Arthur Pollen (1866-1937) trained as a barrister but eventually became a successful businessman. In 1900 he became interested in the problem of aiming naval artillery after witnessing a practice firing at sea. From that time he formulated his ideas for a system of firing accurately at long range and in 1906 he persuaded the Admiralty to co-operate in the development of his proposals.
However, Pollen’s ideas were not adopted as an influential group of naval officers supported another system, the Dreyer method of fire control, although some of Pollen’s ideas were used. In 1913 Pollen finally abandoned his attempts to get the Admiralty’s support. Promising negotiations with foreign navies were disrupted by the outbreak of the First World War. The volume consists of correspondence between Pollen and various naval officers as well as technical papers before 1916.
The poor performance of British gunnery, particularly at the Battle of Jutland, led the Admiralty to order a redesign of fire control equipment in 1916 After the war Pollen was awarded £30,000 in compensation for ideas which were used without his knowledge or permission. From 1927 Pollen’s ideas lay behind standard fire control equipment issued to British ships.
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INDEX Covering the Preface, General Introduction, Editorial Introductions and Texts, and Appendices Aim Correction (A.C.), defined 55-6, 144 Argo Company ix, x, 194, 244, 252, 253, 255, 293,294,326, 329, 330, 331, 333, 347, 358 Battle Practice 68, 75, 77, 82, 86, 89, 97, 98, 100, 141, 142, 151, 173, 179, 182-4, 185-93, 196, 198, 200, 239, 259, 262, 273, 280, 282, 298, 329, 347-8, 349, 353 Battles: Agincourt 80, 317; Belgium Coast 340; Copenhagen 283; Dardanelles 340, 342, 358; Dogger Bank 338, 342; Falkland Islands 334, 335, 336, 338; Glorious First of June 283; Jutland x, 333; Khartoum 81; Lepanto 80; Lissa 125, 127, 290; Majuba 80; Manilla Bay 43, 81,125,126,279; New Orleans 80; Nile 283; Quiberon Bay 287; Rufigi River 334, 335, 336, 340; St. Vincent 284, 286, 287; Trafalgar xii, 109, 134, 275, 283, 287, 299, 300; Tsushima xii, 83, 108, 125, 126, 127, 136, 139, 300, 304; Ulsan 300; Ushant 283; West Indies 283; Yalu 290; Yellow Sea (10 of August) 86, 139, 300 Board of Admiralty 105, 160, 161, 162, 164, 179, 194, 195, 198, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 215, 216, 219, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 243-4, 253, 257, 264, 267, 272, 293, 297, 350, 355 Calibration 22, 26, 30, 34, 55, 149, 151 Change of Range, variation in 6-7, 26, 40, 47, 48, 49, 82, 147, 151, 153, 156, 158, 166, 180-1, 291-2, 294, 299, 312, 315, 321-2, 327-8, 333, 337, 351, 369, 371-3 Coast Defence Fire Control 12, 199, 214-15 Committees on Naval Gunnery 14, 23, 70, 87, 89, 101, 105, 217, 226, 244, 245, 273, 359, 376-7 Continuous-aim, explained 1-2 Danger Space 4, 34, 35, 82, 91, 317, 326, 360 Differential Analysis x, 292 Director of Naval Intelligence 101, 233, 359 Director of Naval Ordnance 23, 101, 104, 105, 131, 159, 161, 164, 178, 194, 195, 201, 215, 233, 243, 244, 255, 256, 259, 274, 294, 304, 311-12, 333, 352, 357, 358, 359 Disc-Ball-Roller Mechanism x, 291, 291-2, 293, 373 Elliot Brothers, Ltd. 294 Error of the Day, defined 24 Fire Control Instruments (Pollen-Argo): Two-observer Range Finder 8-13, 14, 