The contents of this, the eighth of the Navy Records Society’s Miscellany series, chronicles the activities and adventures of the Royal Navy, its officials, its officers and its men – both in British employment and out of it – over a period of some six hundred years. Ranging from the reign of Edward III to that of Edward VIII, this volume covers subjects as diverse as the accounts of Thomas de Snetesham, Clerk of the King’s ships in the mid-14th century, the last campaign of the Mary Rose in 1545, Sir John Borlase Warren and the blockades of the United States in the War of 1812 through to the Royal Navy’s role in escorting Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia into exile in 1936.
The contents of this, the eighth of the Navy Records Society’s Miscellany series, chronicles the activities and adventures of the Royal Navy, its officials, its officers and its men – both in British employment and out of it – over a period of some six hundred years. Ranging from the reign of Edward III to that of Edward VIII, this volume covers subjects as diverse as the accounts of Thomas de Snetesham, Clerk of the King’s ships in the mid-14th century, the last campaign of the Mary Rose in 1545, Sir John Borlase Warren and the blockades of the United States in the War of 1812 through to the Royal Navy’s role in escorting Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia into exile in 1936.
The roles of mid-ranking officers can be appreciated from the involvement of Captain Archibald Kennedy in the Stamp Act crisis in New York and off America’s eastern seaboard in 1765, while the part played by former Royal Navy officers in the wars in South America is exemplified by the 1826 journal of Captain John Pascoe Grenfell during his service in the Brazilian Navy in the war against Argentina. The response of Lord Northbrook, the First Lord of the Admiralty, to the famous criticism of the government by William Stead in The Pall Mall Gazette in 1885 is reproduced as is James Ramsay’s notable essay on the duty and qualifications of a sea officer in 1780. Encompassing a broad scope of operations, naval policy and logistics this volume highlights key episodes from the rich tapestry of Britain’s naval history.
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Preface xi
Glossary of Abbreviations xvii
Accounts from the Early Years of the Office of the Clerk of the King’s Ships; Thomas de Snetesham’s Accounts for 1344–45 and 1350–54 1
Edited by Susan Rose
More Documents for the Last Campaign of the Mary Rose 49
Edited by C.S. Knighton and Dominic Fontana, with the assistance of David Loades
The Royal Navy and the Enforcement of the Stamp Act, 1764–65: The Account of Captain Archibald Kennedy RN 85
Edited by Byrne McLeod
James Ramsay’s Essay of 1780 on the Duty and Qualifications of a Sea Officer 129
Edited by Richard Blake
Sir John Borlase Warren and the Royal Navy’s Blockades of the United States in the War of 1812 205
Edited by Brian Arthur
John Pascoe Grenfell of the Brazilian Navy in the River Plate, March to August 1826 247
Edited by Brian Vale
Lord Northbrook’s 1885 Response to William T. Stead’s Criticisms of Naval Preparedness in the Pall Mall Gazette 293
Edited by John Beeler
Conveying the Emperor Haile Selassie into Exile 347
Edited by Paul G. Halpern
Contents of previous Naval Miscellany Volumes 381
Index 387
anchors, supply and purchase of 20, 23, 24, 28, 37–8, 41
arms and armour, purchase and repair of 5, 15, 16
awnings (tieldes), supply and purchase of 19, 23, 27, 36, 45
Bayonne 18, 21
Bardi 4
basinets 5, 7, 15, 16
Bassyngden, William, master of the Goldberete 18, 19, 21, 46
Beaulieu Abbey and Abbot of 5, 10, 12
Bordeaux 26, 27
Brittany 5, 12
Burselden 10, 12, 46
Calais 22
Canterbury, Archbishop of 22
canvas/sailcloth, supply and purchase of 15, 20, 23, 28, 36, 37
carts, supply and purchase of 24, 28, 42–3
cauldrons and pots, supply and purchase of 24, 28, 41
Clerks of the King’s Ships 1, 4–7
Clewer(e), William de 1, 6
coal (sea-coal), supply and purchase of 15, 24, 31, 42
Cogg(e), Adam: master of the Denys 11; master of the Laurence 12
Crull Robert 1, 4n6
Deth, Ribeert 4
Exchequer 1–4, 12, 16
Fille, Richard, master of the Cog Thomas 4
flune(s), building of 5, 10, 14–5, 33; supplies 5, 30; maintenance and repair 19, 23, 30, 32–3, 40
Freshwater, IOW 3
Froissart, Jean 6
Gascony 5, 10, 11
Glossary of technical terms 7–9
Greenwich 22, 41
Guelders, Count of 4
Hartlepool 30
Haytfield, John de 1
ironwork and nails, supply and purchase of 14, 15, 19, 20, 23, 27–8, 30, 34–5, 42, 44
leather 5, 15, 24
Les Espagnols sur Mer (battle of Winchelsea) 6
Mildenhale, Robert of 17, 21–2, 25–6, 29, 31, 46
navigational aids (hour glasses, ‘stones’, magnetic devices) 2, 47
Norwich, Richard of 18, 21, 26, 46
oak 23, 26, 27, 30, 33, 44
oars 5, 27, 30, 35, 36, 43
ovens 6, 20, 21
paint, varnish and colours 15, 20, 24, 28, 39–40
Pembroke, Earl of 32
Piers, William, master of the Robinet 11
pitch and tar, supply and purchase of 14, 19, 23–4, 28, 31, 38–9
Ratcliff 19–21, 23–4, 27, 28, 30, 31, 42
Rochester, Bishop of 32
ropes and cables, supply and purchase of 20, 23–4, 26–8, 31, 37, 40, 41, 44–5
Rotherhithe 41
Roth(e)well, William of 29, 31, 46
Rushton, Lincolnshire 3
Salman, John, master of the Marie 12
Saloman, Robert, master of the George 11, 12
Sandwich 17, 18, 46
Scarborough 30
ships,
Belebaw/Bilebaw/Belebawe 32, 44, 45
Christopher 1
Cog John 2 3, 27, 45
Cog Thomas 4, 6, 19, 20–1, 25
Cog Thomas Beauchamp 27, 45
Cog Darundell 27, 32, 34, 44
Denys 11
Edward 19, 23, 24, 32
Gabriel 21
George 2, 6, 10–12, 24, 46
George Beauchamp 2
Gladwyre 27
Goldberete 18, 21, 46
Hakebot (of Poole) 27
Isabel 27, 45
Jerusalem 23, 27
Jonett(e) 28
Le Berthen 22
Laurence 10, 12
Marie 10, 12
Mariole 17
Messager 11
Michel 19
Nawe Seint Marie 30, 32, 45
Passenger 11
Philip 23, 27
Porteyoie 18, 22
Redcog 30, 45
Robinet 11
St Jake 17
Welifare 23, 30, 37
Sluys, Flanders 2, 46, 47
Snetesham, Thomas de 1–7; career 3–4; accounts passim
Snettisham, Norfolk 3
Southwark 13
spars and masts, supply and purchase of 5, 19, 23, 27–30, 33, 35–6, 44
Stafford, Earl of 33, 42
timber, supply and purchase of 13, 19, 23–5, 27, 30, 32–3, 35, 45
tools 20, 24, 28, 31, 40–1, 43
Torksey/Torkeseye, Matthew de 1, 3, 17, 33, 35–6, 38, 44–6; accounts passim
Vauxhall 5, 13, 14
victuals 1, 5, 10, 12
wages, general, 2, 12, 14, 15–16, 18, 25, 28, 31; of sailors 5, 10–12, 17, 21, 46; of carpenters 11, 14, 15, 21, 25, 28, 31
Waters, David 2
Wesenham, John de 26
William, John, master of the Messager, 11
Winchelsea (Wynchelsee) 2, 6, 18
Wygeyn, Robert, master of the Passenger 11
Annebault (Annebawt), Claude d’, Admiral of France 49–50, 82, 82n2
Apmerik (Merick), John 77, 78
Apowell, Thomas 76, 80
Apowen (Abowyn), Thomas 71, 79, 80
Ardres alias Camp, treaty of (1546) 82n2
Aulps (Aux), Pierre de Blacas d’ 84n1
Baker, James 56, 70, 72
Baker, William 78
Basing (Basyng), John 77, 79
Basing, Roger 76, 78, 79
Beeston (Bieston, Byston), Thomas 75, 76, 79
Bell, Thomas 80
Bell, William 79
Bembridge (Bimbridge, Bindbridge, Bindbrydge), IOW 83–4, 84n2
Berkeley (Barkley), Sir John 73, 79
Berwick [-upon-Tweed] (Barwicke, Barwike), [Northumberland] 53, 55, 68
Blakey, — 77, 80
Bonchurch (Boonchurch), IOW 83–4
Boutières, Seigneur de see Guiffrey, Guiges de
Boyce (Boyes), Thomas 77, 80
Brading, IOW, Nunwell in, q.v . 59
Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk 50, 73, 73n2
Bredes, John 77, 80
Bristol (Bristoll) ships of 71, 74, 79
Broke (Brooke, Browke), Richard 75, 76, 79
Broke, William, Surveyor of the Navy 75, 76, 79
Butler, Edward 76, 80
Butler, William 80
Capua (Capoue), Prior of, see Strozzi (Strosse), Leone, Prior of Capua, Pietro
Carew (Carewe), Gawain 72n1, 75, 76, 78
Carew, Sir George 50, 57–8, 75, 76, 78
