The defence of trade has always been a priority for the Royal Navy. This volume details the operations of the squadrons deployed in South American waters amid the turmoil which began with the French occupation of the Iberian Peninsular and ended with the independence of Argentina, Chile, Peru and, eventually, Brazil.
British trade, ships and commercial communities found themselves threatened by the resulting conflicts. The navy’s task was to provide protection in the face of blockades of dubious legality declared by both the Royalists and the Patriot navies; while steering a neutral diplomatic course between the expectations of its old political allies, Spain and Portugal, and those of the new republican regimes, which had now become important trading partners. The situation contained an additional twist in that the republican navies were officered and manned by large numbers of formed Royal Navy personnel, led by the unpredictable Lord Cochrane.
Reproducing almost the complete correspondence between the Admiralty and its commanders in the field during the period, this volume illustrates dramatically the challenges which the navy faced in these turbulent times. It also demonstrates the skill and tact with which successive commanders-in-chief such as Michael de Courcy, William Bowles and Thomas Hardy handed the situation.
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INDEX An entry in italics after the name of a person gives the page on which biographical details may be found. ABADIA, Pedro, 249 Abascal y Souza, Jos6 Fernando (Viceroy of Peru), 143, 145-6 Acapulco, 373 Aguirre, Manuel H. de, 253 Alagoas, 192, 359, 375 Alberti, Manuel, 50 Alvarado, Felipe, 365 Alvarado, General Rudecindo, 365;*., 367 Alvarez de Condarco, Jos6 Antonio, 198, 204-5, 208 Alvarez Jonte, Antonio, 207 Alvear, Carlos de, 111, 112, 123-4, 144, 151, 165, 242, 252, 283, 297 Alzaga, Martin de, 77 Amherst, William Pitt, Earl Amherst of Arracan, 327n Amiens, Peace of (1802), xxiv Anc6n, 321, 323, 342, 348, 354 Andalucia, French invasion of, xxvii, 123 Andrada e Silva, Jos6 Bonifacio de, 356, 362, 363, 376 Andrada e Silva, Martim Francisco de, 362 Angostura (Ciudad Bolivar), xxxi Arapey, river, 209 Araujo de Azevedo, Antonio de, Conde da Barca, 193 Arenales, General Juan Antonio Alvarez de, 345, 367 Arequipa, 31, 116, 340, 352, 354, 357 Argentina, xxiv; see also Buenos Aires; Rfo de la Plata, Viceroyalty of; United Provinces of the Rfo de la Plata Arica, 91,102,116,243,278,333,334,338, 339, 344, 345, 367, 372 ‘Army of Observation’, 116//. ‘Army of Pacification’, 359/z ‘Army of the Andes’, xxxi, 163, 174, 180, 181, 182-4, 188, 190-1, 195, 202-3, 204-5, 212, 243, 252, 283 Arroyo de la China, 177 Arroyo de la India Muerta, 203 Artigas, Jose Gervasio: xxvii-viii, 727; character and reputation, 127, 139,159, 167, 170, 173, 201, 209; decline, 294-5, 296, 314, 323 Artigas, Jose Gervasio—cont. — and Buenos Aires, 127,139,151-2,154, 162, 178, 201, 204, 206, 259, 260, 263, 266, 268, 283, 284-5 — and Portuguese invasion of Banda Oriental, 159, 161-2, 163, 164, 170, 171-2, 175-8,180-1, 185, 189, 209, 237, 240, 254, 275, 276, 278, 284-5 — and ‘Federal League’, 162, 166-7, 169, 231, 260, 263, 268, 277, 284-5, 294-5, 296 — and British merchants, 152, 206, 256; and Bowles, 206, 208-9; and privateering, 231-2 Astor, John Jacob, 94/i Astoria, Fort, 94n., 147n. Asuncion, llw., 60, 62 Auchmuty, Major-General Sir Samuel, xxiii Ayacucho (battle), xxxiii Azcu6naga, Miguel de, 50 BAHIA, 35, 64, 71, 84, 85, 89, 90, 92, 187, 192, 355, 356, 358, 359, 360, 368-9, 375, 376 Baiten (battle), 124/z. Bainbridge, Captain William, 84«. Bajada of Santa Fe, 185 Baker, Anthony St. John, 150 Balcarce, General Antonio Gonzalez, 235, 261 Balcarce, General Juan Ram6n, 253, 254, 259, 260, 295 Balcarce, Colonel Marcos, 324. Baltimore, 184, 198, 210, 239 Banda Oriental of Uruguay: British occupation of Montevideo in 1807, xxiii; projected Portuguese invasion of (1808), 9-11 —Hostilities between Montevideo and Buenos Aires (1810-14), 57, 65, 67, 70-3, 78, 83, 87, 91,106-7, 110-11,112, 117, 126, 127, 130, 144, 146; and Portuguese assistance to Montevideo, 65, 69, 71, 77, 78, 87, 299 378 INDEX Banda Oriental of Uruguay—cont. — Artigas’s rising, xxvii-viii, 127,139, and rule, 151-2, 154, 159, 161-2, 163, 164, 168, 171-2, 173, 175, 176-7, 178, 180-1, 209 — Portuguese invasion and occupation (1816-21), xxvi, 8/1., 159, 160-1, 163, 164, 168, 170-2, 173, 175, 176-7, 178, 180-1, 184-5, 186, 189, 193, 194, 201, 202, 203, 204, 209, 231, 237, 240, 254-5, 256-7, 266, 275-6, 278, 283, 284, 299-300; and evacuation of Portuguese troops (1822-3), 356-7, 361, 362, 364, 371, 376 — See also under Artigas; Buenos Aires; United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata Barham, Charles Middleton, 1st Baron, 2 Barragan, see Ensenada de Barragan Barreiro, Miguel (Delegate of Artigas in Montevideo), 164, 171, 175, 176, 177, 181 Barrow, John, 6, 7, 209 Bathurst, Henry, 3rd Earl Bathurst, 152, 153, 199/t. Bayonne, 12, 16 Belgrano, Manuel, 50,78,86,91,102,109, 112, 114, 115-16, 117, 120, 129, 169, 174, 179/1., 202, 231, 238, 241, 250, 258, 273, 274, 297 Benevista, see La Legua Beresford, Rear-Admiral Sir John Poo, 150 Beresford, Brigadier-General William Carr, xxiii, xxiv Bio-Bio, river, 208, 257, 261 Black, Captain William, 94/z., 147, 148, 149 Blanco, Felix, 249 Blanco Encalada, Manuel, 263, 350, 357, 365 Blanco y Cabrera, Tomas, 223-4, 233, 322 Boca Negra, 348 Bolivar, Sim6n, xxx-i, xxxiii, 325, 357, 370 Bolivia, xxviii, 369/j.; and see Upper Peru Bonaparte, Jerome, 35 Bonaparte, Joseph, xxvi, 16, 17, 18, 118 Bonaparte, Napoleon, xxvi, 2,12,15w., 16, 27, 31, 65, 359/1, Boston, 136 Bourbon, House of, xxix-xxx, 13, 178-80, 197-8, 226 Bourchier, Captain Thomas, 358, 361, 366 Bowles, Commodore Sir William: 158 — as captain, stationed off Buenos Aires, reports on local events, 102-14, 115-28, 129-32, on activities of British subjects Bowles, Commodore Sir William—cont. in service of Buenos Aires, 134-5, and on armistice negotiations between Buenos Aires and Montevideo (1814), 138-9; commended by Dixon, returns to England, xxviii, 137 — as commodore of South American squadron, arrives in Rio (1816), 158; reports secret understanding between portenos and Portuguese, 160; makes representations to Buenos Aires government on searches of British officers, 162, on duties imposed on British merchants, 182, 276, and on imposition of forced loan, xxix, 243-8, 251, 285; requests reinforcements during Pernambuco insurrection (1817), 188, 192 — and protection of British merchants and trade in Banda Oriental, 164-5,255, 256-7, 273, 276; correspondence with Artigas, 206, 208-9 — Exchanges with San Martin, 168-9, 190-2, 197-9, 201, 207-8, 224-8, 237, 238-40; his opinion of San Martin, 124-5, 168, 190, 227-8, 239, and on mediation between Spain and her colonies, 258-9 — Voyage to South Pacific, and representations to viceregal authorities in Chile and Peru on cases of Justinian and Will, Mary Ann and Hydra, 196, 199, 200-1, 206, 209-10, 211, 220; and Spanish blockade of Chile, 211-14, 215-18, 220-1,223-4,251; and case of Inspector, 251; exchanges with Luis de la Cruz on Chilean privateering, 228-30; sends Andromache and Blossom to South Pacific for protection of British trade, 230, 232-4; reports Lucy’s commission in Chilean navy, 234—5, 241; urges British commercial representation at Valparaiso, 238; and Chilean blockade of Peru, 262-5, 268-72, 278, 286-7, 298 — Report on political scene to his successor, Hardy, 282-8 Braganza, House of, see