6, 28; and defence requirements, 38 n. 2; and Mediterranean area, 52–3, 361, priorities, 206, 372
Companys, Don Luis, 222
Cooper, Alfred Duff, 343, 421 n. 1
Corfu, 21–3, 389, 512. See also Greece
Corinth Canal, 391, 451–2, 525, 541. See also Greece
Cork and Orrey, Earl see Boyle, Admiral Sir William
Courage, Lieut. Commander R.E., 231, 285
Cox, Reverend Hubert, 275
Cunningham, Rear Admiral Andrew Browne: career, 122 n. 4; and Fisher, 66, 122, 161; and Spanish Civil War, 331–4, 381–2, 387, 400–403, 467–8, 489; as Mediterranean C-in-C, 393–4, 426, 526 n. 1, 538–9; as DCNS, 516; meeting with French, 394, 518, 545–52; plans for war, 538, 552–7; and International Law, 542–4; mentioned, 168, 407. See also Admiralty, Mediterranean Fleet
Cunningham, Captain John Henry Dacres, 121
Cyprus, 10 n. 2, 175, 362–3
Czechoslovak Crisis (1938), 384–5, 388, 427, 429–30, 436–42
Daily Mail, 281
Danckwerts, Captain Victor Hilary, 169
Dangerfield, Commander, 331
Darlan, Amiral de la Flotte François Xavier, 555
Defence Requirements Committee, 48
Deverell, Commander G.R., 249–53
Dreyer, Admiral Frederic Charles, 109 n. 1, 156
Dundas, Captain John George Lawrence, 546
Eden, Robert Anthony, 78–9, 181, 343
Edward, Prince of Wales: visits fleet, 22–5; as King Edward VIII, 187
Egypt: defence of, 70, 72, 205, 343–5, 359–61, 490; and Czechoslovak crisis, 433; mentioned, 65, 177, 184, 188, 324. See also Alexandria, Suez Canal, Sollum, Mersa Matruh
Esteva, Vice Amiral Jean Pierre: career, 311 n. 1; meeting with Pound, 202–3, 311, 315, 318, 320, 349–50, 358; mentioned, 396, 397, 401, 529, 532
Ethiopia, 11, 63–4. See also Italy, League of Nations, Haile Selassie
Evans, Rear Admiral Alfred Englefield, 178, 185, 537
Eyres-Monsell, Bolton Meredith, 165 n. 1
“Fairey Queen” (drone), 26–7
Faringdon, 2nd Baron, 503
Field, Admiral Sir Frederick L., 3
Firth, Commander Charles Leslie, 187
Fischel, Konteradmiral Hermann von, 266–7
Fisher, Neville, 124
Fisher, Admiral William Wordsworth: career, 26 n. 1; as C-in-C Mediterranean Fleet, 3, 6, 10, 26–8, 33, 39–42, 46, 131; and Malta defences, 7–8, 29–31, 37–9, 80–81, 89–90, 108; and Turkey, 47 n. 2, 55 n. 3, 56 n. 1; and passage of fleet to the Far East, 56–9; and potential conflict with Italy, 64–8, 70, 72–3, 78–9, 91; 392 n. 2; and strength of Mediterranean Fleet, 71, 132–3; and French Navy, 72; on vulnerability of capital ships to air, 73, 179–80; and Home Fleet, 75–80; and Port “X”, 91–2, 135 n. 1; planned operations, 103–4, 117, 155; on situation at Alexandria, 121, 130–31; and Backhouse, 152, 155; to be C-in-C Portsmouth, 156; provides summary of Ethiopian crisis, 157–9; mentioned, 123–4, 159–61. See also Alexandria, Mediterranean Fleet, Admiralty, Chatfield
Flandin, Pierre Etienne, 162
Fleet Air Arm: and potential conflict with Italy, 66, 84, 392; 802 Squadron, 83–4; 812 Squadron, 83–4; 820 Squadron, 178; 823 Squadron, 83–4; 825 Squadron, 83–4; mentioned, 49, 83, 91, 131, 447, 454
Forbes, Vice Admiral Charles Morton, 122, 131, 188, 376, 471
Forcinal, Albert, 503, 505
Ford, Vice Admiral Wilbraham Tennyson Randle, 510
Fouad I, King of Egypt, 168–9
France: as potential enemy, 7; and Ethiopian crisis, 64–5, 71–2, 76, 79 n. 2, 98, 101, 105, 162–3; discussions with British, 110–11, 127–8, 136–7; and Spanish Civil War, 192, 201, 306–7; and Tunisia, 393; numerical inferiority of air force, 533, 539–40. See also France, Navy, Nyon Agreements
France, Navy: large destroyers, 272; officers in Spain, 273; and Nyon agreement, 298, 311–14, 318, 323, 396; visit to Malta, 358; and potential war with Germany, 384, 431; role in war with Italy, 391, 394, 414; arrangements for liaison officers, 427, 527–8, 531–2, 539–40, 545–52; staff talks with British, 491–2, 518, 529; planned operations, 554–5; forces available, 557 n. 1. See also Laborde, Michelier, Estiva, Ollive
Franco y Bahamonde, Generalissimo Francisco: career, 272 n. 1; and attacks on British ships, 465 n. 1, 466, 469–70; and San Luis, 480, 483; recognized by British and French, 494 n. 1, 497 n. 1; mentioned, 191, 206, 272, 387, 403, 412, 467, 477. See also Spain, Nationalist