Carew, Peter 70, 71, 75, 76, 79
Carew, Richard 57, 58
Carisbrooke Castle, IOW 59
Carvanian, Anthony 80
Catherine (Parr), Queen, Usher to see Beeston, Thomas
Cave, Ambrose 75
Cavendish (Candish, Candyshe), William 77, 80
Cérisoles, battle of (1544) 83n1
Chabannes, Joachim de, Baron de Curton 83n1
Charles I, King 59
Chichester (Chychester), John 75, 76, 78
Cheyny (Cheynye), — 78, 80
Cheyny (Cheynye), Thomas [? same as above] 80
Church, Andrew 77, 80
Clere, Sir John 75, 76, 78
Clere, Sir Thomas 62, 71, 80
Clinton (Clynton) alias Fiennes, Edward, Baron Clinton 73, 76, 78
Cornwall (Cornewall), Sir George 74, 76, 78
Cotton (Coten, Cotten), Thomas 75, 76, 78
Courtenay (Courteney, Courtney), William 77, 79
Cowes Castle [West Cowes], IOW 52
Cowper, John 77, 79
Crocher, John 77, 80
Curton, Baron of see Chabannes, Joachim de
Cutt, John 77, 80
Dale, Thomas 77, 80
Deptford (Depfowrde), [Kent] 74, 79
Dillington, Anne 59
Driver, William 78, 80
Du Bellay, Martin 81n1
Dudley (Dudleye), Andrew 74, 76, 79
Dudley, John, Viscount Lisle, Lord Admiral 50, 50n1, 70–3, 71n1
Elyott, John 80
English, Francis 76, 80
Flanders, hoys of 65
Fletcher (Flecher), Richard 75, 77, 79
Fletcher, Thomas 81
Francis I, King of France 49n3
Francis (Fraunces), Henry 76, 78
Francis, Thomas 78
Fyssher (Fischer), Robert 83, 83n5
Gonson, Benjamin 56, 70
Grainger (‘Raunger’), William 77, 80
Grey (Greye), Richard 74, 76, 79
Grice (Gryce), Gilbert 74, 76, 79
Guiffrey, Guiges de, Baron de Boutières 83n1
Guise (Guyes, Gyes), Anselm alias Auncell 74, 77, 79
Gye, Thomas 77, 80
Hall, William 75
Harding (Hardyng), Thomas 75, 77, 79
Harvest, William 76, 80
Hatcher, William 77, 80
Hatfield House, [Hertfordshire] 56–7, 70, 75
Havre, Le alias Havre de Grace (Havordegrase), [dép. Seine-Maritime], France 82
Haw, William 77, 79
Heneage (Hennag, Hennege), Thomas 76, 80
Henry VIII 50, 56, 60, 81
Honfleur (Honfleu), [dép. Calvados], France 82
Horse Sand, Solent 83, 82n3
Howard, Sir Charles 75
Howard, Lord William 73, 78
Humber, barrel 63, 64
Hussye (Hussy), Anthony 72, 72n2
Hussye, Edmund 79
Hutson, — 78, 80
Hutton, Thomas 75, 77, 79
Hydrographic Office, HM 51
Jones, Edward 76, 79
Jonson, Blake 77, 80
Jonson, James 77, 80
Knighton, IOW 59
Lee, William 78, 80
Legge, Robert 76, 79
Lisle, Viscount see Dudley, John
Lokyer, Thomas 77, 80
London 55, 65, 72
Luttrell (‘Batrell’), Sir John 73, 75, 76, 78
Marsay, John , French captain 83
Mary I, Queen 53, 69
Mat(t)hew, Morgan 76, 79
Merick see Apmerik
Middle Temple 59
Moneins, Seigneur de 83
Nettlestone Fort [in St Helens], IOW 52
Newcastle [upon-Tyne] (Newcastell), [Northumberland] 68
Newdigate (Nudigat, Nudigate), Dunstan 74, 77, 79
Newfoundland (Newland) fish 66
Norton, John 77, 80
Nunwell in Brading, IOW 59
Oglander, Sir John 50, 59, 81–4, 81n1, 84n2
Oglander, Sir William 59
Oxford University, Balliol College 59
Paget, Sir William, Principal Secretary 70
Pagham, [Sussex], church 52
Parker, James 80
Paston, Clement 76, 80
Paston, Cuthbert 75
Paulet, George, Victualler Portsmouth 54
Paulet, William, Baron St John, Marquess of Winchester, Lord Great Chamberlain, later Lord Treasurer 73
Pavia, battle of (1525) 83n1
Pickering (Pykering), William son of Sir William 75
Pierebon, William, French captain 83
Portsmouth (Porchmouth, Porchmowthe, Portesmouth), [Hampshire] 49–51, 53–5, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64–8, 73, 82–3
church of St Thomas 51
harbour 50–1
Remy, — , Seigneur 84
Reneger (Renager, Renneger), Robert 75, 76, 80
Reneger, John 80
Robertes, Thomas 77, 80
Roodes, John 77, 80
Roodes, Thomas 75, 80
Rye, [Sussex], boats of 73, 74, 77, 80
St Clere (Seinctclier, Seintclere), [John] 76, 78
St Helens (Saint Elyms, St Hellens, Seint Helynes), IOW 73, 82–4
St John, Baron see Paulet, William
Sandham, IOW 83
Selsey, [Sussex] 52
Sherbourne (Sherborn, Shirbourne), Thomas 75, 77, 80
ship, French, La Maistresse 82
ships, English Royal and hired [headwords Roman where names appear to be informal or temporary; alphabetisation ignores ‘of’; MS variants in brackets]
Anne of Arnemuiden (Anne of Armewe) 61
Anne Gallant (Anne Galant, Ann Gallant, Anne Gallaunt) 61, 73, 76, 79
Anne Lisle (Ann Lysle) 61, 74, 76, 79
Anthony of Leigh (Anthony of Lee) 62
Argosy 71, 73, 74, 76, 79
Argosy from Hampton (Argozie from Hampton) 61, 80
Argosy (Argosis [possessive], Argosye, Argozie from London, Aroogozia, Arrogose) 61
Bonaventure Maynerd of London (Boniventure Maynerd) 62
Bosse Sampson 62
Brigantine (Brigandyne, Brigendyne) 62, 77, 79
Christopher Bennet (Christofer Bennet, Christopher Bennitt) 61, 77, 80
Christopher Constable (Christopher Cunstable) 61
Christopher of Danzig (Christopher of Dansicke) 61
Christopher of Ipswich (Christophor of Ipswiche) 62
Clement of London (Clemente of London) 62
Clement of Mount’s Bay (Clemente of Mountisbaie) 62
Dragon 61, 74, 77, 79
Eagle (of Sir Thomas Clere) 62
Edward of Hull 62
Edward of Southwold (Edward of Sowoulde) 62
Elizabeth of Manningtree (Elizabeth of Manniatrey) 62
Erasmus of Hampton [Southampton] 62
Evangelist Judde (Evangeliste Judde) 61, 77, 80
Evangelist Norton (Evangeliste Norton) 61, 77, 80
Falcon (Fallcon, Fawcon) 61, 73, 77, 79
Falcon Lisle (Fawcon Lyllie, Fawcon Lysle) 74, 76, 79
Falcon of Plymouth (Fawcon of Plymmouth, Fawlkon of Plymoth) 62, 81
Figge of Plymouth (Figge of Plymmouth) 62
Galleon of Hamburg (Galleon of Hamborough) 61, 80
Galleon of Lyme 81
Galley Reneger (Galleye Renniger, Galig’ Ronanger) 61, 78, 80
Galley Subtle (Galley Subtyle, Galley Suttyll) 61, 76, 79
George Brigges 61, 77, 80
George Bonaventure (Goerg [sic] Boneventure) 61
George of Dartmouth (George of Dertmouth) 81
George of Dittisham (George of Dasam, George of Ditsam) 62, 81
George of Falmouth (George of Fallmouth) 61–2, 81
George of Rye (George) 62, 77, 80
George of Totnes (Gorge of Totnes) 62, 81
George of Truro (George of Truroe) 81
Great Galleon of Smallhythe 74, 79
Great Galley/Great Bark (Greate Galley, Greate Galleye) 61, 73, 76, 78
Great/Grand Mistress (Graund Mystres, Great Maistres, Mistres, Mystres) 61, 70, 76
Great Pinnace of Lowestoft (Greate Pynnace of Lestocke) 62
Great Venetian (Great Venecian, Venetian Greate) 61, 74, 76, 79
Greyhound (Greyhounde) 61, 73, 76, 79
Grey of Lowestoft (Grey of Lowestof) 81
Hackney of Plymouth (Hackney of Plymmouth) 81
Hare 77, 79
Hare of London 62
Henry of Bristol (Henrie of Bristowe, Henry of Bristow) 61, 76, 80
Henry Grace à Dieu (Henry Grace a dewe, Henry Graciadieu) 50, 61, 74, 76, 78
Hind (Hynde) 62, 77, 79
Hooper of Looe (Hooper of Loue) 62
Hoy Bark (Hoy Barke) 62
James 77, 80
James of Arnemuiden (James of Armewe) 61
James of Bristol (James of Brystowe) 61
James of Dover 62
James Fletcher of Rye (Jeames Fletcher of Rye) 62
James of Fowey (James of Foye) 81
James of Hull (Jeames of Hull) 62
James of London 62, 81
James of Rosendaal (James of Rosendalle) 61
James of Rye (Jeames of Rye, Jamys) 62
James Sowthwell 61
Jennet (Gennett, Jennett) 56–7, 61, 70, 72, 74, 76, 79
Jesus Bonaventure of Hampton [Southampton] (Jhesus Bonventure of Hampton) 61
Jesus of Calais (Jhesus of Callice) 83
Jesus of Leigh (Jhesus of Lee) 62
Jesus of Lübeck (Jhesus of Lubeck, Jhesus of Lubecke) 61, 74, 76, 78
Jesus Reneger (Jhesus Renneger) 77, 80
Jesus of Rye (Jhesus, Jhesus of Rye) 62, 77, 80
John of Harwich (John of Harwiche) 62
John of Maldon (John of Mallidon) 62
John of Rye 62
Julian of Dartmouth (Julian of Dartemouth) 61, 81
Katherine of [Le] Croisic (Katherin of Creswicke) 62
Katherine Whyte of Looe (Katheryn Whyte of Lowe) 81
King’s galliot [perhaps as next] 74, 79
King’s shallop 62
Lartique (Larticke, Lartyke) 61, 71, 79
Lawrence of Looe (Lawrence of Loue) 62
Less Galleon of Smallhythe 74, 79
Less Galley/Bark (Lesse Galley, Lesse Galleye, Small Galley) 61, 74, 76, 78
