The Fourth Earl of Sandwich was First Lord of the Admiralty (for the third time in his long career) from 1771 to 1782. Blamed by the Whig opposition for many of the disasters of the American War, he was additionally loaded by 19th-century Whig historians with the false image of a corrupt libertine.
It was the publication of these volumes of his correspondence and papers (then in the family home, now in the National Maritime Museum), covering the years 1771 to 1782, which restored his reputation as a conscientious and imaginative naval administrator and reformer, especially of the dockyards and of the timber question. Without entirely rescuing his status as a strategist, they showed very clearly the weaknesses at the heart of the North administration which damaged its handling of the war, and undermined Sandwich’s efforts.
A fifth volume intended to cover his handling of naval patronage was overtaken by the war.
This volume covers August 1770 to March 1778. With this volume a separate booklet was published which was the Corrigenda to Papers relating to the First Dutch War, 1652-54, Capt A Dewar. See NRS Volumes 13, 17, 30, 37, 41 and 66.
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The titles of peers and the ranks of officers are those held on March 21, 1778 ; later advancements in the peerage are given in square brackets. Entries in round brackets following a person’s name show the post he held or the ship or regiment in which he served. The names of American states are those used in 1778. The names of his Majesty’s ships are followed by their rate and number of guns in brackets or, in the smaller classes such as sloops and the like, by the name of the class. Merchant ships, transports, and so on, have their description in brackets. French and American ships have their nationality and guns or description in brackets. E.I.C. means East India Company. ACTS OF PARLIAMENT ACTS OF PARLIAMENT, 41, 53, 62, 64, 82, 87, 352, 395 ; conciliatory Acts, 345, 345 n. Admiralty, the Board of, x n., xv-xvi ; Lord Sandwich as First Lord, xxi, xxiv ; instructions to Navy Board to hasten building and fitting out, 363 ; instructions to strengthen North American squadron, 62 ; from Lord George Germain about change of war, 368, 368 n. Advocate-General, the (Dr. George Marriott), 395 Advocate to the Admiralty, the (Dr. George Harris), 395 African trade, 267-8, 349 Agents, American, in Europe, 202, 221-3, 231-2, 246-7, 248, 280 Albany, New York, 178, 281, 282, 293, 296 Allen, Ethan (American colonel),as a prisoner of war, 81 AMERICAN Allen, Captain John Carter (Albion), 206 American Colonies, the : concessions to and prospects of peace with, 45, 56, 296, 325, 341-2, 345, 345 n., 352-6, 36 4, 369 ; help and supplies from Europe, III, 202-5, 217, 221-5, 230-5, 246-8, 254-5, 261-3, 27o, 28o, 287, 323, 328-9, 334, 344-5 ,363-4,394, 408 ; ships under French colours, 204, 221, 255 ; do. under Fr. convoy, 203-5, 261, 270, 344-5, 363 ; treaty with France, 325, 361, 366, 368 American Army, 96, 110-12, 283-4,309,341 American ships of war and privateers, 96, 103, 104, 110, Ito n., 169, 172, 201-2, 207, 217, 222-5, 227-9, 231-3, 246, 248-50, 271-3, 323, 391 , 409 ; colours, 97, 97n.; 428 THE SANDWICH PAPERS AMERICAN instructions, 99-102 ; prize money, 101. See also Trade. Amherst, General Jeffery, ist Baron, K.B. (Lieut.-General of the Ordnance), 94 n. ; view of situation in N.A., 323 ; ` idea about change of war,’ 326, 365, 365 n. ; present at Cabinet, 363 Amherst, Admiral John, C.