Franco y Bahamonde, Colonel Ramon, 242–3
French, Vice Admiral Wilfred Frankland, 85, 89–90
Gambardella, Ammiraglio di squadra Fausto, 14–15
Gandia, 500, 502, 504–6
Gascoigne, Instructor Lieut. J.C., 479–8
Genoa, 69–70, 108, 114, 116–18, 120, 555
George V, King of England, 10, 25
George II, King of the Hellenes, 426 George, Prince, 4, 22–5
Germany: and Spanish Civil War, 191, 195, 264 n. 3; and Great Britain, 197–8, 202; aggressive policies, 383–4, strength of air power, 442. See also Germany, Navy
Germany, Navy: and Great Britain, 222; and Spanish Civil War, 322, 409, 519; and Czechoslovak crisis, 427–8, 441; on Spanish coast, 521–2
Gibraltar: poor air defences, 6, 26, 28; submarine defences, 82, 86; and British naval operations, 148, 152–4; and Spanish Civil War, 196, 245–6; and German threat, 384, 537; and Czechoslovak crisis, 429–30, 436–40, 450–51; and war plans, 523–4, 556. See also Mediterranean Fleet, Home Fleet
Glinsky, Captain, 281
Godfrey, Captain John Henry: career, 207 n. 1; and Spanish Civil War, 207–10, 212–14, 275 n. 2; proceedings in Aegean, 337–43, 355–7; and Palestine, 426
Gooden, Mr. A., 500, 503
Goolden, Captain Francis Hugh. 219–24
Gordon, Lieut. Commander R.C., 262–4
Great Britain: and Spanish Civil War, 193–6, 198–9. See also Great Britain, Board of Trade, Great Britain, Foreign Office
Great Britain, Army: Gordon Highlanders, 188, 207–8, 212; Worcestershire Regiment, 27; 11th Hussars, 146
Great Britain, Board of Trade, 421 n. 1, 501
Great Britain, Cabinet, 69, 73–4, 81, 163, 167, 434
Great Britain, Foreign Office: and Ethiopian crisis, 74, 126, 129, 163 n. 1, 165, 182; and Turkey, 9, 48, 55; and Spanish Civil War, 303, 369, 382, 387, 407, 409, 421 n. 1; and Hillgarth, 303; and surrender of Minorca, 476 n. 3, 478; and Spanish refugees, 504; mentioned, 55, 79, 86, 107
Greece: and British use of ports, 91, 93–4, 98, 136, 145, 147, 201, 317, 320; protest over Skyros, 205, 399–40;
use of territorial waters, 391, 393, 524–5, 538, 541; and Italian threat to Corfu, 389, 512. See also Aegean, Skyros, Corinth Canal, Corfu
Greece, Navy, 358, 389, 391, 426
Hague Convention (1907), 149–50, 541, 543–4
Haifa: and Ethiopian crisis, 67, 74, 130, 157; defences, 164, 183, 185, 520; use in war, 448, 458, 460; 556
Haile Selassie, 175 n. 3
Haining, Lieut. General Robert Hadden, 426
Halifax, Viscount (Edward Frederick Lindley Wood), 387, 465–6
Hallifax, Captain Guy W., 15
Hammick, Captain Alexander Robert, 492–6
Hemsted, Paymaster Captain James Rustat, 176
Henderson, Vice Admiral Reginald Guy Hannam, 363
Hillgarth, Lieut. Commander Alan Hugh: career, 209 n. 1; at Palma, 194, 208–9, 411; and attacks on British ships, 244, 382, 407–8, 499; praised, 273–5, 413; and Minorca, 387, 476–8, 482–4, 487–8; mentioned, 413
Hitler, Adolph, 7, 163, 198, 441–2, 528
Hoare, Sir Samuel, 63–4, 72, 74, 181, 217–18
Home Fleet: combined exercises with Mediterranean Fleet, 39; situation, 43, 46, 50–51; passage to Far East, 53, 58; and potential conflict with Italy, 66–7, 69, 71, 116–17, 127, 152; reinforces Mediterranean, 77, 87–8, 93, 132, 165; question of leave, 134–5; and easing of tension, 176, 184; and Spanish Civil War, 193, 200, 204, 234; destroyers for Mediterranean, 300, 302–3; and Nyon patrols, 419–22. See also Atlantic Fleet, Backhouse
Horan, Captain Henry Edward, 374, 406
Horton, Rear Admiral Max, 155, 207 n. 2
Hutton, Captain Fitzroy Evelyn Patrick, 408 n. 4
Iachino, Contrammiraglio Angelo, 250
im Thurn, Vice Admiral John Knowles, 32, 39, 55 n. 3
Ingersoll, Captain Royal E. (USN), 375 n. 1
International Delegation for Relief and Refugees in Central Spain, 503–5
International Red Cross, 269, 505–6
Invergordon Mutiny, 5, 33 n. 2, 49, 193
Italy: threat of air force, 7, 29–30, 33, 67, 76, 443, 533; and Ethiopia, 11, 63, 64, 69, 110, 163–4, 166; and Yugoslavia, 35; and belligerent rights, 71, 115, 126; strategic disadvantages, 94–5, 97, 101; geographical advantages, 96–7, 100–101, 443; and Spanish Civil War, 188, 191–3, 195, 214–15, 411–12, 482, 487; and attacks on British ships, 244, 466–7; and Nyon agreements, 297, 323, 327–8, 349–50; in Chatfield’s opinion, 362–3; and Great Britain, 372, 383; and Czechoslovak crisis, 433–4; and Red Sea, 441; and Albania, 509, 511–12, 515. See also Italy, Navy, League of Nations