under Portugal, royal family Brayer, Michel, 228, 236, 252, 254 Brazil: elevated to status of kingdom (1815), xxv; Pernambuco rebellion, 186-7, 192-3, 200; Dom Pedro proclaimed Regent, 355, and Emperor, xxv, 361, 362; relations with Portugal, 355, 356; imperial expedition to Bahia, 356, 358, 359, 360, 363-4, 366, 368-9, 376 INDEX 379 Brazil: Changes in government, 362; antiPortuguese legislation, 364; project for constitution, 376; Portuguese recognition of independence secured by British mediation (1825), xxv — Navy, xxv, 356, 359, 362, 364, 366-7, 369, 376 — Brazilian empire: and Banda Oriental, 356-7, 361, 362, 364, 371 — and Pernambuco, 356, 358, 361, 376 — and Maranhao, 374-5 — and Sao Paulo, 376 — and Great Britain, xxv-vi — and British naval squadron, 358, 362, 374-6 — See also under Buenos Aires; Pernambuco; Portugal; United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata British Merchants Trading to Brazil, 32/*., 87 Broadwater, Lieutenant William, 15 Brown and Watson, Messrs., 92 Brown, Captain Thomas, 572, 373^1 Brown, William, 135, 259 Browne, Captain Philip, 120 Buenos Aires: British occupation in 1806, xxiii, In., and Whitelocke’s expedition against (1807), xxiii, 80/j.; projected Portuguese expedition against (1808), 11; de Sassenay in, Yin., 17; reaction to Joseph Bonaparte’s proclamation as King of Spain and the Indies, 15-16, 17-18, and proclamation of allegiance to Ferdinand VII, 19; cabildo’s conflict with Liniers, 13, 13/z., 24, 26-7, 31, 36, 39; disputes with Montevideo, xxvii, 15-16, 23-4, 25, 27-30, 36; unrest over Liniers’ supersession by Cisneros, 39, 42-3 — Revolution of May 1810, xxiv, 47-52; conspiracy of Alzaga in, 77; legislation of 1813,91; government of (in 1812-14), 78,80,95,103,104,122-6, and Supreme Directorate (1816), 165-6; ‘anarchy of 1820’ in, 295, 296, 297, 299; election of Rodriguez as Governor of Buenos Aires Province, 313-15, 323-4; naval forces of, 57, 60, 130, 131-2, 133^, 144, 155 — and Banda Oriental, Artigas and Portugal (1810-15), 62-72, 78, 81-3, 87, 91,106-7,112,117, 126-8,130, 138^0, 144, 146, 151, 165-6; and Cordoba, 51, 53, 54;*.; and Old Spaniards, 104, 108, 110,122; and Paraguay, 50#., 60,62, 65, 202; and Upper Peru, see Upper Peru Buenos Aires—cont. — Great Britain and, xxix, 47-9, 59-60 70, 72-4, 78, 81, 83, 104, 108, 114-15, 118-19, 120, 121, 122, 125-7, 131, 138, 140, 165, and see under Great Britain, merchants and commerce; Spain and, xxix, 47-52, 62, 96, 104, 107-8, 117-19, 121-2, 138, 151, 165; and U.S.A., 72, 95, 104, 113/z., 122, 126-7 — See also under Artigas; Banda Oriental; Rio de la Plata, Viceroyalty of; United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata CABARRUS, Conde de, 179 Cadiz, 66, 73, 123, 124, 337, 340 California, 360, 373 Callao: 211, 213, 214, 216, 217, 271, 303, 308, 330, 331, 335, 337, 338, 350, 354, 358, 365, 367, 371, 373 — Port of, projected opening (1818), 248-9, 265; Lord Cochrane and, 262, 263, 264, 266, 270, 278, 327; ‘cutting out’ of Esmeralda at, 321; blockade of, 325, 328, 342, 345; siege of, 344, 346, 347-8, 351-2; opening of by San Martin, 349 Campos, Commodore JoSo Felix Pereira de, 368 Canary Islands, 39n. Cancha Rayada (battle), xxxii, 235 Canelones, 186 Canete, 347 Canning, George, 4-5 Canterac, General Jos6, 326, 347, 348, 349, 351-2, 354, 367, 371 Cape Horn, xxxi, xxxiv, 7, 13, 15, 26, 90, 91, 100, 128, 129, 136, 137, 148, 149 155, 184, 190, 196, 206, 238, 272, 278, 318,349,350,359,372 Cape of Gocd Hope, xxiii Caracas, 326 Caribbean sea, xxxi, xxiv Carlos Luis de Borb6n, Prince of Lucca, 296, 371 Carlota Joaquina, Princess of Brazil, 3, 13, 14, 18-19, 24, 30/*., 36-7, 51, 126, 128 Carrera, Jose Miguel, 112, 113, 114, 116-17,127,129-30,189,197,198, 252, 255, 295, 296, 297, 314, 330 Carrera, Juan Jos6,112-13,114, 189,197, 198, 252«., 255 Carrera, Luis, 112-13, 114, 116-17, 189, 197, 198, 252«., 255 Carter, Thomas, 328, 332, 333 380 INDEX Casa Florez, Conde de (Spanish Minister in Brazil), 167-8, 230, 235, 242 Casa Irujo, Marques de, see Martinez, Carlos Maria Casey, Captain (Midshipman R.N.), 328, 332 Castanos, Francisco Javier, 124 Castelli, Juan Jos6, 48, 50 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, xxiii-iv, xxvi-vii, 29n., 32,137, 224, 239, 358 Cayenne, 22n., 359n. Cerro Largo (range), 171, 172, 178 Cevallos, Pedro, 16 Chacabuco (battle), xxxi, 183, 184, 203, 261, 283 Chads, Lieutenant Henry Ducie, 84, 85 Chamberlain, Henry, 160, 174, 187, 193, 255, 255, 256, 278, 281, 356, 358, 362, 372, 374-5 Chancay, 326 Charcas, Audiencia of, 41 w.; and see Upper Peru Charles IV, of Spain, 6n., 13, 16«., 179 Chile, Captaincy-General of: Vulture’s voyage to, with Spanish order for release of English prisoners, 7; projected Portuguese naval visit to, 13, 19; Higginson Senior’s mission to, 30; and allegiance to Ferdinand VII, 37; case of Captain Fleeming, 73; case of Justinian and Will, 196, 200-1, 210, 214-15 Chile: events of 1810 in, 51,56-7; junta of, 102, 103, and royalists, 106, 108-9, and the Carreras, 112-13, 114, 116-17, 127-8, 129-30; Hillyar and truce negotiations, 120, 143-6. — San Martin’s invasion of, xxxi-ii, 163, 174, 180, 181, 182-4, 189, 190-1, 203; government of O’Higgins, 189-90, 197, 368, and of Freire, 370-1; independence proclaimed, xxxii, 222, and recognized by Congress of Tucuman, 261; London loan, 371 — Military operations in (1817), 195, 202, 205, 208, 252; Osorio’s expedition against, xxxii, 212, 218, 221-2, and battle of Maipu, 236-7, 239, 240, 265, and remnants of royalist forces, 250, 253, 254, 257, 261, 262, 296-7, 298, 323; Spanish blockade of, 211-14, 215-18, 220-1 — Preparations for expedition to Peru, xxxii-iii, 184, 190, 195, 208, 237, 239, 240, 257, 266, 278, 298; and Cochrane’s Chile—cont. naval operations and blockade of Peruvian coast, 262-3, 264, 265, 266, 269-70, 297, 298, 301-2, 305-9, 310-13, 317-21, 322, 325-6, 328, 333-41, 342-3, 345-6, 349, 350, 354 — Expedition to Peru, xxxiii, 303-5, 309-10,317,318,321-2,323,325,326-7, 330, 331, 340, 342, 344-5; and armistice of Punchauca, 342; see also under Peru, military operations — Navy, xxxii-iii, 190, 195, 198, 198//., 204-5, 210, 222, 234-6, 239, 240, 243, 247, 249-50, 253, 254, 257, 261, 267, 268-9, 278, 286-7, 292, 297-8, 303, 327-8, 329, 331-3, 341, 344-5, 348, 351, 358, 360; and see under Ships’ Names — and Great Britain, 73, 113-14, 190-1, 195, 196-8, 204-5, 224-7, 228-30, 234, 238-40, 251, 255, 262-5, 268-72, 298, 300-2, 302-5, 306-10, 311-13, 317-21, 328-30, 331, 334-41, 342-3, 344, 345-6, 349, 354, 371; and see under Great Britain: merchants and commerce — and U.S.A., 113, 114, 117, 130, 190-5, 197-8, 204, 222, 238, 239, 249-50, 253, 255, 343, 346 Chilian, 106,112,114, 116, 120, 139, 231, 257 Chiloe, island, 197, 222, 227, 284, 297-8, 360 Chorillos, 322, 345, 346 Chuquisaca, 206 Cisneros, Baltasar Hidalgo de, 39n., 40, 41, 42-3, 45, 46, 49-50, 51 Cobbett, Henry, 328, 332, 344 Cobija, 350 Cochabamba, 78, 139, 163, 294 Cochrane,Vice-Admiral Sir Alexander,319 Cochrane, Thomas, 10th Earl of Dundonald: xxxiii, 198/*., 234«., 240, 250, 253, 259, 262-4, 266, 275, 278, 286, 298, 303, 326, 327, 344, 345, 350, 354, 360 — His meeting with Captain Hickey, 268-70; and blockade of coast of Peru, 270-1, 287, 306; and attack on Valdivia and Chiloe, 296-7; and Captain Searle, 301-2, 306-8, 317, 319-20, 321, 322; and further blockade of Peru, 309-10; and ‘cutting out’ of Esmeralda, 321-2; detention of British ships, 328-9, 333, 349, and Commodore Hardy, 334-41, 342-3; and San Martin, 344,348,352-3; and naval service of Brazil, 366-7, 