-in-C. at Plymouth as a vice-admiral, 94, 94 n Anson, Admiral George, Ist Baron, ix, x n., xi, xiii Antigua, 124 ; as a base, 326 ; repairs, 47, 396n., 398 ; want of provisions, 391 Arbuthnot, Rear-Admiral Mariot, as capt. of the Terrible, 35-6 ; as Commissioner at Halifax, 47, 105, 113, 113 n., 304 n. ; as acting Gov. of Nova Scotia, 297, 297n., 303 ; letters from, 113, 116, 117, 127, 296, 304, 313 ; on relief of Quebec, 127, Halifax Yard, 304-6, trade protection, 314 Argout, Comte d’ (Governor of St. Domingo), 412, 413, 416 Argyll, John Campbell, 4th Duke of, 227 n. Army in America, the British : in N.A., 43-5, 57, 88, 97, 113-19, 122-5, 156-9, 162, 202, 234, 281-3, 312, 313, 3 2 3-4, 3 28-9, 359-60; Canada, 83, 94, 177-8, 281 ; expedition to St. Lucia, 326, 357-60, 365–70. See also Burgoyne, Clinton, Howe. Arnold, Benedict, in Canada, 84, I I o, 177 ; flotilla on L. Champlain, 177, 186-9. Ascension Island, 207 Atkins, Captain Christopher (Actaeon), 12o n. ; letter from, 120 BAZELY Atkins, Lieutenant George, 81 Attorney-General, the (Edward Thurlow), 56, 218 ; on pressing seamen, 217 ; disposal of prisoners of war, 315 ; irregular privateering, 376-7, 395 Attorney-General at Antigua, the (Thomas Warner), 390, 393 Auchmuty, Robert ( Judge of Vice-Admiralty Court, Massachusetts), 53 Austria, 3, 30 BAHAMA ISLANDS, the, I07 n., 33 2 , 335, 336, 338; ships stationed at, 64 n. Balfour, Captain George (Culloden), 205 Baltic Sea, the, 31 ; timber trade, 202 ; convoys, 250 Baltimore, Charles Calvert, 5th Baron, x n. Banks, Captain Francis (Renown), 168, 168 n. Barbados, as a base, 326 Barrington, Rear-Admiral Hon. Samuel, 37 n., ; captain of the Prince of Wales, 205, 206 ; C.-in-C. Leeward Islands, 326, 350n•, 377 letter to, 37 ; instructions respecting Jamaica, 406-7 Bases, 47, 65, 304-5, 323, 325-6,329-32,335-9 Bates, , 191 Bathurst, Henry, 2nd Earl (Lord Chancellor), present at Cabinet, 55, 212, 217, 285, 339 Bayly, Lieutenant Paget, 81 Bazely, Mr. & Comm. John (Alert), 223, 257 ; takes the Lexington, 247, 247 n•, 248, 25o ; letter from, 260 INDEX 429 BEAUCLERK Beauclerk, Admiral Lord Vere, x n. Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de, 425, 425 n. Bedford, John Russell, 4th Duke of, x, x n., xi, 12 ; his political group, x, xi-xii, xviii-xix, 348 Bentley, Captain Sir John, his knighthood, 165 Bermuda, ships at, 95, 124 ; supplies to Americans, 220-1; route for convoys, 412, 413 Bickerton, Captain Sir Richard (Terrible), 205, 337 Biddle, Nicholas (Am. sea officer), commanding Andrew Doria, IIo n. Bilbao, Am. ships at, 217, 258 Biscay, the Bay of, Br. cruisers, 203-5, 205 n., 225, 235, 242, 254 n., 265 12., 256-60, 263-4 ; Fr., 203-5, 212, 263 ; Am. 225, 256-8, 260 Black, (gunner of the Ariadne), 108 Blackstakes, R. Medway, 09n. Blue Bell Fort, near New York, 1 54 Bluefields, Jamaica, 411, 413 Boats, 46, 164, 282-3 Boger, Lieutenant Richard, 81 Bomb vessels, 422, 423 ; N.A., 46, 67, 71, 138, 160, 362 ; Leeward Islands, 362, 364 Boston, Mass., • disposition of people and state of province, 49-55 ; Br. forces at, 41, 64, 64 n., 65, 98, 99, 113, 1 55 evacuated, 43, 122-3 ; Am. forces at, 173, 294-5, 332 Boston Tea Party, the, 41 Bourbon, Ile (Réunion), French forces at, 25, 34 Bourchier, Mr. & Comm. John 192, 251 n. ; letter from, as lieut. of Druid, 251 BURGOYNE Bourmaster, Captain John, as Mr. & Comm., 144 Boux, the Chevalier, 232 Bowyer, Captain George (Burford), 206, 229 n. Boyer, , 424 Bradford, (Am. army officer) 292 Bradshaw, Thomas, as Secretary to Treasury, 9, 9 n. ; at the Admiralty, xii, xv Brandywine Creek, Penn., battle of, 282, 311 n. Braxton, Carter, 220 Breda, xi Brereton, Captain William, 1 78 23 6 Brest, ships at, 213, , 2 45, 343-4, 345 n•, 349, 426 Bretigny, the Chevalier, 232 Brisbane, Captain John (Flora), retakes the Fox, 297-301 ; letter from, 298 ; do. to Howe, 2 99 Bristol, 89, 93 Bristol, Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of, see Hervey. Brooks, Captain John (Belleisle), 206 Browne, Lieutenant Robert, as master’s mate of Blonde, 184-5 Brudenell, Mr. & Comm. John (Hinchingbrook), 196 Brunswick troops in Canada, ’77 Bryne, Captain Henry, 390 Budworth, Lieutenant William (Fox), 316 Buenos Aires, xx, 214 Buller, John (a Lord of the Admiralty), xv, xvi Bunker’s Hill, battle of, 57 n., 202 Burgoyne, Lieutenant-General John, in America, 41, 86, 99 ; in Canada, 177, 190, 281 ; his last campaign, 281-3, 285, 291, 293, 296, 306-10, 430 THE SANDWICH PAPERS BURGOYNE 3 23-4 ; surrender, 195, 283, 309, 312-13, 323, 323 n. ; fate of his