15-22, 23, 33-4, 35-^5, 52-3, 56, 58, 70, 76, 87,88, 89, 91, 199, 217, 278, 309, 311; Pollen-Cooke Single-observer Range Finder 293, 326, 342, 343-5, 347, 351; Gyroscope-controlled Range Finder Mounting and Bearing Indicator 71, 76, 102, 103, 105, 131, 132, 145, 152, 156, 157, 159-67, 167-71, 174-5, 183-5, 194-236, 210-11, 217, 243-54, 255, 256, 263, 321, 347; Plotting Tables 17-18, 20, 21, 23, 39-40, 58, 59, 70, 71, 76, 87, 88, 89, 91, 101, 102, 103,104, 105, 114, 131, 132, 146, 152, 156, 157, 159-67, 167-71, 174-5, 183-5, 194-236, 243-254, 255, 256, 260, 264-70, 278, 293, 309-10, 312, 313, 314, 319, 321, 326, 342-5, 347, 351; Change of Range and Deflection Machine 23, 40,41, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 70, 71, 76, 91,105,132, 146-7, 149-50, 152, 154, 157, 174, 175, 194, 310; Argo Clock Mark I (Natal dock) 194, 244, 245, 249, 251, 255, 268-9, 291, 312, 314; Argo Clock Mark II 292, 293, 294, 373; Argo Clock Mark III 293, 373; Argo Clock Mark IV (A.C. Clock) 293, 294, 312, 314, 315, 319, 321-3, 326, 333, 336, 347-8, 349, 351, 353, 373; Argo Clock Mark V 330, 336, 339-41, 343-45, 373, 395; Sight-setting Gear 18, 132, 147, 149, 152, 154, 157, 174, 175, 194, 244, 245, 249-50, 255, 326, 343^, 347 Fire Control Instruments (Service; a select list): Dumaresq 6, 7, 140, 157, 169, 186, 262, 292, 293-4, 371-3; Vickers Clock 6, 7, 77, 140, 157, 165, 169, 294; WilsonDreyer Manual Plotting System 156-9, 163-4, 173^, 178-9, 180-2, 205-9, 232, 234; Dreyer Tables 293^, 353; Director 3, 4, 348, 349; Follow-the Pointer Sights 29, 140 396 THE POLLEN PAPERS Fire Control Instruments, armour protection of 20, 27, 28-9, 30, 36, 42-3, 56, 76, 86, 144-5, 152, 163, 164, 170, 174, 178,184-5, 213, 232-3, 236, 343 First Lord 8, 14, 172, 178, 179, 195, 203, 208, 215, 216,222, 223, 224, 225, 228, 293, 294, 346, 347, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 357, 359 First Sea Lord 8, 14, 72, 105, 114, 179, 194, 244, 358, 359, 360 Fleets and Squadrons: Atlantic Fleet 357, 358, 359; Channel Fleet 14, 73, 76, 81, 131, 213, 357, 360; Channel Squadron 357, 360; East Indies Station 359; First Battle Cruiser Squadron 357; First Battle Squadron 359; First Cruiser Squadron 244, 357; First Light Cruiser Squadron 358; Grand Fleet 357. 358; Home Fleet 99, 262, 294, 357, 358. 359, 360; Mediterranean Fleet 2, 8, 357; Ninth Cruiser Squadron 359; Second Battle Cruiser Squadron 359; Second Battle Squadron 358; Second Cruiser Squadron 359; Sixth Cruiser Squadron 358; Third Battle Squadron 357; Third Cruiser Squadron 357, 358 Forbes Speed Log 336 Geometric Range, defined; see also True Range 81-2 Gun Layers Test 77, 95, 97, 98, 141 185-90, 192-3, 211, 329 Gun Range, defined 24 Gyroscopes 71, 83, 88, 101, 103, 158, 181, 201, 210, 211, 212, 213, 235, 248, 265, 292, 310, 311, 335, 336 Helm Free Fire Control, defined 243 Historical School 124, 287-8 Hitting Elevation 24-5 Inspector of Target Practice 101, 161, 233, 293, 349, 352, 359 Krupp Armour 92, 93-4, 123, 220 Linotype and Machinery, Ltd. ix, 8, 13, 14, 23, 70, 114, 131, 310 Material (Materiel) School 124, 135, 287-8 Navy Appropriation Account 202, 204, 223, 258 Official Secrets Act 222, 326, 346, 350, 353 PERSONS: Alexander the Great 290 Bacon, Sir Reginald Hugh Spencer 131, 132, 159, 172, 178, 179, 194, 195, 205, 226, 243, 244, 259, 304, 357 