369, 372 INDEX 381 Colan, 216 Collins, Edward, 62 Colombia, xxxi, 357,359«.; troops of, 367, 370 Colonia, 9, 11, 23, 39, 42, 43, 65, 67, 107, 134, 135, 151-2, 174, 175, 181, 185, 237, 240, 254, 255, 257, 266, 276, 277, 284, 288, 364 Columbia River, 222,250, 265; expedition to, 90, 92-5, 96, 98-101, 147, 149 Concepci6n, province, 221, 257, 261, 323 Conception, town, 106,127,130,183,189, 191,205,208,221,235,237,254,297,360 Condo-Condo, 120 Convoys, 26, 41-2, 76, 87-8, 97-8 Coquimbo, 102, 183, 184, 237 C6rdoba, 51, 53, 78, 109, 110,162, 166-7, 169, 173, 178, 181, 202, 231, 253, 285, 294, 330 Cork, xxvi Corrientes, 11«., 185 Costa de Souza de Macedo, Alvaro da, 364,371 Cotagaita, 250, 284 Cotton, Vice-Admiral Sir Charles, 5 Crauford, Brigadier-General Robert, xxiii Crichton, Lieutenant James Augustus Seymour, 81 Croker, John Wilson, 44n. Crosbie, Thomas Sackville, 328, 332, 333, 344 Cruz, Luis de la, 229-30 Cuba, 15/z. Cumanci, xxx Cunningham, Alexander, 38, 39, 40, 54 Curado, Brigadier Joaquin Xavier, #, 180-1, 189, 240 Curico, 235 Cuyo, province, xxxi, 282, 285 DARIEN, isthmus, 218 Dayman, river, 161 Dean, Henry, 332, 333 De Courcy, Vice-Admiral Hon. Michael: 34′; assumes command of South American station, 35; and search for French squadron in South Atlantic, 34-5, 38, 64; reports on conditions in Rio de la Plata, 38-51, 54, and orders Captain Fabian home to report on them, 46, 49; his measures for protection of British merchants in Buenos Aires, 40, and pleas for reinforcements, 42,46,47, 52,54-5, 59; orders Confiance to convoy merchant-vessels home, 41-2 De Courcy, Vice-Admiral Hon. Michael —cont. — Reports Captain Elliot’s rejection of Montevidean request for British participation in blockade of Buenos Aires, 52-6; his exchanges with Vigodet, 56-8, and order for patrol of River Plate, 58-9; and Elio’s arrival as viceroy, 59, 60-1, 62, 63; orders Nereus to stand by for protection of British in Buenos Aires, 61-2, 63-4; reports Elliot’s exchanges with Elio, 61-3, 64, and his own, 66-8; further reports on internal disputes in Rio de la Plata, 69,70-2; sanctions shipments of specie to England, 58-9, 68-9 Delamare, Commodore Rodrigo Antonio, 359 Delano, Paul, 344 Desaguadero, river, 258 Dfaz Velez, General Eustoquio, 116 Dixon, Captain Manley Hall, 140, 141,144 Dixon, Rear-Admiral Sir Manley: 72, 76; relations with Lord Strangford, xxvn.; recall, 150 — and War of 1812: protection of British trade during, 78-9, 80, 86, and of whale fisheries in South Pacific, 87, 90, 92-3, 96, 99-101, 128-9, 136-7, 147, 148-9; and war at sea with U.S.A., 84^-6,90,94, 135-7, 141, 150; and exchange of prisoners, 89, 141 — and Columbia River expedition, 90, 92, 93-5, 96, 98-101, 149; and assignments for convoy and escort duties and remittances of specie, 87-9, 90, 93, 96, 97-8, 105, 128, 152-^t; and case of Borishka and Fama, 101-2; and Buenos Aires navy, 133-4 Domett, Sir William, 74 Dorrego, Manuel, 313-5 Dowling, Frederick, 30, 47 Downes, Captain John, 322 Doyle, Captain Bentinck Cavendish, 45 Duckworth, Vice-Admiral Sir John, 2 Dundas, Robert Saunders, 2nd Viscount Melville, 74, 192, 199, 199/1., 298, 305, 306, 333 Dunn, William, 38, 39, 40-1, 54 Dupont, General Pierre, 124n. EAST India Company, 72, 92/i., 94n. Elio, Francisco Xavier (Governor of Montevideo, later Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata), 75,16,18,20, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 59, 60-1, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69 382 INDEX Elliot, Captain Robert, 52, 53-4, 55-6, 60-1, 62-3, 64 Ensenada (de Barragan), 17, 23, 60, 62, 127, 135, 288 Entre Rios, 185, 189, 194, 209, 231, 254, 277, 278, 285, 294, 295, 313, 323, 330 Esmonde, John, 332, 333, 344, 350 Estado Cisplatino, xxvi, 356; and see Banda Oriental Exmouth, Sir Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount, 63w. Eyre, Rear-Admiral Sir George, 376«. FABIAN, Captain Charles Montague, 43, 46, 47-50, 152, 153, 154-5, 159 Fairborn, Thomas, 345 Falcon, Captain Gordon Thomas, 265, 272, 273, 281 Falkland Islands, 24 Ferdinand I (IV), of Sicily, 13, 24 Ferdinand VII, of Spain, xxx, xxxii, xxxiv, 16/i., 17,19,21,27, 30, 37,42,47,48,49, 140, 165, 174, 179, 296/2. Fitzharris, James Harris, Viscount Fitzharris and 1st Earl of Malmesbury, 200 Fitzmaurice, Lieutenant William, 7, 25 Fleeming, Captain Hon. Charles Elphinstone, 73 Forbes, John Murray, 316 Forster, Captain Robert, 250, 265, 270, 328, 332, 333, 344, 345, 353 Fort George, 94/z. France: Napoleonic invasion of Spain, xxvi, and puppet regime of Joseph Bonaparte, 16; Spanish juntas and war with, 12/z., 14,20; mission of de Sassenay to Rio de la Plata, 12, 15-19, and Spanish American reactions, 15-19, 21, 27,31 — Supposed naval movements, 34, 35-6, 38; rumours of agents of, 46, and of dispatch of arms to Rio de la Plata, 65, and conspiracy with Goyeneche, 71; naval mission to South American and Mexican ports in 1820, 314, 316 — Napoleonic invasion of Portugal, xxv; Portuguese fears of French invasion of River Plate, 6, 8-10, and of French agents in Brazil, 13; Portuguese capture of French Guiana, 22 — and Great Britain, xxvi — See also under United Provinces of Rio de la Plata Francia, Jos6 Caspar Rodrfguez de, 189, 285, 289-90, 323 Freire, General Ram6n, 323, 371 Frio, Cape, 78, 85, 86, 89, 136 Fyffe, Captain John, 148 GABRIEL, Infante of Spain, 6//., 13 Gaceta de Buenos Aires, 50//., 103/z. Gainza, Gavino, 145 Galapagos Islands, 99, 129, 147 Gambier, Vice-Admiral James, 34 Gambier, James, 1st Baron, 5, 11 n. Garcia, John, 45 Garcia, Manuel Jose, 118, 160, 193-4, 371 Garcia del Rio, Juan, 353, 354/*., 367, 370/z. Ghent, Treaty of, 150 Gibraltar, 20, 329, 337 Godoy, Manuel, Principe de la Paz, 179 Gomez, Jos6 Valentin, 371 Gordon, Captain Hon. William, 70 Gorriti, island, 12, 23, 256 Goyeneche, Jose Manuel de, 31, 71,77,78, 86-7,91,102, 115 Great Britain: Merchants and commerce: in Banda Oriental, 25, 29-30, 40, 41, 79-80, 152, 154, 164, 171, 206, 208-9, 255, 256-7, 273, 276, 288; in Brazil, xxvi, 7-8, 25, 38, 41-2, 46-7, 86, 87-9, 350-1, 358, 361, 374-5; in Buenos Aires, xxvii, xxix, xxx, 7-8, 29-30, 39, 40-1, 43, 44-6, 47-8, 52, 54-9, 60, 61-6, 67-9, 70, 70/z., 72-4, 79-80, 87, 95-6, 97-8, 103-4, 110, 114, 144, 152, 153-4, 155, 162,182, 184, 243-8, 251, 260, 272, 273,276-7, 285-6,287,288-94,295, 325, 357; in Chile, 221, 233, 238, 248, 291-2, 294, 298, 324-5, 328-30, 349, 354, 372-4; in Paraguay, 289-90, 294, 323; in Peru, 18, 248-9, 250, 264, 265, 270-1, 292, 294, 301, 303, 305, 309, 320, 322, 329, 331, 333^, 339, 340, 341, 342-3, 344, 348, 349, 355/?., 358, 365-6, 367, 371-2, 372-4; in Upper Peru, 290-1; see also Ports; Specie — Naval squadron in Brazil, establishment, xxv, and duties, xxvii-ix, xxxiv, 4, 5, and limits of, 92n., 196; see also under Bowles; De Courcy; Dixon, Sir Manley; Hardy; Smith, Sir Sidney — Volunteers serving in South America: in Spanish armed forces, 21; in Brazilian navy, xxv, 363, 372, 376; in Argentine navy, xxviii, 57, 80,135, 259; in Chilean and Peruvian navies, xxviii, xxxii-iii, 234-5, 250, 263, 265, 269-70, 327-8, 331, 332-3, 340, 350, 352, 367-8 INDEX 383 Great Britain—cont. —and France, xxvi — and Portugal, xxv-vi; Convention of 1807 and convoy of Portuguese royal family to Brazil, xxv, 2, 3-4; establishment of British naval station and minister in Brazil, 4-5; treaties of 1809 and 1810, 21-2, 26, 44; and Banda Oriental, xxvi; and royal family’s return to Portugal, xxv, 150-1; see also above under Merchants and commerce in Banda Oriental and in Brazil, and under Smith, Sir Sidney; Specie; Strangford — and Spain: in Napoleonic wars, xxiii-iv, xxv, xxvi, 4, 6-7, 10, 80/z.; and reversal of alliances, xxvi-vii, 12, 14, 15/?., 16, 18-19, 20-1 (see also under Rio de la Plata and Peru, Viceroyalties of); and independence movements in Spanish American colonies, xxvii-xxx, xxxiv (see also under Buenos Aires, Chile, Peru, and United Provinces of Rio de la Plata); offer of mediation with Spanish colonies, 66, 67-8, 73, 104, and requests for mediation in 1817, 190-2; and case of Staples, 70/z.; and Spanish reinforcements in Montevideo, 108; and British warships in South Pacific ports, 137; commercial relations with, see above, under Merchants and commerce, and under Ports; Specie — and U.S.A., War of American Independence, xxx, xxxiv, 2, 34, 79; War of 1812,78-9, 80, 84-6, 89-93,94/i., 105-6, 109-10, 120-1, 130, 131, 132-3, 135-7, 139, 141-3,147-9, 150, 280, 319, 372/z.; see also under Columbia River Greene, Captain PittBurnaby, 77,78,80,81 Guatemala, 264, 272 Guayaquil, xxxi, 352, 353, 365, 367, 370, 373; and Chilean blockade, 270, 287, 309, 310, 312, 322; declares independence from Spain, 322, 331, and allegiance to Bolivar, 325; Chilean ships refitted in, 328, 350 Guemes, Martin Miguel de, 238, 266 Guiana, French, Portuguese capture of, 22 Guise, Martin George, 234, 265, 269, 303, 327, 328, 332, 333, 335-6, 350, 353, 369 Gutierrez de la Concha, Juan, Governor of Cordoba, 53, 54/i. HADDINGTON, Thomas Hamilton, 9th Earl of, 158 Haiti, xxx, xxxi Hall, Captain Basil, 327, 333-5, 345, 358, 361, 362 Harcourt, Captain Frederick Edward Venables (formerly Vernon), 357 Hardy, Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Masterman: 280-1′, arrival at Rio de Janeiro, 281-2; and factions in Buenos Aires, 295; reports French monarchist proposal for Rio de la Plata, 296; refuses invitations to Shirreff, 302-5, and to himself, 341-2, to participate in negotiations between San Martin and Viceroy of Peru — and Chilean blockade of west coast: transmits O’Brien’s correspondence with Cochrane, 298; Searle’s dispute with Cochrane, and reprimand, 300-2, 305-9; exchanges with O’Higgins, 309-13; Searle again reprimanded, 317-22; proceeds to Valparaiso, 318, and thence to Callao, 330, after ordering Superb to Valparaiso, 325, and Conway to Peruvian coast, 333, for protection of British commerce; transmits lists of British subjects holding appointments in Chilean navy, 327-8, 332; exchanges with Cochrane, 334-41, 349, and again with O’Higgins, 342-3, 354; leaves Superb in Anc6n Bay, 348, and plans return to Brazil, 350-1; sends Tartar to Pacific coast for protection of British commerce, 372-4 — Proceeds to Bahia during insurrection against Portuguese, 358; reports Taylor’s entry into Brazilian navy, 363, and interference in recruitment of British seamen, 372; sends Eclair to Maranhao for protection of British commercial interests, 374-5; returns to England, 376 Havana, 292 Hervidero, The, 163, 172, 180, 185 Hesketh, Robert, 375 Heywood, Captain Peter, 63, 64, 65, 66, 72,77,77w., 79-80, 83, 86-7, 90-1, 95-6, 97. 105 Hickey, Captain Frederick, 268, 269-70 Higginson, John, 243 Hill, Francis, 10, 13 Hill, Henry, 238 Hillyar, Captain James, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98. 99-101, 102/z., 106, 110, 113, 132-3, 136, 139, 141-4, 145-6, 147-8 Hislop, Lieutenant-General Thomas, 84/z., 85 384 INDEX Hogan, Michael, 343 Holmberg, Baron de, see Kailitz, Edward Hood, Vice-Admiral Sir Samuel, 319, 327«. Hope, Rear-Admiral Sir George Johnstone, 199 Hope, Vice-Admiral Sir William Johnstone, 5, 374w. Hope Johnstone, Commander William James, 374, 375 Hoseason, William, 239 Huacho, 326, 327, 330 Huanchaco, 349 Huaura, 330 Hullett Brothers, Messrs., 207 Humahuaca, 206, 284 Humboldt, Alexander von, xxiv ILO, 333, 334, 339 Incas, projected restoration of dynasty of, 162, 162w. Indians: in Rio de la Plata, 11, 166, 254, 259, 357; in Chile, 223, 323; in Peru, 219, 227, 325, 326; in Brazil, 359 Inquisition, abolition of, 91, 318 Iquique, 309, 310, 312 Irisarri, Antonio Jos£ de, 227 Iturbide, Agustin de, 352/z. JAMAICA, xxx, 350 Jauja, 349, 357, 370, 372 Joao VI, of Portugal, xxv, 3-6, 8-11, 13-14, 18-19, 64, 66, 150-1, 355, 356 Juan Fernandez, 149 Jujuy, 139, 169, 174, 181, 183, 196, 202, 203, 284, 285 Jurien de la Graviere, Rear-Admiral Pierre R., 316 KAILITZ, Edward, Baron de Holmberg, 111 Killwick, Lieutenant John A., 20, 23 LABATUT, General Pierre, 559, 360, 364, 369/z. Laborde, John, 45n. La Legua, 348 Lamadrid, Gregorio Araoz de, 203 La Mar, General Jos6 de, 345, 346, 351, 352, 354, 365 Lambert, Captain Henry, 84, 85 Lambert, Rear-Admiral Robert, 372/1. La Merced, convent of, 347 La Perouse, Jean-Frangois de Galaup de, 26,36 Larrea, Juan, 50 La Serna, General Jose de, Viceroy of Peru, 195, 258, 283, 284, 325, 327, 330, 331, 341-2, 345, 346, 349, 352, 353, 365, 369 Lastra, General Francisco de la, 143, 144, 145-6 Latre, Juan de, 140 Lec6r, Carlos Frederico, Barao da Laguna, 159, 161, 164, 168, 170, 173, 175, 176,178, 181, 184-5, 186, 189,194, 195, 204, 206, 231, 237, 240, 255, 256, 257, 273, 276, 278, 356, 361, 362, 364, 364«., 376 Lee, Captain Richard, 11, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 28, 36 Lempriere, John, 187 Lima,xxxiii,94,99,100,101,106,116, 121, 147, 148, 184, 196, 201, 211, 218, 219, 221, 222, 227, 237, 239, 249, 250, 257, 258, 264, 266, 271, 297, 298, 301, 309, 320, 325, 326, 327, 330, 331, 342, 345, 351, 357, 365, 367, 369, 370, 371; San Martin’s occupation of, 346-8, 360 Lima e Silva, General Jose Joaquim de, 369 Lindeman, F., 84/i. Liniers, Luis Enrique de, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16-17 Liniers, Santiago, Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata, xxiii, 7, 9, 13, 16-17, 25, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 51, 53, 54/i., 65 Lircay, Treaty of, 145-6 Liverpool, 131 Lobo, Admiral Rodrigo Jose de Ferreira, 171, 187, 362, 364 L6pez, General Estanislao, 294, 295, 296, 314 Los Angeles, 257 Los Patos, pass, 182 Lucca, Prince of, see Carlos Luis de Borbon Lujan, xxiii MACARTNEY, George, 1st Earl, 6n., 268/1. McDonald (of Garth), John, 93, 94, 98,99 Maceio, 375 Macha, 112, 116 Mackenzie, Captain Adam, 318, 348, 349, 352 Mackinnon, Alexander, 60 McNeile, John, 208 McTavish, Donald, 93, 94, 98, 99 Madeira, island, 3, 136, 253 INDEX 385 Madeira de Melo, General Inacio Luis, 356, 358, 359, 360, 364, 366, 368, 369 Maipu (battle), xxxii, 236-7,240,241,262, 265, 284 Maldonado, llw., 12, 23, 36, 38, 55/i., 56, 69, 71, 146,163,170,175, 176, 178, 256, 257, 275, 288, 316 Malvinas, see Falkland Islands Marambaya, reef of, 16 Maranhao, 187, 375 Marc6 del Pont, Francisco Casimiro, 183, 189, 191 Margarita, island, xxx Marquesas, 147 Marshall, Captain John, 85 Martin, Vice-Admiral Sir George, 133 Martin Garcia, island, 185 Martinez, Carlos Maria, Marques de Casa Irujo, 66 Mather, Thomas, 25 Matheu, Domingo, 50 Maule, river, 221 Mauritius, 23 Mellish, John Charles, 137 Melville, Viscount, see Dundas, Robert Saunders Mendoza, xxxi, 109, 163, 168, 174, 181, 183, 190, 195, 202, 205, 253, 255, 262, 277, 283, 296, 330 Mexico, 15/i., 226, 316«., 352 Miller, Colonel William, 326, 340,344,353 Miller, W. G., 127 Mirim, Laguna de, 168 Misiones, n., 170, 172 Mollendo, 333, 344, 345 Monte Christi, 251 Montevideo, xxiii, xxiv, xxvii: and see under Banda Oriental; Buenos Aires, disputes with Montevideo; Rio de la Plata, Viceroyalty of Montoneros, 295, 318, 324 Moore, Commodore Graham, 3, 6,11, 26 Moreno, Mariano, 50, 59, 60 Morillo, General Pablo, xxx Morro de Sama, 333 Murat, Joachim, In., 