Italy, Navy: improvement, 15; and Spanish Civil War, 192, 195, 198, 201–2, 398, 407, 459; and Great Britain, 197, 222, covert submarine activity, 316, 381; and Nyon agreements, 202–3; visit to Malta, 425–6; strength, 95, 413–14, 452–3. See also Ricci, Bernotti
James, Mr. J.H., 488
James, Vice Admiral William Milbourne, 73, 162–6, 183, 194, 246, 416–18, 421 n. 1
Japan: potential threat to Suez Canal, 10, 53–4, 57–8; situation in Far East, 64, 206, 363, 375–6, 383–4
Jerram, Paymaster Commander Rowland, 183
Junod, Dr. Marcel, 269
Jutland, Battle of, 4, 248
Kennedy-Purvis, Vice Admiral Charles Edward, 400, 407
Kerdudo, Contre Amiral, 473, 475
Keyes, Admiral of the Fleet Roger John Brownlow, 49–50, 358
Kindelán y Duany, General Alfredo, 487
Kinloch, Lieut. David Charles, 150
Laborde, Vice Amiral Jean Joseph, Comte de, 72, 138–42
Lackey, Rear Admiral Henry E. (USN), 473
Lampson, Sir Miles Wedderburn, 115, 155, 169, 361, 363
Laval, Pierre, 63, 72
Layton, Rear Admiral Geoffrey, 385, 407, 436–40, 463, 508–9
League of Nations: and Italy, 8, 11, 63–5, 71, 74–7; votes sanctions, 69, 93–4, 101–2, 105, 110, 126, 162–3, 173–4, 182; and Spanish Civil War, 198; mentioned, 36, 165, 167, 170–72
Leatham, Rear Admiral Ralph, 464
Leckie, Air Commodore Robert, 546 Libya: and Italian forces, 205, 343, 345; and British war plans, 386, 391, 461–2, 490, 524, 533, 548. See also Tobruk
Little, Vice Admiral Charles James Colebrooke, 77–9, 109
Locarno, Treaty, 7
London Naval Treaty (1930), 48, 95, 308, 325, 351, 398–9, 403, 470
Lyon, Rear Admiral George Hamilton D’Oyly, 59, 122, 130, 160, 175
Lyster, Captain Arthur, 392
MacDonald, James Ramsey, 49
Mackenzie, Captain K.H.L., 87
Maclean, Air Vice Marshal Cuthbert T., 115
Maddalena, 69, 118, 120, 128
Majorca, 214–16, 467–8, 487. See also Palma, Balearic Islands
Malaga, 216–18, 249–53
Malta: air defences lamentable, 6–7, 29–32, 34–5, 37–8, 83; viability as base, 8, 97, 99, 108, 458–9; combined operations at, 27, 33–4; political crisis, 38–9; in war with Italy, 65–6, 76, 456, 533; defences evaluated, 82, 84–5, 145, 157, 387, 390, 520; naval families, 124–5, 390, 516–17, 521; return of fleet, 176, 187; visit of Turkish fleet, 10, 192; submarine shelters, 372; and Italian occupation of Albania, 389, 511–13, 515–16; visit of Italian warships, 425; and Czechoslovak crisis, 449–50; British forces at, 556. See also Mediterranean Fleet, Fisher, Pound
Marriott, Captain J.P.R., 122–3, 156, 174
Meade-Fetherstonhaugh, Admiral Sir Herbert, 463
Mediterranean Fleet: strength of, 3, 9, 16–17, 20–22, 42–5, 50–51, 71, 74, 132, 134, 181–3; and a war with Japan, 3, 52–9; annual routine, 3–4, 10, 15–16; visit of royal princes, 4, 22–5; exercises, 4–5, 12–13, 39, 160–61, 192; redistribution of forces, 5, 16–17; strategical investigations, 35–7; vulnerability to air attack, 6, 8, 96; 179–80; and “Fairey Queen” drones, 8; and silver anniversary review, 10; preparedness for war, 39–42, 102–3; and potential conflict with Italy, 64–9, 127, 144–6; easing of tensions over Ethiopia, 176–7, 182, 184–5; and Spanish Civil War, 192–4, 196, 218–19, 231–41, 381, 388; and coronation review, 193; role in war with Germany, 384; and Czechoslovak crisis, 384, 433; alleged pessimism in fleet, 386–7; and Italian occupation of Albania, 389, 510–13; on outbreak of war, 394–5; comparison with Italian fleet, 413–15; adequacy of fleet, 451–7; false rumours, 508 n. 1. See also Fisher, Pound, Cunningham, Admiralty, Alexandria, Malta
Mersa Matruh, 122, 135, 146, 345 n. 1
Metaxas, General Ioannis, 339
Meyrick, Rear Admiral Sidney Julius, 160
Miaja, General José, 270, 274
Miles, Captain Geoffrey John Audley, 247–9
Minorca, 387–8, 476–86, 488. See also Port Mahon, Muirhead-Gould
Mobil Naval Base, 65, 67–8, 74, 104, 135, 183, 186. See also Port “X”
Moore, Rear Admiral Henry Ruthven, 546–7