Barr, Mark 14, 71, 357 Barry, Sir Henry Deacon 23, 357 Battenberg, Prince Louis Alexander of, see Mountbatten, Louis Alexander Bayley, Sir Lewis 237, 357 Beatty, David, first Earl Beatty 338 Beresford, Lord Charles William De La Poer, Baron Beresford 8, 14, 357 Bernotti, Romeo 297 Bessemer, Sir Henry 175 Boys, Sir Charles Vernon 101, 217, 292, 293, 314, 315, 357 Broke, Sir Philip Bowes Vere 290 Bush, Vannevar x Carr, Henry C. 92, 357 Churchill, Rt Hon Sir Winston Leonard Spencer 293, 294, 346, 347, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 357 Clerk, John, of Eldin 134 Cochrane, Thomas, tenth Earl of Dundonald 284, 302 Colville, Hon Sir Stanley Cecil James 243, 244, 245, 357 Corbett, Sir Julian Stafford xi Craig, Arthur, see Waller, Arthur Craig Custance, Sir Reginald Neville (Barfleur, Maga)97, 108, 125, 132,271,290,295, 300, 301, 302, 317, 321, 323, 357 Darrieus, Gabriel 297 Daveluy, Rene 297 Dewey, George 43, 68, 81, 125, 279 Douglas, Sir Howard 318, 241 Drake, Sir Francis xii, 134, 290 Dreyer, Sir Frederic Charles 131, 132, 156, 157, 158, 161, 179, 205, 208, 209, 293, 294, 333, 358, 377 Dumaresq, John Saumarez 6, 358 Du Maurier, George Louis Palmella Busson 100 Elphinstone, Sir (George) Keith (Buller) 294, 358 Finlay, Robert Bannatyne 354 Fisher, John Arbuthnot, first Baron Fisher, of Kilverstone xi, 14, 72, 105, 114, 179, 194, 244, 358, 376 Fiske, Bradley 300, 301, 304, 323 Ford, Hannibal x Frederick II, the Great, King of Prussia 80 Galileo, Galilei xii, 135, 175 Gipps, George 158, 159, 167, 195, 358 Goodenough, Sir William Edmund 8, 358 Harcourt, Robert Vernon 347, 349, 352, 358 Harding, Edward W. (Rapidan) 23, 77, 105, 131, 161, 179, 358, 376, 377 Harvey, William xii, 175 INDEX 397 Hawke, Edward 287, 316 Henley, Joseph C. W. 294, 358 Howe, Lord Richard 283 Hughes-Onslow, Constantine H. 179, 358 Isherwood, Harold x, 70, 71, 101, 158, 159, 179, 180, 225, 228, 253, 254, 290, 347, 358 Jackson, Sir Henry Bradwardine 101, 105, 131, 179, 358 James, William 286 Jellicoe, John Rush worth, first earl Jellicoe 23, 55, 101, 104, 105, 131, 132, 164, 174, 194, 195, 201, 215, 256, 274, 293, 294, 358 Jervis, Sir John; see also St. Vincent, earl of 284, 287 John of Austria (Don John) 80 Kelvin, Lord, see Thomson, Sir William Keppel, Augustus 283 Kerr, Lord Walter Talbot 8, 14, 358 Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, Earl of 81 Lafone, Albert S. 166, 358 Lafontaine 160 Lamb, Charles 85 Landstad, D. H. x, 253, 254,358 Lawrence, Sir Joseph, first Baronet ix, 14, 359, 376 Lock, William Henry 14, 71, 359 Locke, B. J. W. 376 Mahan, Alfred Thayer 97 Maria Theresa, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary, Archduchess of Austria 80 Marjoribanks, Edward, second Baron Tweedmouth 172, 178, 179, 203, 204, 215, 216, 222, 223, 224, 225, 228, 359 May, Henry John 138 May, Sir William Henry 14, 359 Moltke, Helmuth C. B. von 93 Moore, Sir Archibald Gordon Henry Wilson 244, 255, 294, 359 Mountbatten, Louis Alexander, first Marquess of Milford Haven, formerly styled Prince Louis Alexander of Battenberg 357, 359 McKenna, Reginald 195, 359 Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of France 93, 106, 286, 290, 301 Nelson, Lord Horatio xii, 80, 93,109, 128, 181, 283, 284, 285, 287, 290, 299, 316 Nieman, H. W. x Ogilvy, Frederick Charles Ashley 243, 244, 246, 