27 NASCA, 350 Negro, river, 284 Nelson, Horatio, Viscount, 2, 280 New England, xxx, 280, 319/z. New Granada, xxx, xxxi Newport (Mass.), 136 New York, 253, 255, 258, 261, 267 Nieto, Vicente, 40, 41 North West Company, 94w., 149; and see under Columbia River Nova Colonia do Sacramento, see Colonia Numancia, regiment, 326 OAHU, 147 O’Brien, Captain Donat Henchy, 298, 316, 330 O’Donaju, Juan, Viceroy of New Spain, 352/1. O’Higgins, Ambrosio, Marques de Vallenar, xxxii, 189«. O’Higgins, Bernardo, Supreme Director of Chile, xxxi-ii, 189, 190,195,197,198, 201, 202, 205, 206-7, 221, 224*i., 234, 235, 239,’254, 26ln., 262, 264, 266, 272, 296, 301, 303, 305, 306, 309-13, 317, 322, 329, 330, 343, 354, 359-60, 368 Order in Council of 4 July 1808, 20 O’Reilly, General Diego, 326, 345 Orinoco, river, xxxi Oruro, 102, 112, 115-16, 190, 195 Osorio, General Mariano, xxxii, 272, 218, 222, 235, 237, 239, 249, 254, 284 OtorguSs, Fernando, 772, 181 PAITA, 368, 373 Palma, Francisco de Assis Mascarenhas, Conde de, 262 Palmella, Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Conde de,257 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 5, 158 Panama, 264, 373 Para, 375 Paraguay, xxviii, 50/i., 60, 65, 139, 178, 189, 202, 266, 285, 289-90, 294, 323 Paraiba do Norte, 375 Parana, river, 139, 181, 185, 277, 293 Parkinson, John, 358 Paroissien, James, 25, 29, 353, 354/1., 367, 370«. Pasco, 351-2, 367 Paso, 161 Paso, Francisco, 91, 95 Paso, Ildefonso, 91, 95 Paso, Juan Jos6, 50, 91, 95 Patagonia, 27, 31, 291 Patricias, regiment, 50 Paula, Francisco de, Infante of Spain, 179 Pazos Silva, Vicente, 103 Pedro I, of Brazil, xxv, 355, 356, 361-2, 363, 369, 376 Pedro Carlos, Infante of Spain, 6, 13, 14, 19 386 INDEX Pena, Manuel la, 124 Percy, Captain Hon. Josceline, 151, 152, 153, 154 P6rez, Jos6 Julian, 114 Perich6n de Vandeuil, Esteban Armando, 24 Perkins, Lieutenant Peter [?], 47 Pernambuco, 85, 86, 92, 372, 375; insurrection in (1817), 186-7, 192-3, 196, 200; and independence of Brazil, 356, 358, 361, 376 Peru: liberation of, see under Chile, expedition to Peru; proclamation of independence, and San Martin’s protectorate, xxxiii, 346-9, 365; military operations in, xxxi-iii, 346-8, 349, 351-2,354, 357-8,360,365,367,369-70, 371-2; Bolivar and, xxx-i, xxxiii, 357, 370; treaty of surrender of Spanish frigates, 353-4; congress of, and junta gubernativa, 365, 369-70; London loan, 370; monarchical project, 353, 353/z., 367; navy, 350, 357, 367-8 Peru, Viceroyalty of: anti-French demonstrations in, 31, and allegiance to Ferdinand VII, xxxi, 37; disturbances reported in, 43, 116; military operations in Upper Peru, see under Upper Peru. — Military operations (1817) in, and blockade of, Chile, and Chilean expedition to Peru, see under Chile; unrest in (1818), 218-19, 249; Viceroy Pezuela deposed, and replaced by La Serna, 325, 326-7, 330-1, 342-46; armistice of Punchauca with San Martin, 342, 346; and subsequent military operations, see under Peru; last viceroy lays down office at Ayacucho, xxxiii — and Great Britain, 18-19, 101-2, 196, 201, 341-2; exchanges with on Spanish blockade of Chile, 211-14, 215-18, 220-1, 223-4, 233-4, 251; and proposed opening of port of Callao to British trade, 248-9, 265 —and Portugal, 13, 19; and U.S.A., 90-1, 92, 220, 249-50 Peyster, A. S. de, 338 Pezuela, Joaquin de la, Viceroy of Peru, 112, 114,115-16,120,129,138,139,151, 159,162,163,169,174,211,212,213-14, 215, 216, 220, 223, 237, 239, 248, 249, 258, 284, 325, 327, 330, 342, 346 Philippine Company, 249 Pinto Dfaz, Francisco Antonio, 103 Pipon, Captain Philip, 128, 136 Piraja, 366 Pirates, 210, 367-8 Pisco, xxxiii, 309/*., 319, 321, 344, 367 Pitcairn Island, 135w. Pitt, William, 337 Poinsett, Joel R., 113, 114, 117, 130, 198, 255 Pole, William Wellesley, 4n. Popham, Commodore Sir Home Riggs, xxiii Porter, Commodore David, 89, 92, 133, 141, 142 Porter, Captain Thomas, 368 Portugal: royal family of, xxv, 3-6, 150, 258, and see under Carlota Joaquina, Joao VI, Pedro I; and intervention in Rio de la Plata (1808-14), 8-12, 71, 77, 126; and ambitions of Carlota Joaquina, 13-15, 18-19, 24-5, 30, 36-7, 51, 126, 128; and invasion and occupation of Uruguay, see under Banda Oriental; and alleged pro-Portuguese faction in Buenos Aires (1816-19), see under United Provinces of Rio de la Plata and Portugal — and independence of Brazil (q.v.), 355-6; and relations with France, and with Great Britain, see France, Great Britain; and diamond shipments, 35, 96; navy of, xxv, 4, 6, 9, 13, 15, 19, 64, 71, 150, 170-1, 232, 255, 258, 364, 366-7, 368-9, and see under Ships’ Names Ports, Spanish American, opening of, xxvii; in Rio de la Plata, 12, 21, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 51, 55-69, 73-4, 79-80, 288-9; in Peru, 248-9, 265, 322, 349; in Chile, 324 Posadas, Gervasio Antonio de, 123, 140 Potosi, 86, 102, 104, 112, 114, 115, 116, 120, 138, 163, 184, 190, 195, 202, 203, 206, 282, 294, 326/z., 354 Potrero de Arapey, 180, 203, 209 Prescott, Captain Henry, 355, 365-6, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372, 373 Prevost, John B., 222, 249-50, 353 Privateers, xxviii; Brazilian, 364; in River Plate, 134^5, 155, 174, 231-2, 267; in South Pacific, In., 25, 100, 210, 212, 228-30, 232, 251, 258, 269 Proctor, Robert, 370 Prunier, William, 328 INDEX 387 Pueyrred6n, Juan Martin de, 78, 167, 173-4, 177, 186, 224-5, 231, 237, 241, 242, 243, 245-6,247,252, 255,258, 259, 263, 296, 324 Punchauca, armistice of (1821), 342, 346 Punta Negra, 12 Purification, 240 QUARAI’, river, 209 Quebec, xxx Quebracho, river, 161 Quilca, 333 Quito, xxxi, 325 RADEMAKER, Lieutenant-Colonel John, lln. Rademaker armistice (1812), 71, 299 Ramirez, General Francisco, 277, 294-5, 296, 297, 313-14, 323, 324, 330 Ramirez Orozco, General Juan, 352 Ramos Mejia, Ildefonso, 300 Ramsay, Lieutenant Robert, 47, 58 Rego Barreto, Luis do, 193 Ridgely, Captain Charles Goodwin, 342, 346 Riego y Nunez, Colonel Rafael, xxxii Rincon de las Gallinas, 284 Rio, Feliciano del, 140 Rio Correio, 362 Rio de Janeiro, 3, 5, 11«., 13, 17, 65, 86, 194, 350 Rio de la Plata, Viceroyalty of: and loyalty to Ferdinand VII, 12, 15-16, 17-18, 19, 21, 37, 47-9, 65; Liniers’ disputes with Buenos Aires cabildo, 13, 24, 26-7, 31, 36, 39, and with Governor Elio of Montevideo, 15-16, 23-4, 25, 27-30, 36, 65, and supersession by Cisneros (1809), 39, 42-3; Cisneros’ deposition and deportation, 59; and reinforcements from Spain, 52-3, 96, 106-7, 108, 109, 110-11, 116 — and British invasions (1806-7), xxiiiiv; and British naval squadron, 11-12, 16-18, 20-1, 34, 38, 52-8, 72-4, 138-9, 140, 144, 153-4, and see under Bowles and Smith, Sir Sidney; and British merchants and commerce, see under Great Britain — see also Banda Oriental; Buenos Aires; United Provinces of Rio de la Plata Rio Grande, lln, 65, 67, 71, 87, 130, 159, 161,168,171,194, 231 Riva-Agiiero, Jose de la, 369 Rivadavia, Bernardino, 179/7., 207 Rivera, Fructuoso, 172, 181,184,186,189. 