Moreno, Vice Admiral Francisco: and attacks on neutral ships, 351–2, 366–8, 370, 381–2, 399, 401–4, 407–8, 411–12, 499–500; and surrender of Minorca, 476–8, 487–9; mentioned, 409, 413. See also Spain, Navy (Nationalist)
Moriondo di Morenco, Contrammiraglio Alberto, 411
Mountbatten, Commander Louis, 72, 138–44, 151, 202
Mudros, 300, 310, 338, 355–7
Muirhead-Gould, Captain Gerard C.: career, 326 n. 1; and perceived submarine attack, 326–7; and Czechoslovak crisis, 385, 434–5; and surrender of Minorca, 387, 476–86; and press interview, 486, 488; and evacuation of embassy staff, 471–6; mentioned, 489, 497
Muselier, Contre Amiral Emile Henri Désiré, 142–3
Mussolini, Benito: career, 78 n. 1; and bellicose statements, 7, 63–4, 78, remains neutral, 394, and Czechoslovak crisis, 433, 441; and Greece, 515; mentioned, 4, 109, 146, 205, 395, 467
Negrin, Dr. Juan, 473, 501 n. 1
Neville, Lieut. Commander E., 138–40, 144
News Chronicle, 281
Non Intervention Committee, 192, 195, 233–5, 249, 251, 253, 265
Norman, Commander Horace Geoffrey, 406
Nyon Agreements: proposals, 306–9; Anglo-French agreement, 201–2, 311–13, 320–21; and Germany, 322; and Mediterranean Fleet, 325–6, 331, 351; joined by Italy, 327–30, 341–50, 381; reduction of patrols, 396–7; recurrence of attacks, 398, 404, 419–23, 465–6, 468, 470; mentioned, 338–9, 383
Okengit, Lieutenant Hilmi, 340
Ollive, Vice Amiral Emmanuel, 394, 545, 547–8
Packer, Captain Herbert Annesley, 339–40
Palestine, 188, 192, 344, 426. See also Haifa
Palma, 208–10, 466. See also Majorca
Palmer, Sir Herbert Richmond, 175
Phillips, Captain Thomas Spencer Vaughn, 245–6, 375 n. 1
Pipon, Rear Admiral Murray, 82, 197, 239, 245, 254, 258–9
Porcel, Dr. Jose, 411
Port Mahon, 477–85, 487. See also Minorca
Port Said, 10, 52, 54, 59, 107, 113, 118
Port “X”: in British plans, 65, 67–72, 91–2, 98–9, 101, 104, 111; and Royal Marines, 125–6; temporary abandonment, 135, 144; mentioned, 89, 112–14, 123, 128, 131, 147. See also Mobil Naval Base
Pound, Vice Admiral Alfred Dudley Pickman Rogers: career, 46 n. 1; as Chief of Staff to Fisher, 70, 121, 123–4, 159–60; assumes command of Mediterranean Fleet, 73–4, 159–61, 165, 193; and end of Ethiopian crisis, 167–70, 174, 177, 187; and Spanish Civil War, 194, 196–202, 204–5, 207, 275–6; meeting with Esteva, 202–3, 318, 320; and German threat, 206, 322, 384, and Japan, 206, 383–4, 405; visits to Spanish ports, 211, 214–18; and non intervention committee, 236–8, 260–62, 265, 292; and attacks on British ships, 241–2, 266–7, 276–9, 368–9, 382; and mining of Hunter, 257–60, 267; and question of belligerent rights, 282–4; and attacks by unknown submarines, 290, 293–6, 299–302, 305–6; and Nyon agreements, 310–11, 315–16, 319–21, 335; and Italians, 323, 382–3, 413–15; and situation in Warspite, 324, 406; and Basilisk affair, 331–2, 334–5, 359; and reinforcement of western Mediterranean, 336–7, 346; and defence of Egypt, 343–4, 372; and reduction of Nyon patrols, 345–6, 353–5, 371, 383, 396–7; and Ilex affair, 347–8, 359; meeting with French and Italian admirals, 349–50, 358; and MTBs, 372–3; and Czechoslovak crisis, 384–6, 426, 428–31; and situation in Mediterranean (Oct. 1938), 443–60; and alleged pessimism in Mediterranean Fleet, 387, 465; and Albanian crisis, 389, 510–14; and AA defences of Malta and Alexandria, 390, 535–7; and Nyon patrols, 405, 419–24; and Spanish Nationalist submarines, 409–10; staff talks with French, 391, 491–2, 529–30; plans for war, 392, 424–5, 519–26, 531, 534–5; and Italian visit to Malta, 425–6; fleet programme (1939), 507–8, 530; and naval families at Malta, 516–17; becomes First Sea Lord, 393; mentioned, 112, 463. See also Admiralty, Mediterranean Fleet
Pouritch, Bojidar, 181 n. 3
Pridham, Captain Arthur Francis, 426
“Queen Bee” drones, 73, 154, 156, 160, 179–80
Raikes, Rear Admiral Robert Henry Taunton, 122, 155
Ramsay, Vice Admiral Alexander Robert Maude, 131, 154, 187
Ransome, Lieut. Commander P.C., 232 n. 1 Red Sea: and undersea cables, 70, 74; and Italian Navy, 100, 105–6, 172; and British forces, 105–6, 556; British plans in event of war, 107, 361, 455–6, 490–91
Riccardi, Ammiraglio di Squadra Arturo, 425