Less new galley 79
Less Pinnace (Last pinnace) 79
Lion (Lyon, Rose Leon, Rose Lion) 61, 74, 77, 79
Lord Admiral’s prize 62
Magdalene Driver (Magdalen Driver, Mawdlyne Dryver) 61, 78, 80
Magdalene of Rye (Magdalyne, Maudlyn of Rye) 62, 77, 80
Margaret (Margett) 76
Margaret of Bristol (Margarett of Brystowe) 61, 80
Margaret of Ipswich (Margarett of Ipswiche) 62
Marlion 61, 75, 77, 79
Marlion Russel 81
Martyn Bulley (Martyne Bullye) 61, 78, 80
Mary Bulloyn of Barnstaple (Marie Bulloyn of Barkstable, Mary Bullern) 61, 80
Mary Conception (Marye Conception) [100 men] [prob as next] 77, 80
Mary Conception of Bristol (Marie Conception of Bristowe) [111 men] 61
Mary Figge of Plymouth (Mary Figge of Plymmouth) 62
Mary Fortune [90 men] 77, 80
Mary Fortune of Lowestoft (Marie Fortune of Lostocke, Mary Fortune of Leistof) [30/140 men] 61, 78, 80
Mary Fortune of Newcastle (Mary Fortune of Newcastell) [10 men] 62
Mary Fortune Vaughan (Marie Fortune Vaughann) [120 men] 61, 77
Mary of Fowey (Mary of Fowye) 81
Mary George of Bristol (Marie George of Bristowe) 61
Mary George of Rye [180 tuns] (Marie George of Rye) 61, 77, 80
Mary George (of Rye) [30 tuns] 77, 80
Mary Germyne of Calais (Marie Germyne of Callis) 62
Mary Grace of Aldeburgh (Mary Grace of Albrough) 62
Mary Grace of Lowestoft (Marie Grace of Lestocke) 62
Mary of Greenwich (Marie of Grenewich) 61, 80
Mary Gryffen of London (Marie Griffen of London) 62
Mary Hambrough [Hamburg] (Marye of Hamborough, Mary of Hambrough) 61, 73, 76, 78
Mary of Hastings (Mary of Hastinges) 81
Mary James (Marie James) 61, 77, 79
Mary James of Bristol (Marie James of Bristowe) 61
Mary James Fletcher (of Rye) (Mary James Flecher) 77, 81
Mary Katherine of Dunwich (Mary Katheren of Donwich) 62
Mary Katherine of Leigh (Marye Katheren of Ley) 62
Mary Katherine of London (Marie Katheren of London) 81
Mary of Looe (Marie of Loue) 62
Mary of London 62
Mary Martin of London (Marie Martin of London, Mary Marten) 61, 77, 80
Mary Martyne of Calais (Mary Martyne of Callice) 62
Mary Pity of London (Marie Pittie of London) 62
Mary Rose (Marye Roose, Mary Roose) [of Henry VIII] 49–58, 61, 70, 74, 76, 78, 82; wreck site 51
Mary Rose [of Mary I] 56
Mary Thomas of Leigh (Marie Thomas of Lee) 62
Mary Waller of Hastings (Marye Waller of Hastinge) 62
Mary Winter of Plymouth (Mary Wynter of Plymmouth) 81
Mary and John of London (Marye and John of London, Marye and John) 61, 78, 80
Matthew 76, 78
Matthew Gonson (Mathew, Mathewe Gunson, Mathew Gonson, Mathew Gunstone) 61, 71, 74
Matthew Henry (Mathewe Henrie) 61
Matthew Winter (Mathewe Winter) 82
Michael of Dartmouth (Mychells of Dartemouth) 61
Michael Hyckes of Looe (Mychaell Hyckes of Loue 62
Michael of Newcastle (Mychell of Newcastell) 61, 81
Michael of Yarmouth (Mychaelles of Yarmouth 62
Minion (Mynion, Mynyon) 61, 76, 78
Mistress 70, 73
Morion of Danzig (Morion of Danske, Murrion of Dansicke) 61, 76
New Bark (New Barck, Newe Barke) 56–7, 61, 70, 72, 74, 76, 79
New galleon of Deptford 74, 79
New galleon of Kent 79
Nicholas of Dartmouth 81
Painted hulk 79
Pauncy (Pauncey, Pauncye) 73, 76, 78, 79
Pelican of Danzig (Pellicane of Danske, Pellicann of Dansicke) 61, 76, 80
Peter of Lowestoft (Peter of Leistof, Peter of Lestocke) 61, 78
Peter Pomegranate (Peter Pomegarnat, Peter Pomgarnett) 61, 73, 76, 78
Phoenix (Phenix) 61
Phoenix Hertford [prob as above] 79
Pickpurse of Plymouth (Pickpurse of Plymouthe, Pikpurce) 62, 81
Pilgrim of Dartmouth (Pillgrim of Dartemouth, Pylgryme of Dartmoth) 61, 77, 80
Pinnace Reneger (Pynnace Reniger 62, 80
Pinnace of Rye (Pynnace of Rye) 62
Primrose (Prymrose) [80 men] 61
Pinnace Primrose (Prymrose) [another, 60 men] 61
Redbreast (Redbrest, Redbreste) 62, 81
Renegers’ foist/pinnace (Renigers Foiste, Rennegers Pynnes) 62, 80
Revenge (of Elizabeth I) 57–8
Richard Fortune of Calais (Richard Fortune of Callis) 62
Roo 61, 77, 79
Row Galley (Rowe Galley) 61
Saker (Sacre) 61, 77, 79
Salamander (Sallamander, Sallammander) 61, 73, 76, 79
Sampson of Danzig (Sampson, Sampson of Vnquys, Samson) 61, 76
Sampson of Lübeck 80
Sampson of Tergoes (Sampson of Tergoe) 61
Saviour of Bristol (Savior of Bristow, Saviour of Bristowe) 61, 76, 79
Shallop Deptford 74, 79
Shallop Hutton 75
Ship of Montrego 79
Shoulder of Mutton (Sholder of Moton) 61, 81
Spaniard of Deva (Spanniard of Deva, Spanyarde of Deva) 61, 76, 79
Spanish pinnace (Spannishe Pynnace) 62
Struse of Danzig (Strowse of Dansicke, Struse of Danske) 61, 74, 76, 78
Swallow (Swallowe) 61, 74, 76, 79
Sweepstake (Swepestake, Swepstake, Swipstake) 61, 74, 76, 78
Thomas of Greenwich (Thomas of Grenewich) 77, 80
Thomas Magdalene (Thomas Magdalyne, Thomas Maudlyne) 63, 77, 80
Thomas of Newcastle (Thomas of Newcastell) 62
Thomas Tipkins (Thomas Typkyn) 77, 80
Tricell of Danzig (Tricell of Dansicke, Trycle of Danske) 61, 76, 80
Trinity of Barking (Trynytie of Barkinge) 62
Trinity Caerleon (Trinitie Carleon, Trynitie Carleon) 61, 76, 80
Trinity of Fowey (Trynitie of Fowey) 61, 81
Trinity Henry (Trynitie Henrie) 61
Trinity Reneger (Trinitie Bovag’, Trynitie Reniger) 61, 76, 80
Trinity of Rye (Trinitie, Trynitie of Rye) 62, 77, 80
Trinity Smythe (Trinitie Smyth, Trynitie Smythe) 61, 77, 80
Trinity of Totnes (Trynitie of Totnes) 61, 81
Unicorn (Unicorne, Unycorne) 63, 76, 79
Unicorn of Poole (Uncorne of Poole) 62, 80
Smallhythe (Smallhed), [in Tenterden, Kent] 74, 79
Soly, Walter 77, 79
Spencer, James 77, 80
Spitbank 51
St. Clere, John 76, 78
Stafford, Sir Robert 71, 76, 79
Stone, Percy G., editor 81n1, 83n3
Strozzi (Strosse), Leone, Prior of Capua, Pietro 83
Suffolk, Duke of see Brandon, Charles
Tais, (Tays), Seigneur de 83–4
Tirrell, William 72, 74, 76, 79
Treford, Edward 80
Vaughan, Geoffrey 80
Wallwyn, John 81
Wight (Wyght), Isle of 50, 52, 59, 81, 83
Williams, Richard 75
Willoughby (Willoghby, Willoughbye), Baldwin 74, 76, 79
Winchester (Wynchester), Marquess of see Paulet, William
Winchester, [Hampshire], College 59
Winter (Wynter), Arthur 76, 79
Winter, John 71, 74, 76, 78
Woodhouse (Woodhous), Sir William 75, 76, 78
Worth, David 77, 80
Wyndham, Sir Edmund 75
Yarbridge (Yarbrydge, Yardbridge), IOW 84
Yarmouth, IOW 59
Yaverland, IOW 84
Admiralty, (Lord Commissioners of the) 85, 93–4; letters to passim
Allen, Lt. Thomas 102
Amherst, Gen. Sir Geoffrey 88
Brown, Capt. John, of Hawke 90–1, 95, 102, 111, 128
Bute, John Stewart, 3rd Earl, burnt in effigy 116
Colden, Alexander 116
Colden, Cadwallader, Lieutenant-Governor, New York 87, 90–4, 98, 101–5, 107–8, 110–14, 116–20, 125; letters passim
Colvill, RA. Lord, Commander-in-Chief, Halifax 85, 88, 91–3, 95–8, 105, 107–9, 117–18, 126–28; letters passim
Conway, Hon. Henry Seymour, Secretary of State 93, 97–8
‘compounding’ 89
Cartland, G. Clerk of the City 105
Corner, Capt. John 109
Court of Prize Appeals, London 88
Cruger, John, Mayor of New York 103, 113–16, 119
Customs Act 1765, 89
Customs Board, London, 89, 95
customs house(s) 87–9, 96, 106, 121–2, 125
customs officials 86–9, 91, 95, 106, 121, 124–5
Davis, Capt. — , of the Edward 102
Edward, merchant ship 93, 102
Elliot, Andrew, Collector of Customs, New York 121
Filkins, Francis, Alderman of City of New York 103–4, 115
Franklin, William, Governor of New Jersey 107–8, 117–18, 125–6
Franklin and White, owners of New York 90, 95
Furnis, James, Office of Ordnance 120
Gage, Gen. Thomas 93, 102, 109, 116, 126
Grenville, Rt. Hon. George 85
Halifax 85, 89, 91, 107, 109, 116, 126
Hawker, Capt. James, of Sardoine 91, 109, 117, 124
Haviland , merchant ship 96
Hispaniola 88
Holmes, RA. Charles, Commander-in-Chief Jamaica 88
Hood, Zacharia, Distributor of Stamps for Maryland 92–3, 109, 115, 117–18, 126–7
‘hovering’ 89
Hudson River 92
James, Lt. John 95
James, Major Thomas 93, 116
Kempe, John Tabor, Attorney General, New York 85, 90