250, 253, 264^-5, 268, 269, 292, 359 Paderewski, Ignacy (Jan) 86 Pakenham, Sir Edward Michael (not Sir G. Pakenham) 80 Palmer, William Waldegrave, second Earl Selborne 8, 14, 359, 376 Parr, Alfred Arthur Chase 70, 87, 226, 359 Peirse, Sir Richard Henry 293, 326, 359 Perkin, Sir William Henry 175-6 Plunkett, Reginald (later Sir Reginald Aylmer Ranfurly Plunkett-Ernle-ErleDrax) 250 Pollen, Arthur Joseph Hungerford: on tactics xi, 9, 11, 19-20, 43^, 64-6, 72, 73^, 77-81, 86, 94, 99, 106-10, 118-30, 142-4, 150-1, 154, 165, 202, 217-8, 238-42, 265, 273-90, 295-308, 315-25, 337-9, 341-2, 251; on strategy xi, 8, 11, 19, 154, 288; on capital ship design 55, 66-^9,72, 79-80, 92-5, 98-100, 110, 122-3, 217-18, 286, 337; on naval finance 11, 12, 68, 99-100, 175, 191, 196-7, 218, 285, 331-2, 345; on mechanization xi, 135-8, 162-3, 170-1, 175-7, 189-91,200-1,257-60,310,311, 312, 318-9, 340-1, 343; on cost of his fire control system 169-70, 175, 190-1, 217, 218-22, 231, 330-2, 341, 342, 345; on the creation of a staff system 197-9, 208, 215, 276-7, 352 Pollen, John Anthony xii, xiii Pollen, John Hungerford ix Raleigh, Sir Walter 290 Riley, Gerard B. 250 Rodney, Sir George Brydges 283, 290 St. Vincent, Earl of; see also Jervis, Admiral Sir John 283, 284 Scott, Sir Percy Moreton, first Baronet 1, 2, 3, 4, 14, 55, 101, 180, 243, 348, 349, 352, 353, 359, 376-7 Selborne, Earl of, see Palmer, William Waldegrave Semenoff, Vladimir 304 Sims, William Snowden 24 Slade, Sir Edmond John Warre 132, 359 Smith, Bertram H. 92, 161, 359 Spec, Count Maximilian von 334, 335, 338 Sturdee, Sir Frederick Charles Doveton 334, 338 Thomas, Sir Charles Inigo (Emeritus) 172, 227, 230, 351, 353, 359 Thomson, James 292, 359 Thomson, Sir William, first Baron Kelvin of Largs 14, 176, 292, 310, 359 Togo, Heihichiro xii, 68, 86, 106, 108, 109, 125, 136, 300 Tweedmouth, Lord see Marjoribanks, Edward Villeneuve, Pierre 287 Waller, Arthur Craig 161, 359 Warren, Herbert A. 92, 360 Watkin, Henry Samuel Spiller 199,214-15 Wellesley, Arthur, first Duke of Wellington 301 398 THE POLLEN PAPERS Wellington, Duke of, see Wellesley, Arthur White, John 307-S, 324 Whitehead, Robert 125, 176, 219, 220 Wilson, Sir Arthur Knyvet, third Baronet 131, 132, 156, 157, 158, 159, 167, 171, 178, 179, 194, 203, 204, 205-6, 208, 208-9, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 230, 231, 244, 360 Wood, Henry 177 Polyanthropy, defined 278 P. Z. Exercise 127, 262 Ram 25, 118, 122, 125, 137, 238 Rate Finder, defined 255 Rate Plotting (Time and Range, Time and Bearing) 158-9, 178-9, 180-1, 201, 255, 269, 271, 293^t, 373 REFERENCES: 1 Cross-references Memorandum on a Proposed System for Finding Ranges at Sea and Ascertaining the Speed and Course of any Vessel in Sight 211-12, 214, 309 Fire Control and Long-Range Firing: An Essay to Define Certain Principia of Gunnery, and to Suggest Means for Their Application 55, 57, 58, 60, 87, 91, 212, 309-10 The Jupiter Letters: Extracts from Letters Addressed to Various Correspondents in The Royal Navy principally from HMS Jupiter 114, 121,319, 321 Note on the Possibility of Demonstrating the Principle of Aim Correction Without the Use of Instruments Designed for the Purpose 257 An Apology for the A. C. Battle System: Being Notes for a Lecture to the War Course College, Portsmouth 319, 321 Extracts from a Letter