Richmond, Commander Maxwell, 279–82
Robert, Vice Amiral Georges, 16 n. 1
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 375 n. 1
Rose, Vice Admiral Frank Forrester, 105, 155
Rossi, Conde (Aconovaldo Bonacorsi), 216
Royal Air Force: and Malta, 8, 84; at Arzeu, 202, 313, 315, 319, 323, 359; 80(F) Squadron, 447; 202 Squadron, 30, 300, 310, 425, 447, 508; 205 Squadron, 106; 210 Squadron, 319, 32
Royal Marines, 125, 506
Royal Navy: 1st Battle Squadron, 40, 121, 145, 171, 310; 3rd Battle Squadron, 18; Battle Cruiser Squadron, 36, 112; 1st Cruiser Squadron, 33, 57, 145, 161, 337, 415, 429–30; 2nd Cruiser Squadron, 36, 73, 78 n. 2, 108, 112, 114, 116, 118, 133, 148, 152–3, 160–61, 403; 3rd Cruiser Squadron, 10, 36, 56–8, 67, 73, 104, 145, 324, 382, 414–15; 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron, 148, 152–3, 156–7, 160–61, 178; 1st Destroyer Flotilla, 23, 59, 145, 171–2, 176, 182, 184, 237–8, 265, 300, 310–19, 436, 556; 2nd Destroyer Flotilla, 17, 93 n. 2, 154, 161, 172, 238, 265, 286, 289, 291–2, 300, 310, 323, 334, 419, 556; 3rd Destroyer Flotilla, 10, 25, 56, 59, 161, 197, 213, 247–9, 300, 310, 396, 428, 430, 436–7, 450, 556; 4th Destroyer Flotilla, 23, 36, 169–70, 176, 178, 184, 353, 556; 5th Destroyer Flotilla, 36, 87, 93 n. 2, 132, 145–6, 154, 353–4; 6th Destroyer Flotilla, 93 n. 2, 103–4, 108, 112, 114, 116, 133, 152, 154, 160, 168–9, 178, 292, 396; 13th Destroyer Flotilla, 556; 19th Destroyer Flotilla, 132, 145; 20th Destroyer Flotilla, 114, 116–17, 133, 170–71; 21st Destroyer Flotilla, 114, 116–18, 133, 169, 171–2; 1st “Tribal” Destroyer Flotilla, 528 n. 1; 2nd Destroyer Division, 356; 5th Destroyer Division, 338, 430; 6th Destroyer Division, 436, 439–40, 450, 508; 7th Destroyer Division, 354; 8th Destroyer Division, 321, 354; 11th Destroyer Division, 200, 292, 402; 12th Destroyer Division, 321; 15th Destroyer Division, 185; 1st Submarine Flotilla, 145; 2nd Submarine Flotilla, 36, 78 n. 2, 87; 2nd Anti Submarine Flotilla, 176, 178, 184; 1st Minesweeping Flotilla, 178, 197, 260, 265–6; 2nd Minesweeping Flotilla, 184–5; 5th Minesweeping Flotilla, 176, 178, 184; 1st MTB Flotilla, 310
Runciman, Sir Walter Viscount, 428
Sakallarion, Admiral, 340
Samos Affair, 47, 55 n. 2
San Luis, Lieut. Commander Count: and Minorca, 476–85; mentioned, 487–8
San Martin, Engineer Officer, 479–81
Scurfield, Lieut. Commander B.G., 25 n. 1, 258 n. 1
Secret Anchorage “M” (Kamaran Bay, Red Sea), 57
Secret Anchorage “T” (Addu Atoll), 57–8
Servaes, Captain Reginald Maxwell, 360
Ships (British): African Mariner, 356–7, 423; Alcira, 403; Aquitania, 385–6, 438–40, 444, 446, 450; Atlantic Guide, 500–501; Atreus, 185; Barrington Combe, 496; Benarty, 183, 185; Bramhill, 465–6, 470; Burlington, 288; Carthage, 125; Cervantes, 204, 336–7; Chitral, 125; Ciscar, 103; City of Marseilles, 280; Clonlara, 399, 401–2; Cutty Sark, 122; Derbyshire, 208; Dominia, 129; Endymion, 402, 408; Euphorbia, 356, 364–5; Gibel Zerjon, 212–14; Hawkinge, 103; Heminge, 103; Jan Weems, 204, 350–52; Jenny, 268; Lady Dennison Pender, 129; Lake Geneva, 401–2; Laverock, 465, 470; Levant, 129; Marvia, 352; Miocene, 473; Montcalm, 440; Nahlin, 187 n. 2; Noemijulia, 199, 268, 277, 279–81; Nuddea, 185; Rajputana, 125; Retriever, 129; Rio Azul, 185; Somersetshire, 337; Spanker, 103; Stanbreak, 496; Stancor, 493, 498–501; Stangate, 493–5, 497; Stanhope, 493, 495; Stanland, 500–501; Thistlegarth, 344; Thorpness, 401, 408; Wintonia, 478; Woodford, 200
Ships (Dutch): Hannah, 400, 403
Ships (French): Iméréthie, 271; L’Obstine, 210
Ships (German): Schwabenland, 439; Sexta, 251
Ships (Italian): Ausonia, 123
Ships (Spanish Republican): Caleelcofauba, 324; Campeador, 198
Sidi Barrani, 72, 147
Simon, John Alisebrook, 55
Singapore, 7, 38, 43, 376
Skyros, 205, 316, 338–40, 342, 355, 357
Slessor, Group Captain John Cotesworth, 547
Sollum, El, 70, 72, 115–16, 137, 146–7
Somerville, Rear Admiral James: career, 90 n. 1; and Spanish Civil War, 199, 200, 215–16, 277–9, 292; and Havock incident, 284–9, 291; and Nyon patrols, 296, 298–9, 354; at Cadiz, 363–5; and Morocco, 366; proceedings, 410–13; mentioned, 67, 90, 168 n. 2