Kennedy, Archibald Snr, Collector of Customs, New York 86–8
Kennedy, Capt. Archibald 87, 88; senior naval officer New York 90; previous and subsequent career 90, 94; problems with illegal trading 90–2; faces local resistance to Stamp Act 92–3, asked to keep stamped papers 93, 99–101, 103; accused of non-cooperation and removed 93, 98; proves innocence and reinstated 96; letters and report passim
Loudoun, Gen. the Earl of 86
Maryland 92, 109–10, 115, 117–18, 126–8
McEvers, James, Stamp Distributor for New York 92, 101, 110
Monte Christi 86, 88
Moore, Sir Henry, Governor of New York 92, 96–7. 99, 101, 107–8, 117–18, 121–2, 124–5
Moore, Samuel, Collector of Customs, New York 121
Morris, Richard, Vice Admiralty Judge, New York 91
New York merchantman 90, 95
Owin, Lt. – of Marines 102, 112
Perth Amboy, New Jersey 87, 90–1
Sharpe, Horatio, Governor of Maryland 109, 127, 128
ships, British:
Coventry 93, 95–6, 98, 100–2, 106, 110, 114, 116
Diligence 127
Gaspée 102
Guarland 93, 96, 102, 106–7, 109, 111–12, 116, 122, 127
Hawke 90–1, 93, 95, 102, 109, 110–11, 115, 127–8
Hornet 127
Rainbow 109, 127
Sardoine 91, 109, 127
Tryal 116
smugglers, and evasion of Navigation Laws 86–7, 89; collusion by local officials and courts 87, 89, 91
St John, Capt. the Hon. Henry, of Guarland 102, 111–12, 120, 122–3
Stamp Act (1765) disturbances and resistance to 89–90, 92–4, 96–7, 99–106; Stamp Act Congress 90, 92–3
Stephens, Philip, Secretary to the Admiralty 110
Stirling, Capt. Walter, of Rainbow 109, 127
Stoney, Lt. George 103–4, 115, 122
Sugar Act, (1764) 88–9
Vice Admiralty Court for all America (Halifax) 89, 91
Wallace, Capt. James, of Tryal 116
Aberdeen 131, 136
Abolitionist movement 131–3
action, discipline and tactics in 138, 169–70
actions, naval: Beachy Head (1690) 198n2, 199n1; Finisterre (1747) 199n2; Grenada (1779); 171n2; La Hogue (1692) 198n2; Martinique/Martinico (1780) 186, 186n1; Pondicherry (1778) 171n2; Toulon (1744) 170n1, 171n2; Ushant (1778) 171n2, 175n2
admirals 138–9, 169; often elderly 137, 159–60; position in battle 138, 180
Admiralty, Board of 139–40, 144, 151, 154, 166, 187, 189–90
Admiralty Regulation and Instructions 140, 142, 144, 189–90, 189n1
Adventurer, The (periodical) 197, 197n1
Akers, Rebecca (Mrs Ramsay) 131
Anson, Adm. Lord 199, 199n2
Barbados 131, 174, 186
Barnet(t), Cmdr. Curtis 199, 199n3
barricad(o)es 137, 172
Barrington, Adm. Samuel 132, 159n1, 173n2
Benbow [Bembo], Adm. John 198, 198n2
Bible 136, 140–1, 143, 194
Blake, Gen.-at-Sea Robert 198, 198n2
Blane, Sir Gilbert 133, 133n3
boarders/boarding 138, 169
Boatswain 157
Boyle, Robert (chemist) 196, 196n1
Bridge-Town, Barbados 174
Byron, Adm. John 159, 159n1, 171, 171n2, 186n2
C(h)aribbean 131–2, 135, 138, 141, 185–6
Carpenter 157
ceremony and formal drills 168
charts 135, 140, 187
Christ’s Hospital 192, 192n1
cleanliness 135, 137, 144, 163
clothing 135, 144, 163, 168; see also uniform
Connoisseur, The (periodical) 136, 197, 197n1
convoys 138, 188–9
courts martial: Palliser–Keppel 171n2; Herbert (Torrington) 199n1; need for ship-based ‘private’ courts 138, 161
desertion 168
Diamond (Rock) 186
discipline 137–9, 143, 168–9, 193, 198
divisional system 137, 144, 163
Douglas, Capt. John Leigh 153, 153n1
drawing, sketching 187
Duhamel du Monceau 191n1
education of officers, content and value 134–6, 154–6, 197–200; see also officers, desirable qualities
English Harbour, Antigua 169, 170, 174
Essay on the Treatment and Conversion of Slaves 133
Estaing, Adm. Comte d’ (Fr) 159n1, 171n2, 173n2, 184, 184n2
Farmer, Capt. George 162n1
Fighting Instructions 170n1, 178
fire discipline and precautions 138, 173–4
First Fleet (to Australia) 133, 142
French navy: charts 188; convoy procedures 188; Inscription Maritime 137; privateers 157; Second Captain 159; ship design 140, 191; signalling 139, 151, 176
Gambier, Adm. Lord 139n1
Gambier, Margaret, Lady Barham 142
Grenada 162n1, 171n2
Guadeloupe 184, 184n1
Guardian, The (periodical) 136, 197
Guichen, Adm. de (Fr.) 175n1, 186n
Gunner 157, 174
gunnery and practice 138, 169
Hadley, John 155, 155n1
Hanway, Jonas 150n1, 166, 166n
harbour duty 158
health and hygiene 135, 137, 156, 163
Herbert, Arthur, Adm. Ld. Torrington, 199, 199n1
history, historical reading 198–9
Holburne [Holbourne], Adm. Francis 164, 164n2
Howe, Adm. the Earl 139, 139n1, 175, 175n1, 184, 184n2
Idler, The (periodical) 197
impressment 137; recommended registration system 137
inferior officers 164–5; see also Petty and Warrant Officers
Instructions for the Chaplain 145
Jamaica, Port-Royal 174
James, Duke of York [James II] 190, 190n1
Kempenfelt, Adm. Richard 129, 139n1, 141n1, 143–4; correspondence with Middleton 143
Keppel, Adm. Augustus, Viscount 139, 171, 171n2; signals 175, 175n2
Knowles, Adm. Sir Charles 130, 149n1
languages (French, Spanish) 136, 203
lieutenants: skills and qualities desired 134–7, 144, 154–6, 169; examination for 136–7, 193 see also officers, desirable qualities
longitude 155, 155n1
Louisburg 164, 164n2
lower deck, attitude to 137, 160, 161–3
Marine Society and Maritime School 150, 166n1
Martinique (Martinico) 175n1, 186, 186n2
Master (RN), 157, 159–60, 165, 167, 185, 187
mathematics 133, 135, 140, 155, 190, 192, 200
Mat(t)hews, Adm. Thomas 170, 170n1
Middleton, Adm. Sir Charles, Lord Barham 129–30, 129n1, 131–2, 140–1, 144, 189n1, 195n1, 201, 201n1; an ideal to follow 142–3, 154, 158, 201; and Kempenfelt 143–4; Ramsay’s influence 132–3, 141–7; religion 140–4
Moore, Adm. Sir John 184, 184n1
moral issues: drunkenness 143; prostitution 143
More, Hannah (reformer) 133
Murray, Mungo [‘Martin’] 191, 191n1
Navy Board 132, 166n2, 193
Naval and Military Bible Society 143
officers, desirable qualities:
educational – theoretical seamanship 155, 157; piloting 184–6; mathematics and natural science 200; drawing 187; naval history 198–9;
attitudes: respect for inferior officers 157–8; consideration for crew 160, 162, 167; fairness in discipline 160–2; no bullying or swearing 195–6; religious observance 195;
behaviour: ensure health and cleanliness of crew 135, 137, 156, 163, 173; efficiency in duties 156–7; delegation and support to warrant officers 157–8; train crew in guns and discipline 168–9; guard against fire 173–4; proficiency in signalling 174–5; personal piety 194;
errors to avoid 157, 158, 160, 163–4, 167, 195–7
Orvilliers, Adm. Comte d’ (Fr) 171n2
Palliser, Adm. Sir Hugh 171n1 and n2, 175n2
Parker, Adm. H. 149
Petty Officers; support and respect for 135, 152, 165, 169; ‘jury’ on ship’s court martial 161; ensure supply of 137, 165–6
piloting skills 135, 184–7; in Caribbean 141, 185–6
Pocock(e), Adm. Sir George 185–6, 185n2
Portsmouth Academy 133, 192, 192n2
powder, care of 174
Proby, Capt. Charles 170n2
public worship 141–5
punishment 135, 137–8, 160
quadrant (Hadley’s) 155, 155n1
Rambler, The (periodical) 197, 197n1
Ramsay, the Rev. James, naval career 130–3; residence in St Kitts 131–2; relationship with Middleton 130–3, 141–4; scope and importance of the Essay 129–30, 133–4; encouragement of religion 140–1; manpower improvement 137–8; officer corps 134–7; signalling 139; ship design and construction 140; warlike effectiveness 138
reading, value of 136, 171, 197, 199–200
recreation/amusements of crew 135, 162
Reid, Thomas (Scots academic) 136
Rodney, Adm. Lord 132, 175n1, 186, 186n2
rum/grog 137, 160
St Kitts (St Christopher’s) 131–2, 159n1
St Lucia 173n2, 186, 186n2
scurvy 131, 164, 173
Sea Sermons, or a Series of Discourses for the Use of the Royal Navy , 1781 (Ramsay) 132n2, 143, 150, 150n2, 173n2
Second Captain, value of 137, 159–60
ship’s company, quality of 141, 167
ship design and construction 140, 190–2; see also French Navy
ships, British
Apollo 184n2
Ardent 142, 144, 144n3
Arundel 131, 142
Centurion 199n2