194, 231, 278 Robinson, Captain Hercules, 272, 273 Rocha, Laguna de, 164, 168, 171 Rodriguez, Martin, 313, 314-15, 323, 324 Romana, Pedro Caro y Sureda, Marques de, 124 Rondeau, General Jose, 83, 139, 144, 151, 189, 231, 259, 275, 278, 295, 296 Rosario, 178 Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 315 Ruiz Huidobro, Pascual, 26, 27, 29, 36 SAAVEDRA, Cornelio, xxiv, 47, 48-9, 50, 52 Sacramento (Colonia de Sacramento), see Colonia Saint Domingue, 13, 200 Salta, 86,115,129,139,162,169,181,184, 195, 196, 203, 238, 284, 285, 294 San Bias, 264, 272 Sandwich Islands, 147, 148 San Felipe el Real, 182-3 San Fernando, 235 San Francisco, 149 San Joaquin de los Trancas, 162 San Lorenzo, convent of, 297, 299 San Lorenzo, island, 270, 338 San Martin, Jos6 de: xxxi-iii, 111, 129, 139,195,196-7, 202, 205, 212, 221, 222, 231, 235, 236-7, 241-2, 243, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 261-2, 266, 267, 272, 273, 274, 277-8, 284, 285, 296, 331, 345, 367 — Character, opinions and reputation, 124-5, 168, 190, 197, 208, 225-8, 238-9, 259, 262, 274-5, 277-8, 304-5, 342, 353, 354, 358; and invasion of Chile, 163, 174,180,181,182-3,189, 203, 204, 283; and expedition to Peru, 298, 303, 318, 322-3, 325, 326, 327, 342, 344; as * Protector of Peru’, 346-9, 352, 353, 355, 357, 360, 365; exchanges with Bowles, 168-9, 190-2, 197-9, 201, 207-8, 224-8, 237, 238^0, and with Shirreff, 303-5 San Miguel, fort, 163, 168, 171 San Nicolas, 253, 259, 260 San Pedro, fort, 360 Santa Catarina, lln., 36, 38, 86, 89, 159, 170, 316 Santa Cruz, 13, 16 Santa Cruz, General Andres, 369, 370 Santa Fe. H6n., 162, 164, 166-7, 169-70, 173, 177, 178, 185, 202, 231, 253, 254, 259, 274, 285, 294-5, 324 388 INDEX Santa Lucia, river, 175, 176 Santa Maria, 172 Santa Maria, island, 216, 223 Santa Teresa, fort, 163,164,168, 170,171, 172, 175, 176 Santiago (de Chile), xxxi, 102, 109, 112, 133, 139, 143, 183, 190, 202, 221, 222, 231, 238, 253, 282, 301, 368 Santiago del Estero, 285 . Sao Paulo, 9/2., 11/2., 209, 376 Sao Roque, Cape, 86 Sao Salvador, 86; and see Bahia Sarratea, Manuel, xxix, 83, 115, 118-19, 120,121,124,125,126,128,138,178-80, 185, 241, 242, 294, 295-6, 297, 300, 313^ Sassenay, Henri-fitienne Bernard, Marquis de, 12, 15/2., 17, 18 Sawyer, Vice-Admiral Sir Herbert, 79 Searle, Captain Thomas, 281, 298, 301-2, 305, 306-8, 309, 311-12, 317-22. Sharpe, Captain Alexander Renton, 165, 170, 171, 210, 221, 224, 230, 231, 232, 236 Sherbrooke, Lieutenant-General Sir John C, 150 Shipping insurance, 340 Ships1 Names Achille, 147, 150, 153, 154 Achilles, see Aquiles Admiral Cockburn (merchantman), 333-4, 338, 344 Aeolus, 81«. Agamemnon, 35, 38 Aguila, (Chilean), 243. Later Pueyrreddn, q.v. Ajax (merchantman), 54 Akbar, 113, 114, 120 Alacrity, 318, 358, 368/2. Albatross (American), 147 Alceste, 328, 332 Alexander (merchant brig), 269, 270, 354/?. Amazon (French ship-of-war), 371 Amazonia (merchant brig), 138 Amphion, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 169,170,175,176,178, 180,182, 185, 186,189, 192,194, 196,199, 200, 201, 204, 205, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220,223, 224, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 236, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 247, 248, 250, 251, 253, 254, 256, 257 Andromache, 199, 220, 221, 230, 250, 254, 264, 269, 270, 281, 304, 368/2. Ships’ Names—cont. Antelope (merchant brig), 26 Aquiles (Spanish brig-of-war), 317, 324 Aquilon, 88,102,103,105,106,109,112, 114,115,120,121,129,131,133,134, 135, 136, 137, 138 Araucano (Chilean brig-of-war), 321, 326, 328, 332, 344, 350/2., 360 Argus (American privateer), 90 Ariel (Chilean), 243 Atalante, 268/2. Atlantic (whaler), 105, 141/1. Later Essex Junior, q.v. Augusta, 309, 311, 313, 314, 316 Aurora, 350, 355/2., 358, 371, 372, 373 Aurora (Portuguese corvette), 187 Balcarce (Peruvian brig-of-war), 350 Beaver, 358/2. Bedford, 35, 38 Belgrano (Peruvian brig-of-war), 350, 365, 367-8 Benjamin (Portuguese corvette), 187 Blossom, 199, 209, 221, 230, 232, 250, 265, 268«., 269, 270, 271, 357/2., 358, 359, 361, 363, 373 Bonne Citoyenne, La, 66, 69, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84/2., 85, 97-8 Borishka (American), 101, 102/2. Bounty, 63/2., 135/2. Brilliant, 35 Briton, 147, 148, 149, 154 Bustard, 81/2. Caledonia (merchantman), 301 Calypso (Portuguese sloop), 85 Canada, 34 Canton (American), 317 Carolina, see Real Carolina Catalina (merchantman), 328/?., 330 Catherine (whaler), 105 Ceres, La, (ex-French frigate), 128, 133, 137 Chacabuco (Chilean schooner), 190,195, 328, 332 Challenger, 357/z. Cheerly, 20, 22, 37 Cherub, 86, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99-100, 132, 141, 147, 149 Chesterfield (packet), 192 Chileno (Chilean), 243 Cleopatra (Spanish corvette), later Wellington, 346 Clorinde (French frigate), 371 Colonel Alien (merchantman), 346 Colosse (French frigate), 316 Columbia (merchant brig), 338, 354 INDEX 389 Ships’ Names—cont. Columbus (Chilean), 243 Confiance, 5, 22/i., 41 Consolateur, Le (French corvette), 12 Constellation (U.S. frigate), 316, 342, 346 Constituicao (Portuguese frigate), 364, 368/7. Constitution (U.S. frigate), 84-5, 89, 90, 91, 136 Conway, 316, 326, 327/7., 328, 333, 334, 345,358,359,361,362 Coquimbo (Chilean), 243 Creole, 260,261,263,265,268,270,272, 273,277,282, 301, 315-16, 316/7., 317, 318, 323, 325, 328, 330, 332, 338, 343, 344, 346, 349, 350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358, 358/1., 359, 360, 361, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 374, 376, 376/7. Culloden, 280 Cumberland (ex-East Indiaman), 190/7., 239, 240, 243, 250, 253, 270. Later San Martin, q.v. Cyclops, 148w. Dart (Guernsey cutter), 51, 90 Delight, 362 Diadem (merchantman), 328/7., 330 Diamond (Buenos Aires) 27 Diana, 34, 35 Diomede, 73/7. Doris, 350, 357, 358, 363, 374/7. Duchess of York (merchantman), 204 Duchesse de Berri, La (French frigate), 296 Duncan, 150/7. Echo (whaler), 217 UEcho (French corvette), 316 Eclair, 358/7., 374 Edward Ellice (merchantman), 328/7., 329, 337, 338 Egham (merchantman), 338 Elizabeth, 34, 35, 38 Esmeralda (Spanish frigate), xxxiii, 213, 321, 322, 335. Later Valdivia, q.v. Essex (U.S. frigate), 76, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 105, 109-10, 113,120, 130, 132-3, 136, 139,141-2, 211 Essex Junior, 136, 139, 141. Formerly Atlantic, q.v. Euryalus, 272/7. Excellent, 158 Fama (Portuguese), 101 Fanny (transport), 55 Ships’ Names—cont. Favourite, 262, 265, 272 Fly, 372, 373 Fortuna (Chilean), 243 Foudroyant, 7, 12, 15, 19, 20, 21, 26, 28, 30, 35, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 76 Franklin (U.S. frigate), 371 Galathee (French frigate), 316 Galvarino (Chilean brig-of-war), 234/7., 327-8, 332, 344, 350. Formerly Lucy and Hecate, q.v. General Brown (American), 342, 346 George Canning (merchantman), 111/7. Georgina (whaler), 105 Greenwich (whaler), 105 Guillaume Tell (French frigate), 76. Later Malta Hecate, 234. See Lucy and Galvarino Hector (whaler), 105 Hercules (Buenos Aires), 259/7. Hermes, 103, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120 Hibernia, 3, 7/7. Higginson Senior (merchantman), 18/7., 30 Hope (merchantman), 109, 111, 135, 135/7. Hornet (U.S. ship-sloop), 90, 91 Hotspur, 151, 152, 153, 154 Hyacinth, 45, 158, 164, 165/7., 170, 184, 188,192,194,196,199, 206, 209, 232, 239, 240 Hydra (transport, 7, 10, 17 Hydra (whaler), 211, 212, 214-16, 217, 218 Hyperion, 281, 301, 306, 311, 321, 322 Icarus, 199, 209, 230, 254, 265, 272 Illustrious, 84/7. Inconstant, 141, 144, 154 Indefatigable, 103, 109, 148, 154 Independencia (Chilean ship-of-war), 321, 326, 328, 332, 342, 344, 350/7. Indian (merchant brig), 328/7., 329, 337. 