Soviet Union, 191, 297
Spain, 188, 191–4, 381, 387, 523–4. See also Spain (Nationalist), Spain (Republican)
Spain (Nationalist): potential enemy, 7; and attacks on shipping, 199, 231–3, 236–44, 277–8, 336–7, 350
n. 4, 352, 387, 465–6; and blockade, 204–5, 494 n. 1; and Royal Navy, 196–7, 249–51; use of submarines, 381, 398–9; naval activity, 271, 400, 419, 421, 436, 439–40, 493–6, 498, 500, 505
Spain (Republican), 196, 271, 440 n. 1. See also Barcelona
Spanish Morocco, 391, 393, 523, 540
Stanhope, James Richard, 7th Earl, 465–6, 469–70
Stevenson, Ralph Clement Skrine, 472–5
Suez Canal: defence of, 10, 44–5, 52–9, 384, 415–18, 457–8; and Ethiopian crisis, 64–5, 76–7; mentioned, 145, 185
Tait, Captain William Eric Campbell, 242–4, 268–75
Talbot, Captain Arthur George, 347, 359
Taranto: as potential target, 104, 392, 460, 526, 533–4; mentioned, 68, 78
Tobruk, 145, 157, 552
Tomkinson, Vice Admiral Wilfred, 49
Tovey, Rear Admiral John Cronyn, 388, 464, 497–507
Troup, Rear Admiral James Andrew Gardiner, 316 n. 1
Trucy, Capitaine de vaisseau P.E., 139, 142–3
Tunisia, 393, 449, 458, 462, 533, 539
Turkey: and Samos incident, 9, 46, 55 n. 2; naval visit to Malta, 10, 55–6, 192; and Ethiopian crisis, 136; and potential British use of harbours, 201, 205, 316–17, 340–42, 359; use of air bases, 533; remains neutral, 392; assumed to be ally, 531, 541. See also Samos Affair
Tyrrell, William George, 1st Baron, 15
Ubieta, Captain J.L., 479–81, 484–5
Usalete, Colonel, 481, 483–4
United States, 375–6
Valencia, 500–503
Vansittart, Sir Robert Gilbert, 79, 182
Warships (American):
Cruisers:
Omaha, 473, 475; Quincy, 210, 221
Destroyer:
Badger, 474
Gunboat:
Panay, 375 n. 1
Warships (British):
Battleships:
Barham, 50, 92, 102–3, 118, 161, 178, 187, 202, 262, 306, 310, 315, 324–5, 371, 373, 406, 556; Malaya, 43, 50, 201, 262, 310, 320, 323, 325, 337–8, 342–3, 355, 357, 371, 406, 429, 513, 556; Nelson, 16, 50, 116, 118, 152, 170–71, 376, 471; Queen Elizabeth, 9, 14–16, 22–4, 42, 44, 47 n. 1, 49–50, 65, 123, 171, 187, 372 n. 1, 377, 406; Ramilles, 10 n. 2, 16, 44, 50, 116, 171, 508, 514, 519; Resolution, 23, 39, 44, 50, 65, 121; Revenge, 23–4, 27–8, 36, 44, 50, 439; Rodney, 50, 108, 116, 118, 152, 170–71, 177; Royal Oak, 17, 23, 42, 50, 439; Royal Sovereign, 27–8, 50, 116, 171; Valiant, 42, 49–50, 161, 171, 178, 372 n. 1, 376; Warspite, 42, 44, 49–50, 262, 324, 372 n. 1, 375–6, 394, 406, 528 n. 1, 556
Battlecruisers:
Hood, 43, 50, 133, 150, 152, 169–71, 176, 178, 183, 262, 310, 375, 385, 400, 405, 426, 428–30, 436–40, 450, 471; Renown, 42, 49–50, 133, 155, 161, 166, 171, 372 n. 1, 376; Repulse, 43, 50, 171, 188 n. 1, 194, 201, 204–5, 207–10, 212–14, 220, 262, 275 n. 2, 300, 310, 316, 320, 323, 337–44, 355–7, 375, 428, 430
Aircraft Carriers:
Albatross, 427; Courageous, 36, 67, 87, 132–3, 154, 183, 187, 344; Eagle, 17, Furious, 69, 108, 114, 116–17, 133, 344; Glorious, 23–4, 40, 57, 65–6, 83–4, 89–90, 133, 160–61, 187, 205, 299, 310, 319, 323–4, 344, 346, 392, 414–15, 428, 430, 432, 447, 508, 528 n. 1, 553, 556; Hermes, 313
Cruisers:
Achille , 153, 174, 176, 185; Adventure, 27, 69, 176–7, 185; Ajax, 70–71, 131, 153, 155, 160–61, 176, 178, 185; Arethusa, 160–61, 256, 382–3, 413 n. 1, 415–16, 418, 429, 444, 556; Australia (RAN), 95, 130, 169, 174, 176, 184; Berwick, 69, 176, 185; Cairo, 133, 171, 310; Capetown, 175; Ceres, 23; Colombo, 23, 105; Coventry, 23, 155, 160–61, 178, 184187, 327, 361; Curlew, 23, 135, 160–61, 178, 184, 187, 361, 556; Cumberland, 177; Delhi, 237, 310, 416–17; Despatch, 338, 416–17; Devonshire, 47 n. 1, 130, 208, 220, 241, 326–7, 385, 387–8, 400, 428, 430, 434–5, 472–3, 476–8, 481–3, 486–9, 497, 556; Diomede, 171; Durban, 130; Emerald, 105, 416; Enterprise, 175 n. 3, 416; Exeter, 160, 174, 176, 178, 185, 188 n. 1; Frobisher, 55 n. 3; Galatea, 69, 122, 161, 187, 199, 211, 285–9, 310, 321, 363–4, 388, 410, 413–14, 497, 501–7, 556; Gloucester, 511; Leander, 153; Liverpool, 511; London, 23–4, 27, 36, 39, 47 n. 1, 55–6, 177, 211, 219–23, 241, 430–31, 437, 440, 450, 471; Manchester, 439, 444; Norfolk, 105; Penelope, 237, 274, 286, 288–9, 306, 310, 382, 413 n. 1, 415–16, 418, 444, 495–6, 498–500, 511, 556; Shropshire, 23, 25, 77, 88 n. 1, 211, 219, 241–2, 268–9, 271–5, 430–31, 444, 448–9, 556; Southampton, 403; Sussex, 23, 27–8, 69, 177, 388, 430, 492–5, 556; Sydney (RAN), 153, 155, 160–61, 169, 174, 176, 184