Deptford 199n3
Dolphin 172, 173n1
Eagle 171, 171n1, 184n2
Experiment 185n1
Harwich 199n3
Hussar 172, 173n1
Marlborough 170, 170n2
Medway 171n1
Namur 170n1
Newark 164n2, 165
Preston 199n3
Prince of Wales 132, 138, 173, 173n2
Quebec 162, 162n1
Royal George 144
Swift (slaver) 131
Swiftsure 164, 164n1
Thunderer 170, 170n2
Wager 159n1
ships, French
Achille 170, 170n2
Alcyon 173n1
Danae 185n1
Duc d’Aquitain 171, 171n1
Surveillante 162n1
ships, Spanish
Real Felipe 170n1
signals and signalling 139, 151, 174–83; French system 139, 151, 176; Howe’s system 139, 139n1, 175, 175n2; Keppel’s system 139, 175, 175n2; Ramsay’s system 139, 177–83; ship identification number 178; numerical flags and messages 179–83; night signals 180
singing and sea songs 135, 162
sleeping accommodation 137, 163–4
SPCK 143
Spectator, The (periodical) 136, 197, 197n1
surgeons: Company of 131, 166n2; instructions for 145; instruments 140; professionalism of 133, 133n3; qualifications and supply of 137, 166, 166n2; Ramsay’s former service as 129–32
swearing 195–6
Tatler, The (periodical) 136, 197, 197n1
telescopes 140, 188
Teston, Middleton’s Kentish estate 132–3, 142
training: fire prevention 138, 173; gunnery and arms drill 138, 169
trim, sailing 140, 157
Tronjolli, Cmdr. (Fr.) 171n2
uniform, desirability of 137, 144, 168
Vernon, Sir Edward 171, 172n2
Wallace, Capt. Sir James 185, 185n1
Warrant Officers, advance in profession 157–8; respect and support to 164–5; ‘judges’ on ship’s court martial 138, 161; supply of 165–6
Wilberforce, William 133
Admiralty Board/Lord Commissioners of the 208, 210–11, 213–14; letters passim
Admiralty, High Court of 206, 218
American trade with Britain and the West Indies: commodities traded 205, 206, 213, 221; impact of Berlin, Milan decrees 207; illicit carrying of French West Indian cargoes 206; Jay Treaty 1794 (Article XII) 206; mutual benefit’ 205; US grain exports to Wellington’s Peninsular army 207–8
American merchant ships 205; Britons serving on 206
armistice proposal by Britain 210–12
Armed neutrality 238
banks, runs on American 217
Baring, Alexander, British banker and writer 207n2
Bathurst, Henry, Lord, British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies 211, 227, 229–30
bankruptcies, American commercial 217
bankruptcy, American government; see insolvency.
Berlin Decrees 207, 225
Bermuda, British naval station 212, 214, 218, 218n1, 231
blockades, British naval (1812–15) 206–10, 212, 214–16, 230, 231; instructions to impose 211, 213, 229, 236, 237; declarations of 213, 240, 241; of the Chesapeake 213, 216, 230, 234, 241; of the Delaware 213, 230, 234, 241; of New York 213–14, 241; of New England 216, 241; of North Carolina 214, 241; of South Carolina 213, 241; of Georgia 213, 241; of Mississippi area, 214, 236, 241; economic impact of 213–17, 237–8, 246; difficulties of maintaining 212, 216, 236; Madison’s legal challenge to 209, 216, 224–5, 243–4; see also neutral trade and ships, effects on; and neutral rights
British blockade of Napoleonic Europe 205–6
Brougham, Henry, British Whig MP 207n2
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Lord, British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 208–9, 213n1, 220, 225n1, 228; letters passim
Canada, US threat to 220, 222, 226
Caribbean 207, 209
Cochrane, VA. Sir Alexander 216–17, 243
Cockburn, RA. George, 2nd in command of United Command 213, 215, 231; letter from 234–5
confiscation of contraband cargoes 206, 217
Croker, John Wilson, First Secretary of the Admiralty 208, 212, 215–16
cotton, American exports of 205–6, 213, 213n1
convoys, protection of British merchant, 210, 212, 227–8, 244
customs duties, American, as source of government income 213, 216; effect of blockade upon 213, 216
declarations of war: American 210, 214, 220, 226, 227; de facto British 211
‘discontinuous voyages’, American 206
Duckworth, Adm. Sir John 209
economy, Anglo-American links: export of US agrarian products 205, 221; import of British manufactures 205; imports of British West Indian products 206; carriage in US merchant ships 205; damage to US trade caused by war 214–16, 235, 238, 246
embargoes, American: Jefferson’s 208, 219; Madison’s (90 Day) 208, 221, 226
Essex, American merchant vessel, Admiralty Court ruling on 207
Federalist party, American 210, 215, 242
Foreign Office guidelines 208, 210–11
Foster, Augustus, British Minister Washington 208–10, 220–1
‘free ships and goods’, American and neutrals 206
Gallatin, Albert, US Secretary of the Treasury: resignation 215; US Peace Commissioner 215
Ghent, negotiations and treaty of 215, 217
Halifax, Nova Scotia, British naval station at 209–12, 216, 222n1, 226, 231–2
Hamilton, Paul, US Secretary of the Navy 222, 222n1
Hamilton, William, of British Foreign Office 208, 229
House of Representatives 214, 223–5, 238–9
Hulbert, George Redmond, Warren’s Prize Agent and Flag Secretary 241
impressment of American citizens by the British Navy 206, 209, 211, 215, 217, 221–2
insolvency, of American government 215–17
Jamaica, British naval station 209, 212, 216, 218n1, 233, 242, 244–5
Jamaica convoy 227
James, William, British naval historian 209, 209n1
Jay Treaty of 1794, 206; and neutral rights, Article XII 206
Jefferson, Thomas 208, 217, 226; gunboats policy 214; see also embargoes, American
Keats, VA. Sir Richard 243
Laforey, RA. Sir Francis, 209, 242–3
Law of Nations 223, 237, 244
Leeward Islands, British naval station 209, 212, 242, 244
Letters of Marque and Reprisal (American) 210–11, 215, 220, 224
licences to Trade, (British) 210, 213, 235
London Gazette 210, 214
loans, American attempts to raise 215, 232, 235–6, 242
Long Island Sound 236, 241
Lyne, C., cotton manufacturer, letter to Castlereagh 213n1
Madison, James, President of United States 208–10, 212, 215–17, 226, 238, 244; Address to Congress, 1 June 1812 209, 223–5; Proclamation of 29 June 1814 243–4
Melville, Robert Saunders Dundas, Lord, First Lord of the Admiralty 210–12, 213–6, 226n1; letters passim
Milan Decrees, of Napoleon 207, 225
Mississippi River see blockades, British naval
Monroe, James, United States Secretary of State 211, 215, 229
Napoleon, Emperor of the French, 207, 216
neutral trade and ships, effects of blockade on 207, 214, 216–17, 223–5, 230, 237, 244
neutral rights 206, 214, 221, 226
New Bedford, Massachusetts 212–3, 215, 217, 232, 241, 245–6
New Brunswick 220
New England opposition to War 210, 212
Newfoundland 209–10, 218n1, 222
New Orleans 217, 233
New York, contribution to US customs revenue 213; see also blockades, British naval
Non-Exportation Act, American 208
Non-Importation Act, American 207, 207n3
Norfolk Gazette, The 239
Orders in Council, British 207, 209–11, 220, 222, 225
Peace Commissioners, American 215, 217
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 212
Polly, American merchant vessel, British Admiralty Court ruling on 206
Prevost, Sir George, Governor-General of British North America, and Governor of Lower Canada 220, 222, 222n1
prizes, British 207, 212, 227; lists of 218
privateers, American 209, 213–14, 230–1, 234, 244–5; Anaconda and Atlas 215; Matilda 218
proclamations of American President: 1 June 1812 223–4; 29 June 1814 215, 243–4
reinforcements, British naval 210, 212, 216, 226
Repertory, The, of Boston 210, 226, 226n1
Republican party, American 208, 212, 215, 217
Rhode Island 210, 236, 245
Rodgers, Cmdr. John, USN 210, 221–22
Rodman, Samuel, of New Bedford, Massachusetts 212–13, 215, 217, 232, 235–6, 241–2, 245–6
Rose, George, Vice President, British Board of Trade 207n2
Rule of 1756, British 206
Russia: Vice Consul of, in New York 214; possible mediation by 238
Sawyer, RA. Sir Herbert, o/c Halifax naval station 209, 213, 221–2, 222n1; replaced as 2i/c United Command 231, 242–3
Senate, US 206, 210, 217, 223