339, 354 Inspector (whaler), 251, 301-2, 319 Iphigenia, 84/7. Iphigenia (Spanish frigate), 70 Iris, 145, 146 Isaac Tbdtf(storeship), 90,92,93,94,95, 96, 98, 99-100 Java, 84-5 Joao VI (Portuguese ship-of-the-line), 361/7., 364, 368 John (merchant brig), 90 390 INDEX Ships’ Names — cont. Joseph (merchant brig), 333^, 338, 339, 344 Juniper, ISn., 79 Justinian (merchantman), 200-1, 210, 211,241-15,217 Lady Louisa (packet), 358 Lady Mary Pelham (packet), 120, 359 Laurestinus, 68, 70, 98 Lautaro (Chilean ship-of-war), 243, 250, 253, 269, 321, 328, 344, 350. Formerly Windham, q.v. Leopoldina (Brazilian), 366 Liberal (Brazilian corvette),362, 364, 366 Liberty (Buenos Aires), 210 Lightning, 22, 45, 65, 98 Lily, 230/*. Limenean (Peruvian), see Thais Livonia (whaler), 301 London, 6, 1, 8, 12, 16, 19, 26 Lord Cathcart (merchantman), 338, 339, 354 Lord Lyndock (merchantman), 345 Lord Sidmouth (packet), 361 Lord Suffield (merchantman), 328/z., 329, 335, 337, 338 Lucy (merchantman), 234-5, 235-6, 241 . See Hecate and Galvarino Macedonian (U.S. frigate), 270, 316, 321, 322 Magnanime, 34 Majestic, 136 Malta, 76. Formerly Guillaume Tell Malvina (lugger), 81 Maria [?], 208 Maria da Gloria (Brazilian frigate), 356, 366 Maria Isabel (Spanish frigate), 241 n., 253, 254, 257, 263. Later O’Higgins, q.v. Maria Theresa (Portuguese schooner), 187 Marlborough, 4, 12, 22, 26 Mary (merchantman), 338 Mary Ann (merchantman), 211, 213, 214-16, 217, 218, 220, 221 Mercedes (Spanish frigate), 123 Minerve, 280 Mistletoe, 19, 35, 38, 40, 52, 53, 57, 58 Monarch, 1 In., 21, 26, 36 Montagu, 63n., 76, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 96, 98, 105, Montezuma (Chilean schooner), 297, 328, 332, 342, 360 Ships’ Names—cont. Montezuma (whaler), 105, 211 Morgiana, 358 Mutine, 35, 38, 39,40,46,47,49, 68,280 Nancy, 19-20, 23, 28, 40, 55, 56, 58, 76, 106, 109, 111, 133-4 Neptune (Spanish corvette), 144 Nereus, 61, 63, 64, 66, 72, 77, 79, 83, 86, 87,90,95,96,98,102,105,128,135//., 138, 140, 141, 144 Niger, 90/i., 128/*. Nitherhoy (Brazilian frigate), 366 Nocton (packet), 92 O’Higgins (Chilean frigate), 269, 270, 319, 321, 326, 328, 332, 335, 344, 345, 350/z. Formerly Maria Isabel, q.v. O’Higgins (Peruvian corvette), 357. Formerly Presidente Olliver (merchantman), 62 Ontario (American), 220, 222, 264, 265 Orpheus, 152, 153, 154, 155, 159w., 160, 162 Osborne (packet), 251 Owen Glendower, 282, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 305, 307, 331, 331«., 342, 343-4, 349, 350 Paloma (Spanish corvette), 144 Pedro Primeiro (Brazilian ship-of-theline), 366, 369 Penelope, 76 Perola (Portuguese frigate), 366, 368//. Pheasant, 358 Phoebe, 76, 90, 90/z., 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99-100, 110, 132, 136, 141-2, 145, 147, 149 Piranga (Brazilian ship-of-war), 366 Pitt, 22 Policy (whaler), 105 Porcupine, 52, 54, 55, 58, 60, 62, 64, 96, 103 Potrillo (Chilean brig-of-war), 328, 332 President, 21, 23 President (U.S. frigate), 136 Presidente. See O’Higgins (Peruvian) Prince Regent, 268/7. Prince Regent (packet), 368 Princess Augusta (yacht), 280 Protector (Peruvian), 357. Formerly Prueba, q.v. Prueba (Spanish frigate, 26n., 27, 109, 326, 353-4, 357, 365. Later Protector, q.v. Pueyrreddn (Chilean), 328. Formerly Aguila, q.v. INDEX 391 Ships’ Names—cont. Racoon, 86,90,92,93,94,96,98,99-100, 147/f., 149 Real Carolina (Brazilian frigate), 362, 364, 366 Rebecca (merchant brig), 317,320,328«., 330, 333-4, 337-8, 344 Regulus, 47/i. Reina de Portugal (Portuguese ship-ofthe-line), 187 Reindeer, 148/1. Riga (packet), 103, 104 Rising Star (steam vessel), xxxiii, 240 Robert (merchantman), 339 Robert Fuge (merchant brig), 333-4, 338, 339, 344 Sabina (Spanish frigate), 280 St. Lawrence, 268/1. Saint Patrick (merchantman), 345 Saint Sebastian (Brazilian ship-of-theline), 356 San Martin (1) (Chilean), 190, 195 San Martin (ii) (Chilean), 190w., 240//., 250, 253, 270, 326, 328, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337, 343/f., 345. Formerly Cumberland, q.v. San Martin das Freitas (Brazilian shipof-the-line), 364 SanPablo (Spanish ship-of-the-line), 109 Scorpion (merchantman), 25, 30 Sebastiana (Spanish corvette), 95-6 Serapis, 25 Shamrock, 85/1. Sir Andrew Hammond (merchantman), 147 Slaney, 262,265,272, 298, 315, 316, 318, 355 Solebay, 15 Southampton, 318/7. Squirrel (American), 78 Standard, 73/i. Steady, 38, 44, 45 Success, 364 Superb, 281, 282, 316, 318, 331, 341, 343, 348-9, 351, 358/1., 368/1. Surveillante, 42 Swallow, 34 Swiftsure (packet), 87, 88 Tagus, 22n., 128, 128/t., 136, 147, 148, 149, 154 Tartar (i), 73/z. Tartar (ii), 372, 372«. Thais (Peruvian corvette), 350, 357. Afterwards Limenean Thetis (Portuguese), 187, 362, 364 Ships’ Names—cont. Tiber (whaler), 301 Tisiphone, 73/2. Townsend (packet), 120 Tyne, 199,209,221,230,232,250,265/f., 272, 281, 301 Undaunted, In. Union (Brazilian frigate), 356, 359, 362, 364 United States (U.S. frigate), 136 Valdivia (Chilean frigate), 327-8, 332, 344, 350/1. Formerly Esmeralda, q.v. Valiant, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154 Vanguard, 280 Vasco de Gama (Portuguese ship-of-theline), 187 Vengadore (Spanish frigate), 83 Venganza (Spanish frigate), 211,212-13, 223, 250, 270, 326, 353-4 Vengeur, 316 Victory, 280 Vigo, 140/1. Viper, 19 Volage, 358«. Vulture (merchantman),In., 25 Wellington (merchantman), 346. See Cleopatra. Will (merchantman), 200-1, 210, 211, 214-15, 217 William and Mary (yacht), 158 Windham (ex-East Indiaman), 235, 239, 253. Later Lautaro, q.v. Witch (Chilean), 243 Zebra (bomb-vessel), 158 Shirreff, Captain William Henry, 230, 232-4, 248-9, 250, 251, 261, 264, 265, 268-70, 272, 278, 286, 298, 303, 304-5, 317, 324, 325, 326, 330, 335 Simpson, Robert, 344 Sipe-Sipe (battle), 83/i., 162, 189, 231 Slaves and Slavery: in Barbary States, 3; in Brazil, xxvi, 172; in Peru, 227, 239, 347; in Rio de la Plata, 91, 274 Smith, Lieutenant Charles Thurloe, 7, 10, 17,23 Smith, Rear-Admiral Sir Sidney: 2-3′; instructs Moore on escort of Portuguese royal family to Brazil, 3-4; his commission and instructions as commanderin-chief on Brazil station, 4-5; forwards Spanish order for release of English prisoners to Chile by the Vulture via Cape Horn, 6-7; deprecates grant of licences to trade to Spanish shipping, 7-8; encourages Portuguese project for 392 INDEX Smith, Rear-Admiral Sir Sidney—cont. invasion of Rio de la Plata, 8-11; supports Carlota Joaquina’s designs in Spanish; America, 12-15, 18-19, 30, 36-7, and approves Portuguese expedition against French Guiana, 22 — His negotiations with Spanish colonial administrations for armistice and cooperation against France, 11, 16-18, 20-1, 30-1, and involvement in disputes between Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 15-16,23-6,28-30,36-7 — His relations with Strangford, xxv, 8, 14-15, 37; disposition of ships, 6, 22-3, 26, and request for reinforcements, 23; requests permission to send warships round Cape Horn for protection of British shipping on west coast of South America, 25-6; solicits public testimony of approbation, 31-2; hands over command and reports on local conditions and political situation to de Courcy, 35-7 Soler, General Miguel Estanislao, 297 Soria, Joaquln de, 53, 55 Sousa Coutinho, Rodrigo de, Conde de Linhares, 5, 10-11, 14, 18, 19 Spain, severance of communications with American colonies during Napoleonic wars, xxiv-v; declares war on France, 12«., 14, 20; junta of Seville, 14,16, 19, 31w., 41/i., and of Galicia, 26, 27, 36; Central Junta, xxvi-vii, 24, 27, 39, and Regency of Five, xxvii; abdication of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII, 11, 16; Joseph Bonaparte proclaimed king, 16, 17, 18; Ferdinand VII’s restoration, 140; revolt of 1820, xxxii. — Morillo’s expedition to Venezuela (1815), xxx-i, 151, 152-3; protest against Portuguese invasion of Banda Oriental, 174; and monarchist intrigues in Rio de la Plata, 179, 296; Royal Order of 3 Sept. 1814to viceroy of Peru, 215; expedition to Lima (1818), 243, 250, 253, 254, 257; proposed expedition to Rio de la Plata (1819), xxxii, 260,267, 272, 273, 274, 275, 278, 282; mission to Rio de la Plata (1820), xxxii, 317, 324, and truce proposals, 370, 371. On relations with American colonies see, further, under Banda Oriental; Buenos Aires; Chile; Peru; Rio de la Plata, Viceroyalty of; United Provinces of Rio de la Plata; Upper Peru Spain—cont. — Navy, xxx-i, xxxiv, and see Ships’ Names; royal family, see Carlota Joaquina; Charles IV; Ferdinand IV of Sicily; Ferdinand VII; Francisco de Paula; Gabriel; Pedro Carlos — For relations with France and Great Britain see, respectively, under France and Great Britain Specie, shipments to Britain, xxvi, xxvii, 45, 46-7, 55, 58, 59, 68-9, 70, 72, 76, 76/i., 80, 81, 87-8, 89, 95, 96, 97-8, 102, 103, 105, 110, 136, 148, 154, 264, 265/f., 272, 292, 322, 358-9, 373 Spencer, Captain Hon. Frederick, (Earl Spencer), 331 Spencer, Captain Hon. Robert Cavendish, 331, 335, 341-3 Spry, John looker, 234, 327, 328, 332, 333 Spurling, Thomas [?], 78 Staines, Captain Sir Thomas, 755, 136, 137, 148 Staples, Robert Ponsonby, 70, 118, 148, 179, 197, 198, 208, 244-6 Stewart, Commodore Charles, 371 Stow, Lieutenant A., 40, 42-3, 45 Strangford, Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe, Viscount, xxv, 3, 7-8,10,11,13,15,18, 37, 38,44,45,46, 56,65,66,72,77,83«., 85, 101-2, 115, 118, 120, 121, 126, 133, 134, 138, 150^., 152, 299 Suipacha, 91,250, 284 Sumter, Thomas, United States Minister in Brazil, 95 Sun, Order of the, 353 TACNA, 338 Talca, 112, 139, 143, 183, 231, 235, 236, 240, 262, 284 Talcahuano, 195, 202, 205, 208, 212, 221, 222, 237, 250, 253, 254, 284 Tampico, In. Tarija, 195, 203, 250, 284 Taylor, John, 363 Thornton, Edward, 282, 299-300, 350-1 Treaties: Amiens, Peace of (1802), xxiv Anglo-Portuguese Convention (22 Oct. 1807), 3^, and Treaty of Alliance and Commerce (28 Feb. 1809), 21-2, 26, and revised Treaty (19 Feb. 1810), 44 Anglo-Spanish, London (1809), xxvi Buenos Aires and Santa Fe (24 Nov. 1820), 324 INDEX 393 Treaties—cont. Cdrdoba (24 Aug. 1821), 352n. Franco-Portuguese, Badajoz (1801), 22 Ghent (1814), 150 Lircay (1814), 145-6 Pilar (23 Feb. 1820), 294-5, 297, 299, 314 Spanish ships, surrender of (16 Feb. 1822), 354 Trinidad Island, 26 Trujillo, 325, 331, 371 Tucker, Captain Thomas Tudor, 92, 133, 142, 147-8 Tucuman, 115, 129, 139, 174, 176, 181, 190, 202, 231, 241, 258, 283, 285, 294 Tumbez, 216, 217, 251 Tupiza, 250 UNITED Provinces of the Rio de la Plata: Congress of Tucuman, 154, 162, 164, 166-7, 169, 172-3, 175-6, 181; after removal to Buenos Aires, 189,195, 261, 263; declaration of independence of (1816), 167 — Political developments in, xxxii, 231, 237, 241-2, 243, 252, 255, 259, 263, 267, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 313-5, 323-4, 330, (and see below under relations with Portugal) — Navy, 184, 255, 258, 261, 267 — Artigas and, 162, 166-7, 169-70, 173, 175-6,177,189, 204, 206, 209, 231, 252, 254, 259-60, 263, 266, 268, 277-8, 283, 284-5, 294-5, 296, 314, 323 — Interior provinces and, 162,164,166-7, 169-70,173,178,181-2,202,231,252-3, 254,259-60,266,267-8,274,285,294-5, 296, 297, 313^ — Upper Peru and, see under Upper Peru — Relations with France, 194, 207, 238, 286, 296, 314, 316; with Great Britain, 159, 162, 173^, 182, 19O-2, 206-7, 224-5, 243-8, 251, 276-7, 287, and see under Great Britain, Merchants and commerce; with Portugal, 159,160,162, 163-4, 172-4, 175-6, 177, 178-80, 181, 185, 186, 188, 193, 225, 231, 242, 252, 255, 258, 266, 283, 296, and see under Banda Oriental; with Russia, 194, 197; with Spain, xxx, 167-8, 179-80, 185, 193-4, 197-8, 200, 204, 226, 242, 260, 267, 273, 274-6, 282-3, 317, 324, 370; with U.S.A., 238, 241, 253, 255, 261, 286, 314, 316. See also Buenos Aires United States of America: and Buenos Aires government, 72, 95, 104, 113/1., 122,126-7; and United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, 238, 241, 253, 255, 261, 267, 277, 314, 316; and Artigas, 277; and Chile, 113, 114, 117, 130, 197-8, 222, 238, 239, 249-50, 255, 343, 346; and Peru, 90-2, 220, 249-50, 342; and Great Britain, see under Great Britain and Columbia River Upper Peru: and Buenos Aires government, xxviii, 50fl., 53, 60, 71, 78, 86-7, 91, 102-3, 112, 114, 115-16, 120, 129, 139, 144, 151; and United. Provinces of Rio de La Plata, 159, 162-3, 169, 174, 181, 183-4, 190, 195, 196, 202-3, 206, 231, 238, 250, 258, 266, 282, 283, 284, 297 Uruguay, xxiii, and see Banda Oriental Uruguay, river, xxvi/*., xxxi, 78, 111/*., 138, 139, 161, 172, 177, 181, 240, 254, 256, 266, 278, 284, 293, 296 VALDE”S, General Jeronimo, 367 Valdivia, xxxiii, 197, 208, 227, 253, 257, 284, 296, 298 Valparaiso, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, In., 30, 86, 90, 92, 94, 99,101,105-6,110,130,132, 135, 136, 139, 141, 147, 148, 163, 189, 190, 196, 201, 205, 208, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 231, 238, 243, 251, 257, 272, 287, 301, 303, 311, 317, 324, 359, 370, 372, 373 Vasconcelos, Captain Joao de, 366 Vassall, Lieutenant Nathaniel, 78, 79 Vattel, Emerich de, xxix, 245, 264 Vedia, Nicolas de, 175 Velazco, Brigadier-General Bernardo de, 36 Venezuela, 359/*.; Spanish expedition to (1815), xxx-i, 151, 152-3 Vianna, Joao Manuel de Menenzes, Conde de, 171 Vigodet, Mariscal del Campo Gaspar de, Governor of Montevideo, 56, 57-8, 79-80, 81, 83, 83/i., 105, 109, 126, 130, 131, 133, 134, 138, 139, 140, 144, 146 Vista Florida, Manuel Salazar y Baquijano, Conde de, 365 WARREN, Vice-Admiral Sir John, 319«. Wellesley, Sir Arthur (Duke of Wellington), xxvi 394 INDEX Wellesley, Sir Henry, 66, 67, 108, 137 Wellesley, Richard Colley, Marquis Wellesley, xxvi Whale fisheries, British, 87, 92, 99, 105-6, 109-10, 128-9, 136-7, 147-8, 216, 217, 271, 301-2 White, Captain Thomas, 316 Whitelocke, Lieutenant-General John, xxiii, 80 Wilkinson, William, 270, 328, 332, 345, 360 Wooster, Charles Whiting, 360 Worthington, W. G. D., 261«., 264 YAVI, 181, 206, 250 Yeo, Captain James Lucas, 22, 41 Yorke, Sir Joseph Sydney, 74 Young, John, 328, 332, 350 ZENTENO del Pozo y Silva, Jos6 Ignacio, 312, 343/7.
Gerald Graham was born on 27 April 1903 in Ontario, Canada. His father was a Presbyterian minister
from Scotland, his mother was Irish. He was an outstanding student at Queen͛s University, Kingston,
Ontario, gaining a BA in 1924, and an MA in 1925. He won a scholarship to Harvard in 1927 and
another to Trinity College Cambridge where he completed his PhD in 1927. He won a Rockefeller
fellowship for 1929-30, spending time in Germany and then taught at Harvard from 1930. He moved
back to Ontario to Queen͛s as professor in 1936. In 1941 a Guggenheim fellowship took him back to
the USA but in 1941 he joined up ending as an instructor at Canada͛s navy officer training school as a
lieutenant commander. He served on destroyers during his vacations and saw service on D Day.
After the war he moved permanently to London, as a lecturer and in 1947 a reader in history at
Birkbeck College. In 1949 he was appointed Rhodes professor in imperial history at King͛s College,
London and published a series of important books analysing the links between sea power and
imperial policy.
His tenure of the Rhodes chair coincided with growing African nationalism and decolonisation. His
seminar at the IHR became an engine for the decolonisation of imperial history, attracting students
from all over the world. After his retirement a list of his post-graduate students occupying university
positions contained over two hundred names. He died on 5 July 1988.
His publications include
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