Destroyers:
Achates, 247; Acheron, 247; Active, 286–9, 519; Afridi, 385, 390, 421–2, 428, 434, 511, 530–31; Anthony, 247; Arrow, 196, 249, 252, 411; Basilisk, 203–4, 330–35; Boreas, 203, 331, 333, 382, 411; Bulldog, 508, 528 n. 1, 556; Campbell, 171; Codrington, 23, 194, 212–13; Cossack, 385, 421–2, 428, 434; Douglas, 23, 161, 185, 310, 444; Faulknor, 70; Firedrake, 337 n. 1; Gallant, 196, 239–44; Gipsy, 195, 231–3, 250–51; Glowworm, 356, 371, 440 n. 1, 472–3; Grafton, 187, 252; Grenade, 356; Greyhound, 356, 371, 440 n. 1, 472, 473; Griffin, 371; Gurkha, 511; Hardy, 253–6, 258, 288; Hasty, 288–9; Havock, 195, 199–200, 202–3, 231–2, 284–90, 330–32, 334–5, 478, 480; Hereward, 198, 263–5, 286–8; Hero, 264; Hostile, 199, 279–82, 286, 289, 473, 478; Hotspur, 277, 286–8, 477–8, 482, 485; Hunter, 196–7, 253–60, 265, 267, 473–4, 476, 478; Hyperion, 253–4, 288; Icarus, 340, 355, 493; Ilex, 205, 339, 347, 355; Imogen, 338–9, 342, 347, 437; Imperial, 437; Impulsive, 493; Inglefield, 338, 343, 347, 430, 437, 508; Intrepid, 493, 495–6; Isis, 355; Ivanhoe, 437; Keith, 23; Kempenfelt, 87, 103, 354, 382, 411; Mackay, 87, 132, 171; Mohawk, 497–8, 500–501, 505, 508; Nubian, 500–502, 505–6; Rowena, 118, 160; Shamrock, 185; Sikh, 511; Torrid, 118, 160; Thruster, 118, 160; Vanoc, 238, 261, 321, 420–22, 438; Wessex, 171; Westminster, 171; Windsor, 171; Wishart, 72, 138, 141, 143, 457, 497; Wolsey, 161, 185, 212, 214, 444, 449; Worcester, 217; Zulu, 507
Submarines:
Clyde, 449; L.23, 88; Narwhal, 178, 185; Pandora, 168; Porpoise, 69; Proteus, 168, 185; Salmon, 530; Seahorse, 184; Sealion, 436; Severn, 338, 343, 519; Starfish, 184; Thames, 436–8, 449–50
Sloops and Patrol Vessels:
Aberdeen, 352, 394, 457; Bideford, 449; Bryony, 22–3; Chrysanthemum, 22–3; Cornwallis (RIN), 107; Enchantress; 343; Kingfisher, 261; Mallard, 261; Ormonde, 185; Penzance, 176, 185; Puffin, 261
Minelayers and Minesweepers:
Elgin, 266; Lydd, 266; Plover, 450; Saltash, 266
Trawlers:
Agate, 262; Amethyst, 262, Dee, 178, 184; Garry, 178, 184; Hawthorn, 262, Holly, 262; Jasper, 262; Kate Lewis, 178, 185; Laurel, 262; Liffey, 178, 184; Lilac, 262; Magnolia, 262; Willow, 262
Hospital Ship:
Maine, 22–3, 219, 237, 254 n. 1, 269, 310, 501, 503, 505–6
Depot Ships and Other Auxiliaries:
Bacchus, 146; Brigand, 446; Centurion, 67, 80, 89, 358–9, 405, 419, 508; Cherryleaf, 449; Cyclops, 22–3, 202, 237, 313, 315–16, 318–19; Churraca, 327, 344; Guardian, 67–8, 87–8, 104, 178; Lucia, 87–8; Maidstone, 444, 447, 454, 508, 511; Perthshire, 22–3; Petrella, 318–19, 449; Philomel, 511; Plumleaf, 318; Protector, 326–7, 344, 430, 445; Reliant, 511, 530; Resource, 22–3, 89, 91, 130, 194, 212, 237, 254, 324, 360, 416–17, 444–5, 508, 511, 520; Roysterer, 446; St. Day, 185; St. Omer, 256; Sandhurst, 22–3; Viscol, 292; Woolwich, 68, 89, 91, 104, 130, 194, 310, 318, 511
Warships (British Classes): “A” (destroyers), 42, 44; “Acasta” (destroyers), 247; “County” (cruisers), 194; “D” (cruisers), 73, 160, 382, 416; “Dido” (cruisers), 418; “E” (destroyers), 151; “G” (destroyers), 152, 154, 556; “H” (destroyers, 178, 183, 556; “I” (destroyers), 441, 556; “Leaf” (oilers), 449; “London” (cruisers), 155; “Porpoise” (submarines), 454; “Queen Elizabeth”, 9, 21, 41–2, 51, 517; “Resolution” (battleships), 517; “River” (submarines), 453–4; “Royal Sovereign”, 9, 41, 51, 117; “Tribal” (destroyers), 324, 383, 394, 414–17, 456–7
Warships (French):
Battleships:
Bretagne, 557 n. 1; Lorraine, 557 n. 1; Provence, 15–16, 394
Cruisers:
Algérie, 358; Emile Bertin, 557 n. 1; Suffren, 473
Destroyers and Torpedo Boats:
Le Fortune, 474; Lynx, 505; Simoun, 474; Verdun, 272–3
Submarine:
Diamante, 280–81
Seaplane Carrier:
Commandant Teste, 221 n. 1, 557 n. 1
Minelayer:
Castor, 557 n. 1