Serrurrier, Louis, French ambassador to the US 226, 233
Sheffield, John Holroyd, Lord 205, 205n1
ships, American:
Argos (brig) 227n1
Chesapeake (frigate) 206, 221
Congress (frigate) 227n1
Constellation (frigate) 213
Constitution (frigate) 221, 227, 227n1; action with HMS Belvidera 227
Essex (frigate) 221, 222
Hornet (sloop) 227
Nautilus (schooner) 212n2
President (frigate) 207, 221, 222, 227
United States (frigate) 227
Vixen (brig) 221, 212n2
Wasp (sloop) 212n2
ships, British:
Aeolis/Eolis (frigate), 214, 227
Acasta (frigate) 227
Africa (64) 227
Belvidera (frigate) 212n2, 221, 227
Cambrian (74) 218
Colibri (brig) 221
Endymion (frigate) 245, 245n2
Gleaner (ketch) 221
Goliath (74) 245, 245n2
Guerriere (frigate) 221, 227
Loire (frigate) 227
Macedonian (frigate) 207
Magnet (sloop) 211
Maidstone (frigate) 227
Majestic (74), 245, 245n2
Marlborough (74) 231
Nymphe (frigate) 227
Little Belt (sloop) 207
Poictiers (74) 212n2, 229
San Domingo (74), Warren’s flagship 228, 231
Shannon (frigate) 212n, 227
Sophie (brig) 214
Spartan (frigate) 227
Thalia (frigate) 227
Unicorn (frigate) 218
Whiting (schooner) 218
specie, British attempt to obtain for bills 207–8
Stephen, James 207, 207n2
stop and search, of neutral vessels in wartime 206, 217
Stirling, VA. Charles, and Jamaica station 209, 212, 233, 242; court martial of 212, 233n1
taxes, American 214, 216, 238, 242
trade: American 205–7, 221; British 205–7, 209; see also economy, Anglo-American links
transit fees, British 207
unemployment, American 217
United Command, British (of West India & North America naval stations)209, 211–212, 216
United States Navy 212–13
Vice Admiralty Courts, British 207n1, 218, 218n1
vulnerability of US to maritime blockade foreseen 214
Virginia 214, 221, 234, 241
Warren, Adm. Sir John Borlase: Admiralty guidance to 210–12, 229–31; appointed C-in-C of United Command 209, 210; order to establish Bermuda headquarters 212; diplomatic experience 209; Foreign Office guidelines, 208, 210–11; letter from Cockburn 213, 234–5; letters from Melville 210–11, 213, 216, 227, 230–1, 236, 242–3; letters to Croker 232, 240, 244; letters to Melville 211, 216, 228–9, 233–4, 237–8, 243–5; replaced 216
Washington DC 209, 215–17, 221, 241; British burning of 216–17
West Indies: British 205, 210, 233; American trade with 205–6, 235; French 206
West India Committee 209, 212, 214
Whitbread, Samuel, British Whig MP 207n2
actions in the Argentine–Brazil war: 25 May 1826 253, 271; Los Pozes, 11 June 253, 275–6; Lara Quilmes, 29–30 July, 254
Argentina (United Provinces of the River Plate) 247, 250, 251
Argentine Navy 247; foreign personnel in 248; tactics of 253–4; resort to privateers 247, 248; see also actions in the Argentine–Brazil war
Argentine officers: Espora, Tomas 264n1, 289; Clark, William 264n2
Beaurepaire de, Capt. (Braz) T. 268n1, 289
Brazilian Navy 247; tactics 247, 251–3; foreign recruitment and British personnel 249, 251, 267, 285–6; blockade of Buenos Aires 251, 253, 268–84
Brazilian (British) officers: Anderson, Lt. A. 263n1; Carter, Lt. D. 268n5; Clewley, Cdr. S. 263, 263n3; Eyre, Capt. W. 268n3, 269n3, 289, 289n1; Hayden, Capt. B. 268n4, 279, 279n1, 280, 289; MacErwing, Lt. W. 285; Mackintosh, Lt. R. 285; Parker, Lt./Capt. William 254, 254n1, 255; Shepherd, Capt. J. 266n2; Taylor, Lt. — 287; Welch, Capt. M. 266n1; Williams, Lt. (John) W. 281, 281n2, 285
Brown, Cmdr./RA. (Arg) William 248, 249n3, 252, 254, 281, 289–90; attacks Colonia and Montevideo 252, 264–5; tactics of 253–4, 270, 286–7
Buenos Aires; and blockade of, 247, 249n2, 251–5, 253n 1, 267–8, 271–3, 275–7, 281–4
Colonia 252, 268–9, 271–7, 279–80, 280n1, 282
D’Oliveira, J. .P, Surgeon General Montevideo 290–1
Dove, British packet 277n2
Gordon, the Hon Robert, HM Minister Rio 249–50
Grenfell, John Pasco: origins 250; with Lord Cochrane in Chile and Brazil 250; convoy duty in Principe Imperial 251, 257–63; Caboclo in River Plate 251, 263–84, 285–6; at battle of Lara Quilmes 254, 286–8; loses arm 254, 287–91; subsequent career 254–5; consul general, Liverpool 255; steam frigate D Affonso and rescue of Ocean Monarch 255; commands against Argentine dictator Rosas, 1852 255; dies an admiral 256
HCMS (Fr.), Faune 261n1, 262n1
HMS Doris 262, 262n1
HMS Fury 255
Lecor, Gen. (Braz) C. F., Viscount of Laguna 267, 267n1
Lobo, VA. (Braz) R 252, 252n1, 262–3, 267
Montevideo 249n3, 251–2, 254, 254n1, 257, 263, 286–7
Norton, Cmdr. (Braz) James 249, 249n2, 252–4, 264, 267, 273, 275–6, 279–80, 282–4, 286, 288–9
Oriental Argentina, Buenos Aires privateer 277n3
Parish, Woodbine, HM Consul Buenos Aires 249
Pinto Guedes, Adm. (Braz) R. 252–3, 253n1, 266, 286–90
Princess Elizabeth, British packet 272n1, 278n1
Rodrigues, Gen. (Braz) M. J., veteran of the Peninsular War and defender of Colonia, 280, 280n1
Senna (Pereira) da, Capt. (Braz) J. R. 274, 284, 289
ships, Argentine:
25 de Mayo (corvette) 254, 264n1, 289, 290
Republica Argentina (brig) 254, 264n2
ships, Brazilian:
Affonso, (steam frigate) 255
Caboclo (brig) 251, 251n, 253–4, 263, 287, 289; log of 264–84; crew list 285–6
Conceição , (schooner) 273, 277–9, 289
Dona Paula (gun boat) 276, 283
Dona Paula (schooner) 282, 289
Imperatrice (frigate) 263
Independencia ou Morte (brig) 263, 268, 268n7, 270–1, 274, 276
Itaparica (corvette) 263, 268, 268n3, 270–1, 275, 281, 289, 289n1
Itaparica (schooner) 276–8, 281, 283
Januaria (schooner) 272–3, 275, 277
Leal Paulistana (schooner) 289
Liberal (corvette) 263, 268, 268n4, 269, 271, 279, 279n1, 289
Macaio (corvette) 263, 268, 268n2, 269, 278, 281, 284, 285
Maria da Gloria (corvette) 263, 268, 268n1, 271, 277, 284
Maria Theresa (schooner) 279
Niteroi/Nitheroy (frigate) 252, 263, 263n2, 264–89
Paraguassu (frigate) 266, 266n1
Paulistana (gun boat) 280, 283
Piraja (brig) 268, 268n5, 271, 279, 279n1
Piranga (frigate) 266, 266n2
Principe Imperial (schooner) 251, 263, 266, 281n2; log 257–63
Real João (brig) 263, 281
Rio da Prata (brig) 263, 263n1
29 de Agosto/August (brig) 268, 276, 279, 287
USS Cyane 262n1
Admiralty, and Board of 296–8, 301–3, 313–14, 317–18, 320–1, 323, 325–7, 332
Accountant-General of the Navy and Accountant-General’s Department 327–8, 327n3, 335
administration and administrative structure 323, 326–33
Civil Lord of 296, 327, 329
Comptroller (Controller) of the Navy and Department 298, 314, 324, 327, 329, 332; see also Brandreth, Thomas; Stewart, William Houston
Director of Naval Construction and Department 314, 323; see also Barnaby, Nathaniel
Director of Contracts and Department 323–4, 324n1
Director of Naval Ordnance 320, 329
Director of Stores and Department 323
Director of Works and Department 329
Financial Secretary to 327, 332, 333; see also Brassey, Thomas, 1st Earl; Campbell Bannerman, Henry; Shaw; Lefevre, George; John, 1st Baron Eversley; Trevelyan, George Otto
First Lord of the Admiralty 293–4, 296, 304, 320, 322, 332, 335; Naval Secretary to 327; Private Secretary to 328
Hydrographer’s Department 304, 329, 330; promotion of officers assigned to 304
Military Department 328
Naval Intelligence Department 329–30
Naval Lords 328n3 (Dacres, Sydney Colpoys; Milne, Alexander; Yelverton, Hastings: Wellesley, George)
Permanent Secretary 327
Senior Naval Lord of 330, 332
Afghanistan 318n3
Albania, operations on the coast of 331
Alcester, 1st Baron see Seymour, Frederick Paget Beauchamp
Alexandria, bombardment of (1882) 305, 305n1, 320, 320n1, 331
Angamos, Battle of 340n1; see also War of the Pacific
armoured and armour-plated vessels, 295, 297–301, 314–17, 314n1, 318–20, 334–5, 335n1, 337–9; construction of 299, 314–17, 334–5, 338–9; cost of 297, 334–5, 339; chart 346; monitor type 342; see also battleships; coastal defence/assault ships; cruisers
Armstrong, Sir William and Co. 321–2 see Elswick Ordnance Co.