to Capt. Reginald H. S. Bacon, CVO, DSO, Royal Navy 226 Reflections on an Error of the Day 201 2 Literary and Musical References (by author or composer) Lewis Carroll [Charles L. Dodgeson], The Hunting of the Snark 146 Sir William Schwenk Gilbert and Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan, The Mikado 186 Homer, The Iliad 184; The Odyssey 276 Charles Lamb, ‘A Dissertation upon Roast Pig’ 85 Frederick Marryat, Peter Simple 73 St. Augustine of Hippo, Contra Epistulam Parmeniani 205 William Shakespeare, The Tempest 134 Voltaire [Francois-Marie Arouet], Dictionnaire philosophique 160 Richard Wagner, Parsifal 111 3 Naval History and Theory (by author) Reginald Hugh Spencer Bacon, ‘Some Notes on Naval Strategy’, The Naval Annual, 1901 138; The Battleship of the Future’, Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects 302 Barfleur (Sir Reginald Neville Custance), Naval Policy: a Plea for the Study of War 125 Romeo Bernotti, The Fundamentals of the Naval Tactics 297 Black Joke, Tactical Speed’, United Service Magazine 105, 106, 108 Sir Reginald Neville Custance, The Ship of the Line in Battle 295,300-1, 302, 321, 323 Gabriel Darrieus, War on the Sea, Strategy and Tactics: Basic Principles 297 Rene Daveluy, The Genius of Naval Warfare 297 Sir Howard Douglas, A Treatise on Naval Gunnery 318, 341 Bradley A. Fiske, The Mean Point of Impact’, United States Naval Institute Proceedings 301, 304, 323 William James, The Naval History of Great Britain from the declaration of War by France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV 286 Maga (Sir Reginald Neville Custance), The Growth of the Capital Ship’, Blackwood’s Magazine 97; The Speed of the Capital Ship’, Blackwood’s Magazine 105, 106, 108 Alfred Thayer Mahan, ‘Some Reflections upon the Far-Eastern War’, National Review 97 Rapidan (Edward W. Harding), The Tactical Employment of Naval Artillery 11 St. Barbara, ‘Fool Gunnery in the Navy’, Blackwood’s Magazine 186, 214 Sir Percy Moreton Scott, ‘Remarks on that portion of the Fighting Efficiency of a Fleet which is dependent on the Straight Shooting of the Guns’, in Gunnery 180 INDEX 399 Vladimir Semenoff, The Battle of Tsushima between the Japanese and Russian Fleets 304 Jedediah Stephens Tucker, Memoir of Admiral the Right Hon. the Earl of St. Vincent 284 John White, Naval Tactical Problems 307-8, 324 Royal Naval College, Greenwich 358 Royal Naval War College, Portsmouth 179, 237, 290, 357, 358, 359 Second Sea Lord 359 Tactical Machine 105, 106, 114, 115, 118, 122, 128, 129, 132, 150-1, 152, 154, 168, 202, 230, 237, 238-9, 241 Third Sea Lord (Controller) 14, 101, 105, 131, 161, 179, 194, 358, 359 Time of Flight of the Projectile 6, 26, 33, 57, 58, 71, 91, 147, 152, 268, 271, 308, 328 Torpedo 25, 71, 101, 118, 125, 176, 220, 242, 250, 275, 302, 303, 304, 307, 330, 337, 338, 352 True Range (Actual Range), defined 24 War Course College, Portsmouth 101, 131, 132, 133, 271, 359 WARSHIPS: 1 Modern British Agamemnon 80, 110 Albemarle 359 Amphion 358 Ariadne 131, 132, 133, 156, 157, 158, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 174, 175, 178, 179, 180, 183, 184, 185, 190, 194, 195, 198, 202, 203, 205, 213, 214, 215, 225, 228, 230, 231, 235, 258, 259, 261, 264, 266, 268, 269, 276, 314, 321, 350, 358 Bellerophon 358 Black Prince 110, 359 Bulwark 77, 83 Canopus 