Warships (German):
Armoured Ships:
Admiral Graf Spee, 522 n. 1; Admiral Scheer, 198, 263, 522 n. 1; Deutschland, 195, 197, 202, 263–4, 385, 438–9, 522 n. 1
Cruisers:
Emden, 436; Leipzig, 195, 198, 266, 335
Torpedo Boats:
Albatross, 263; Leopard, 263; Luchs, 263; Seeadler, 263
Submarines:
U.26, 264; U.27, 436, 438–9; U.30, 436, 438–9; U.35, 410 n. 1
Warships (German Classes): “Deutschland”, 375
Warships (Greek)
Cruiser:
Averoff, 358 n. 3
Warships (Italian):
Cruisers:
Bari, 105; Emanuele Filiberto Duca d’Aosta, 350 n. 2; Quarto, 299, 411; Taranto, 105; Trento, 36; Trieste, 14, 36
Destroyers and Torpedo Boats:
Audace, 105; Falco, 250–51; Impavido, 105; Maestrale, 208; Nicoloso da Recco, 250; Palestro, 105; Pantera, 105; Saetta, 198; Tigre, 105
Submarines:
Diaspro, 200; Iride, 200, 204 n. 1; Jalea, 200 n. 1; Septembrinni, 105; Settimo, 105; Torricelli, 198 n. 3
Sloops and Patrol Vessels:
Axio, 105; C. Berta, 105; Oetia, 105; P. Corsinni, 105
Depot Ships and Other Auxiliaries:
Ausonia, 105; Cherso, 105; Città di Milano, 130; Città di Siracusa, 130; Glasone, 130; Lussin, 105; Volta, 105
Warships (Portuguese):
Destroyer:
Douro, 221
Warships (Spanish Nationalist):
Cruisers:
Almirante Cervera, 439; Baleares, 192, 271, 382, 408, 410–11, 480; Canarias, 192, 271, 274, 382, 411, 413, 439, 493; Navarra, 439
Destroyer:
Melilla, 493, 496
Submarines:
Gonzales Lopez, 204 n. 1; Mola, 407; Sanjurjo, 407–8
Armed Merchantmen:
Mar Cantabrico, 496, 498–9; Mar Negro, 493–6, 499–500, 504–6
Warships (Spanish Republican):
Battleship:
Jaime I, 208, 254, 271
Cruisers:
Libertad, 208; Miguel de Cervantes, 198 n. 3, 212–13
Destroyers:
Churruca, 200 n. 1; Jose Luis Diez, 439; Lazaga, 253; Lepanto, 251–2; Sanchey Barcaiztequi, 251–2
Submarine:
B.5, 213
Warships (Turkish):
Cruiser:
Hamidiye, 435
Washington Naval Treaty, 95
Waterlow, Sir Sydney Philip, 513
Wauchope, Major General Arthur, 175
Weir, Major General George A., 115, 301
Wells, Rear Admiral Gerald Alymer, 122–3, 423
Wells, Rear Admiral Lionel Victor, 255–7, 338, 409 n. 1
Westminster, 2nd Duke of, 122
Willis, Commodore Algernon Usborne, 546
Wodehouse, Captain Norman Atherton, 374, 406
Young, Sir George, 503
Paul Halpern was born in New York 27 January 1937, and graduated from the University of Virginia in 1958 with honours in History. He served in the US Army 1958-60, reaching the rank of First Lieutenant. He entered Harvard University in 1960, where he gained an MA in History in 1961 and in 1966 his PhD, with a two volume thesis on The Mediterranean Naval Situation. He spent his entire academic career at Florida State University at Tallahassee, starting as an instructor in 1965, rising to assistant professor in 1966, associate professor in 1970, and professor in 1974. On retiring in 2005 he became emeritus professor. In 1986-87 he served as visiting professor of strategy at the Naval War College in Newport Rhode Island.
He served on the Council of the Navy Records Society 1968-72, 1982-86 and 2010-14. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a member of the American Historical Foundation, the US Naval Institute, the Naval Historical Foundation, Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Eta Sigma
His publications include
• The Mediterranean Naval Situation, 1908-1914 (Harvard University Press, 1971).
• The Naval War in the Mediterranean (Allen and Unwin, 1987).
• The Royal Navy in the Mediterranean, 1915-18 (Navy Records Society, 1987)
• The Keyes Papers, Volume I (Navy Records Society, 1972).
• The Keyes Papers, Volume II (Navy Records Society, 1980).
• The Keyes Papers, Volume III (Navy Records Society, 1981).
• A Naval History of World War I (Naval Institute Press, 1994).
• Anton Haus: Osterreich-Ungarns Grossadmiral (Graz, 1998).
• The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the gateway to the Adriatic in World War I (Indiana University Press, 2004).
• The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919-29 (Navy Records Society, 2011).
• The Mediterranean Fleet, 1930-39 (Navy Records Society, 2016).
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