army and estimates 306, 307, 310, 320–1
Arnold-Forster, Hugh Oakeley 295n3
Australia, contributions to imperial defence 312–3, 313n2
Austria and Austrian Navy 297, 331n1
Baring, Francis, 1st Baron Northbrook 293n1, 296
Baring, Thomas George see Northbrook, Lord, Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook
Barnaby, Nathaniel 314, 322, 322n3
battleships 297–9, 314–19, 314n1, chart 346; “Admiral” class 319, 335–7; armour 334, 336–8; cost 334–5, 339; armament 334, 336–8; size 320, 334–5, 337, 339; speed 335–8
Beaumont, Lewis Anthony 329, 329n3
Blumenthal, Harvey 296n1
Board of Ordnance 321
Brandreth, Thomas 327, 327n2
Brassey, Thomas, 1st Earl 302n2, 317, 324, 326–7, 329, 333, 342n1
Briggs, John Henry 293, 293n3, 294, 295n3, 297, 300–1
Burke, Thomas 328, 328n2
Caine, William Sproston 327, 327n1
Campbell Bannerman, Henry 301n4, 302, 325, 327, 344
Carnarvon Commission 317n2, 327n3
Cavendish, Frederick Charles 328, 328n1
Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley 303, 303n3, 332, 335; shipbuilding policy of 335, 335n1
Coast Guard 310, 310n3; see also Royal Naval Reserves
coastal defence/assault ships 297, 298
Codrington, William 328, 328n4
colonies, contribution to imperial defence 312–13, 313n3
commerce protection 317–18, 322–3, 344
commercial ports, defence of 298, 311
consular and diplomatic officials, requisitions for naval assistance 309
Coode, John 326, 326n1
courts-martial 309; Admiralty oversight of 309–10
cruisers 297–8, 317–8, 336, 339, 342; armament 319, 339, 340–1; armour of 338–40; cost of 339; speed of 339
dockyards, Royal Navy 318, 323–4, 324n1; Bombay 326; Chatham 326–7, 339; Devonport (Keyham) 326; Halifax 326; Hong Kong, 326; Malta 326; Portsmouth 326, 339
Dublin 328, 332; see also Royal Marines – use in support of civil power
Dunn, James 322, 322n4
Edinburgh, Prince Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of 306n4, 308, 310, 311n1
Egypt, operations in 297, 305, 329–30; see also Alexandria; Suez Canal
electric lights 334
Elswick Ordnance Company 319–22; see also Armstrong, Sir William and Co.
Erskine, James Elphinstone 329, 329n1
Exchequer, Chancellor of the 300, 313, 334
Fisher, John A., 1st Baron Fisher of Kilverstone 295, 295n3
France and the French Navy 295–9, 301, 301n3; ship-building policy of 296n2, 298, 314–17, 314n, 319–20, 331n1, 340
Franco-German War 342
Germany and German Navy 296, 296n2, 296–7, 342
Gladstone, William E. 293–4, 293n2, 300, 302
Gordon, Charles George 330, 330n1
Goschen, George Joachim, 1st Viscount 313n1
Gunnery School 304, 307; promotion of officers assigned to 304
gun mountings: barbette 336–9, 341–2, 341n 1; hydraulic 319, 334; supply and cost of 334, 336; turret 335–7, 342 guns, naval 319–22, 334, 336–7, 338–9, 341–4; breech-loading 320–1, 337, 339, 340–1; machine 334, 337, 339, 345; muzzle-loading 320, 341; provision of 320–1
Hall, Robert 327, 327n3, 328
Hall, William Henry 330, 330n4
Hamilton, George Francis 301, 301n3
Hamilton, Richard Vesey 311, 311n3
Hamilton, Robert George Crookshank 327, 327n4
Hay, John 326, 326n2
Hewett, William Nathan Wrighte 326, 326n1
Hopkins, John Ommanney 329, 329n1
Hornby, Geoffrey Phipps 312, 312n2, 318
Hoskins, Anthony Hiley 306, 306n2, 310, 326
Hunt, George Ward 301n3, 322
Ireland: Chief Secretary of 327, 328; see also Royal Marines, use in aid of civil power
ironclads see armoured vessels; battleships; coastal defence/assault ships; cruisers
Italy and Italian Navy 296–7, 296n2, 319–21, 331n1, 339; Italia 320
Judge-Advocate General 310
Key, Astley Cooper 294, 294n4, 300–2, 308, 312–3, 326, 333
Lambert, George T. 333, 333n1
Laughton, John Knox 299, 300–1, 300n1
Lefevre, George John Shaw: see Shaw Lefevre, George John, 1st Baron Eversley
Liberal Party and Liberalism 293–4, 302
Luard, William Garnham 306, 306n1
MacGregor, Evan 328, 328n3
McHardy, Coglan McLean 323, 323n3
“Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon” 300; see also Pall Mall Gazette; Stead, William T.