358 Dido 308 Drake 298, 308 Dreadnought 3, 66-9, 80, 92, 94, 95, 100, 106, 110, 123, 134, 136-7, 138, 239, 262, 281, 299, 326, 329, 337 Duke of Edinburgh 67, 80, 93, 359 Duncan 75, 110 Essex 186 Excellent (Gunnery School at Whale Island, Portsmouth) 2, 101, 161, 167, 179, 233, 358, 359 Exmouth 68, 77, 95 Grafton 358 Hero 174, 185 Hindustan 358 Indomitable 239 Invincible 3, 110, 123, 144, 253 Iron Duke 358 Irresistible 342 Jupiter 55, 70, 71, 76, 81, 83, 87, 92, 101, 103, 104, 131, 153, 157, 168, 174, 189, 200, 212, 213, 217, 222, 226, 229, 252, 256, 257, 258, 264, 265, 278, 312, 357, 360 King Edward VII 68, 77, 93, 358 Lord Nelson 80, 110, 123 Magnificent 358 Majestic 50, 52, 53, 138, 342 Marlborough 358 Narcissus 23 Natal 61, 110, 243, 244, 246, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 255, 256, 260, 261, 264, 266, 267, 268,269, 314, 321, 359 Nelson x Newcastle 358 Nile 357 Nith 358 Ocean 342 Orion 293, 294, 347-8, 349, 351, 358, 359 Pelorus 359 Prince of Wales 186, 358 Psyche 357 Renown 170 Revenge 264, 358 Rodney x Royal Sovereign 67, 99, 317 Severn 334, 336 Shannon 156, 358 Swiftsure 67, 97 Temeraire 170 Tenedos 357 Terrible 359 Thunderer 348 Torpedo Boat 116 358 Triumph 67, 97, 342 Vanguard 358 Venerable 211 Vengeance 157, 158, 159, 163, 164, 166, 173,178,179, 203,224,276, 359 Vernon 275 2 Modern Foreign Derfflinger (German Empire) 342 Deutschland (German Empire) 94 Emden (German Empire) 342 Gneisenau (German Empire) 334 Kaiser (German Empire) 93 Kashima (Japan) 42 Katori (Japan) 42 Koenigsberg (German Empire) 334, 335, 336 400 THE POLLEN PAPERS Mikasa (Japan) 126 Chesapeake (United States) 298, 317 Moltke (German Empire) 334 Shannon (Britain) 29, 317 Scharnhorst (German Empire) 334 Speedy (Britain) 285 Seydlitz (German Empire) 342 Victory (Britain) 136, 137 Worth (German Empire) 93 3 Sailing Era British and Foreign Yaw 2, 36,70-1, 83,102,103,104,145,156, Bucentaur (France) 124 157, 158, 199, 201, 213, 217, 221, 257
Jon Sumida is a modern historian who has specialised in the technical underpinnings of the Great
War at sea. He catalogued the papers of and frustrations of Arthur Hungerford Pollen who tried to
supply the Royal Navy with a modern fire control system. This was followed by a seminal work on
studying the Royal Navy͛s purchase of the Dreyer fire control systems, rather than Pollen͛s. He is an
Associate Professor at the University of Maryland.
He has received fellowships from the Woodrow Wilson Centre, the Guggenheim Foundation and
Churchill College Cambridge. He was Distinguished Visiting Professor at the US National War College,
program chair of the Society for Military History Annual Meeting 2004, Major General Matthew C
Horner Chair of Military Theory at the US Marine Corps University 2004-6. He is visiting lecturer at
the US Marine Corps School of Advanced Warfighting, Quantico, and Professor of History at the
University of Maryland.
His publications include
The Pollen Papers (Navy Records Society, 1984)
In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914
(Unwin Hyman, 1989)
Inventing Grand Strategy and Teaching Command: The Classic Works of Alfred Thayer
Mahan Reconsidered (John Hopkins University Press, 1997).
Decoding Clausewitz: A New Approach to On War (University Press of Kansas, 2008)
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