Marder, Arthur J. 296, 296n2
mercantile auxiliaries 322, 322n2; question of subsidies for 323; limitations of 323
Mercantile Marine 311–2, 322, 344; see also Royal Naval Reserves, officers serving in
Morriss, Roger 370n
naval architecture, state of 297, 319n1, 320
naval discipline: corporal punishment 309; Naval Discipline Act 309; prisons 310
naval expenditure of Britain 295, 297, 300n2, 316–17, 324–6, 330, 333–4, 342 chart 346; see also Navy Estimates
naval expenditure of Foreign Powers 295, 297–8, 316
naval pensions and pensioners 307–8, 311, 329
Navy Estimates 293–4, 297, 314–15, 318, 321, 324–5, 330, 338, 344–5, chart 346; Supplementary Votes 295; works vote 325; Votes of Credit (1878) 300. 315, 342, (1884) 318
Northbrook, Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook 293–302, 293n1, 314n1, 319n1
nursing sisters, introduction into naval hospitals 307
officers, Royal Navy: authority to award punishments 309–10; discipline of misconduct 310; education of 308; Engineering officers, pay and treatment of 306; entry and education of Cadets 305; Medical, pay and treatment of 306; Petty, pay and treatment of 307; promotion and retirement of 303–4; promotion of those distinguishing themselves in action 304–5; Warrant, pay and treatment of 306–7; pensions 307–8
Pall Mall Gazette 295
Parkes, Oscar, editor of Jane’s Fighting Ships 294
Parliament 308, 310–11, 319, 324–5, 334–5, 338; House of Commons 301, 325, 331, 339; House of Lords 297, 314n1, 319n1
Ravensworth, 2nd Earl of, Henry Liddell 324, 324n1
Reed, Edward J. 319
Rendel, George Wrightwick 319, 319n6, 327
Richards, Frederick William 326, 326n3
Ropp, Theodore 299, 299n3
Royal Arsenal (Woolwich) 320–22
Royal Commission on the Defence of Colonies and Commerce 317; see also Carnarvon Commission
Royal Corps of Naval Constructors 323–4
Royal Marines: courts-martial 310; NCOs, pay and allowances 307; 309–10; officers’ promotion 306; in aid of the civil power, in Cork 331, Skye 331 and Dublin 332
Royal Naval Artillery Volunteers 311
Royal Naval College, Greenwich 319
Royal Naval Hospital Greenwich 329
Royal Naval Reserves: mercantile marine officers serving in 311–12
Royal Navy: comparisons with foreign navies 295, 297–9, 301, 314–18, 320, 340–3; overseas squadrons, Cape and West Africa 309, 326; East India 309, 326; Mediterranean 326; personnel policies, enlisted men 306–11, officers 303–6; shipbuilding policy 299, 314–19, 324–5, 334–5, chart 346; Special Service Squadron (1885) 312n2
Russia and Russian Navy 296–7, 296n2, 301, 331n1; British plans for war against 312, 318n3, 329–31; Yaroslav 340
seamen: barracks for 326; boys, entry 308; Chief Stokers 307; continuous service 308; corporal punishment 309; courts-martial of 309; diet of 307; Engine Room Artificers 307; imprisonment of 309; number needed 308; pay and allowances 307; pensions for 307, 308; savings banks for 307; widows’ pensions 307–8
Seymour, Frederick Paget Beauchamp, 1st Baron Alcester 320, 320n1, 326, 331
Shaw Lefevre, George John, 1st Baron Eversley 298, 298n4, 299n1, 302
shipbuilding expenditure, British see naval expenditure of Britain; Navy Estimates
ships, British:
Agamemnon 315, 335–6, 345
Ajax 315, 336, 345
Amphion 317
Anson 316, 317, 337, 338
Arethusa 317
Atalanta 307
Bacchante 345
Belleisle 314, 315
Benbow 316, 337, 338
Black Prince 345
Britannia 305, 312
Cambridge 304
Camperdown 316, 334, 337–8
Collingwood 299, 315, 319, 334–7, 339, 342
Colossus 315, 334–6, 341
Conqueror 315, 335–6, 342–3, 345
Conway (TS) 312
Cordelia 344
Cyclops 342
Devastation 334–5, 339, 345
Dreadnought 334, 345
Edinburgh 315, 335–6
Excellent 304
Fearless 317
Forth 317
Gorgon 342
Hecate 342
Hero 316–17, 335, 342
Heroine 344
Howe 316, 334, 337–8
Hydra 342
Imperieuse 299, 316, 319, 335
Inflexible 335–6
Leander 317, 339, 343–4
Mercury 345
Mersey 317, 343–4
Nelson 337, 340
Neptune 314–5
Orion 314, 315, 345
Phaeton 317
Polyphemus 318, 345
Rattlesnake 318n3
Renown (Victoria) 316, 316n1, 317, 321
Resistance 345
Rodney 316, 334, 337
Sans Pareil 316, 317, 321
Scout 317–18, 344, 345
Scorpion 345
Severn 317, 344
Shannon 337
Superb 314, 315
Thames 317
Thunderer 339, 345
Warrior 245
Warspite 299, 316, 319, 335, 338, 342
Waterwitch 345
Wivern 245
Worcester (TS) 312
ships, French:
Amiral Baudin 315, 320
Amiral Duperré 315
Bayard 315
Calman 315
Charles Martel 317
Devastation 315
Duguay Trouin (Fr.), 440
Duguesclin 315
Formidable 315, 320
Foudroyant 315
Furieux 315
Hoche 316
Indomptable 315
Magenta 317
Marceau 316
Neptune 316
Requin 315
Richelieu 340
Terrible 315
Tonnant 315
Turrene 315
Vauban 315, 341
Smith, William E. 319, 319n3
Smith, William Henry 301n3, 313n1, 314n1, 322
Stead, William T. 295–301, 295n2, 296n1; see also “Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon”; Pall Mall Gazette; “The Truth about the Navy and its Coaling Stations by One who Knows the Facts,”
Steele, Thomas Montagu 331, 331n2
Stewart, Herbert 332, 332n1
Stewart, William Houston 314, 314n2, 317, 317n1, 323
Suakin (Sudan), operations at 305, 305n3, 331
Suez Canal 331
torpedoes 322, 334, 339, 344–5
Torpedo School, and promotion of officers assigned to 304
torpedo vessels 298, 309, 312, 318, 318n3, 339, 344–5
Trevelyan, George Otto 302, 302n1, 327–8, 338–9
“The Truth about the Navy and its Coaling Stations by One who Knows the Facts” 294–5, 295n1; see also Pall Mall Gazette; Stead, William T.
Tryon, George 313, 313n1, 328, 330–1
“Two Power Standard” 297
unarmoured and protected vessels 317n1, 334–5, 339–45; armament, 343–4; speed 343–4
Vavasseur, Josiah 322, 322n1
War of the Pacific (in which Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia) 339n1; Almirante Cochrane (Chile) 340; Huascar (Peru) 340
War Office and Secretary of State for War 311, 320, 321, 321n1
Abyssinia see Ethiopia
Aden 348, 354, 357, 360, 364–5, 376
Alexandria 347, 349, 358, 374
Annet, Armand Léon, Governor of French Somaliland 362n3
Backhouse, Adm. Sir Roger (C-in-C Home Fleet) 352, 353
Baldwin, Stanley, Prime Minister 350
Barton, Sir Sydney, HM Minister Addis Ababa 355, 355n1, 363
Budgen, Capt. Douglas A. 376n1
China Station (Royal Navy) 349, 351
Crace, Capt. John Gregory of Emerald 364n3; his report 364–5
Djibouti/Djibuti 348–9, 355, 365; HMS
Diana and Enterprise at 349, 355–6, 362–6, 370, 372; see also Haile Selassie . . . evacuation from Djibuti
East Indies Station (Royal Navy) 348–9, 356
Edward VIII, King of England 362n1
Ethiopia, and invasion of 347, 349–50, 352
Foreign Office 349–52, 354–5, 360–1, 362n1, 380n1
France and French authorities 347–8, 350–1, 353, 356, 363–4, 366
French, VA. Wilfred Franklin 379n1
Gibraltar 350–2, 376–80; see also Haile Selassie . . . at Gibraltar
Haifa 348–51, 356–9, 361, 366, 368, 370, 372–4, 376–7, 379
Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia:
and Foreign Office 352–61, 380n1; evacuated from Djibuti in Enterprise 348–9, 355–6, 363–5, 366–70; desires passage to London 349–52, 357, 360–1, 377; in Palestine 349–50, 361, 373–4; described by Capt. Morgan 367–9, 375; in HMS Capetown 351–2, 377, 379; at Gibraltar 351–3, 379–80
Harington, Gen. Sir Charles (Governor of Gibraltar) 351n5
Hoare, Sir Samuel, and Hoare–Laval Pact 347
Imperial Airways 350
Italy 347, 348–50
James, Midshipman Christopher Alexander 367, 367n1, 370, 375
Jerusalem 348–9, 355, 361–2, 370, 373–4, 377, 379
League of Nations 347–8, 350, 352, 357, 380
Laval, Pierre 347
Lowe, Mr. (British Vice Consul at Djibuti) 362–4, 366
Lyon, RA. George H. D’Oyly 377n1
Malakou, Dr, Emperor’s doctor and interpreter 368
Malta 351, 347
Morgan, Capt. Charles Eric of HMS Enterprise 349, 364, 364n1; account of voyage 365–76
Mussolini, Benito, Prime Minister 347
Nadim Bey, Mohamed, Governor of Suez 376
Port Said 357, 358–9, 368–9, 372–4
Pound, Adm. Sir A. Dudley P. R. (C-in-C Mediterranean) 351, 354n3n; letters and telegrams to and from passim
Rose, VA. Frank Forrester 355n1
Sehaie, Princess of Ethiopia 371, 375
Selby, Lt Cdr. William Halford of Diana 349, 362n2; his report 362–4
ships, British:
Capetown 351–3, 377–80
Dainty 348, 356, 365
Decoy 348, 356, 365
Delhi 358
Diana 348–9, 356, 362–3, 365–6, 369
Emerald 348, 356, 364–5
Enterprise 348–52, 355–61, 363–6, 369, 373–6
Montenol (RFA) 365
Venetia 358
Wolsey 359, 373–4
ships (merchant): Glengarry 365; Orford 352–3, 379–80, 380n1; Somalia 349, 363n1
Stewart-Moore, Lt. J.A. 364
Suez 348–9, 354, 356–60, 366, 368, 372–3, 376
Suez Canal 356, 358, 360, 369, 372
Tillard, Lt. Rupert Claude 366, 366n1, 370, 375
Wauchope, Maj Gen. Sir Arthur G. (British High Commissioner Palestine) 356n1
Webb, Sub-Lt. W.F.B. 364
Brian Vale is a life-long member of the Society for Nautical Research and of the Navy Records Society. Originally a specialist on the Wars of Independence in Latin America and their aftermath, he has written extensively on Lord Cochrane’s activities in that continent together with the volume on Independence to the official História Naval Brasileira. He has written for both British and South American historical journals and his book on the Brazil-Argentine War of 1826-8 has been translated into Spanish and published in Buenos Aires by the Instituto de Publicaciones Navales.
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