army, 310 n., 318 ; letter from, to Col. Phillipson, 306 Burk, -, lawyer at Antigua, 390 Burke, Edmund, xix Burnaby, Rear-Admiral Sir William, letter to (extract), 375 Burney, Lieutenant James, 81 Burrow, James (Comptroller of Customs at Halifax), 113 Burt, William Mathew (Gov. of the Leeward Islands), 392, 400 Byng, Admiral George, Ist Viscount Torrington, 24,24n. Byron, Vice-Admiral Hon. John, xx n ., 67 IL, 74,75 n ., 295 n., 35o n., 36o ; letter from (extract), 75 n. CABINET, the, on preparation for war, 201 ; meetings, 55-6, 279 ; do. proposed, 25, 214, 217, 241, 347 ; minutes of, 55, 212, 217, 270, 285, 361, 363 ; do. quoted 35 n. ; questions to Mulgrave and Palliser, 337-9 Cadiz, ships at, 237, 349 n. Callender, Midshipman -, 262 Cambridge, Mass., 58, II I Campbell, Lord Frederick (Lord Register of Scotland), letter from, 227 Canada, 331 ; Americans in, I 10-II, 148, 177-8 ; Burgoyne’s campaign, 281-2 ; convoys, 294-5. See also Burgoyne, Carleton, Champlain, Lake Flotillas, Quebec, St. Lawrence. CATHERINE Cape Breton Island, x-xi Cape Fear, N. Carolina, 44, 129 Cape Francois [Haitien], St. Domingo, 412, 413, 417, 417 n. Cape Lookout, N. Carolina, 336 Cape Nicola [St. Nicholas Mole], 35 8, 358n. ; Rodney’s description, 385-6 Cape Ortegal, cruisers off, 204, 205 n. Cape Sable, Nova Scotia, 114, 2 97, 2 99 Caps, the Hats and, 3 Careening, 47,47 n. Carleton, Lieut.-Gen. (local General) Sir Guy, K.B. [afterwards Ist Baron Dorchester] (Governor and CaptainGeneral of Canada), 148 n., 185 n. ; siege of Quebec, 83-5, 89, 110, 177 ; advances against Arnold, 177-8 ; Lake Champlain, 177-8, 178 n., 184-9 ; letter from, 185 ; Burgoyne’s campaign, 281, 310 H. Carlisle, Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of, as peace commissioner, 325, 371 n. Carolina, South, 324 Carolinas, the, expedition against, 43-5, 75, 77, 104 ships there, 64 n., 65, 331 Carr, Lieut.-Colonel Robert (35th Foot), 162 Carronades, introduction of, xxi Carron Company, guns made by the, 234, 2 34 n. Cartagena, South America, dispute between Spain and England, 3 75 , 379-84 Carteret, Mr. & Comm. Peter (Druid), 251, 253 Carthagena, Spain, reconnoitred, 4 ; ships at, 237, 349 n. Catherine, Empress of Russia, 3 INDEX 431 CAULFIELD Caulfield, Captain Toby, as lieut. of Bristol, 141, 142 Chad’s Ford, Penn., 282 Chambly, Canada, 184 Chamier, Anthony (joint undersecretary Southern Department), xxii Champlain, Lake, 177-8, 183- 91, 280-I Channel, the English, and approaches : Am. cruisers and privateers in, 202, 224, 225, 332 ; do. Br. cruisers, 202, 225 Charleston, S. Carolina, expedition, 43-4, 104, 120 n., 129- 43 ; the bar at, 1 30-3, 1 35, 136, 141 Chartres, Lieut.-Général LouisPhilippe-Joseph, Duc de [afterwards Amiral and Duc d’Orleans], 349, 35 1 Chatham, William Pitt, Ist Earl of, xviii-xix, 352-3 Chesapeake Bay, 282, 297 n., 370 Chester, Lieut.-Colonel Peter (Gov. of West Florida), 411, 411 n. Choiseul, Etienne-Francois, Duc de (Fr. Foreign Minister) xix xx, 215 Cleaveland, Colonel (temp. Brig.-Gen.) Samuel, Royal Artillery, 168 Clifden, James Agar, Ist Baron [afterwards Viscount], 317 Clinton, Lieut.-Gen. (local Gen.) Sir Henry, K.B., 41 ; in Charleston expedition, 43, 104, 129-43 ; at Rhode Island, 45, 169 ; New York and Hudson River, 45, 156, 28o, 282, 291, 310, 311 ; replaces Gen. Howe, 323; relations and correspondence with Sir Peter Parker, 129- CONVOYS 1 43, 169, 289 ; correspondence with Germain cited, 323-4 ; letter to (from Germain), 368 ; instructions about St. Lucia, 326, 366-7, 369-70 ; do. re-distribution of forces in N.A., 3 23-4, 3 69-7o Clyde, protection of trade in river, 227-9 Coercive Acts, the, 41 Collier, Captain Sir George (Rainbow), 89, 89 n., 304 n. ; takes the Hancock, 297, 297 n., 300-1 ; attacks Machias, 298, 302-3 ; letters from, 172 (with report on Rhode Island), 284 (extract), 302, 310 n. (extract), 313 n. (extract). Collins, Lieut.-Colonel Arthur Tooker, the Marines, 122 n. ; letter from, r22 Collins, Mr. & Comm. John (Nautilus), 124 Collins, Captain Richard (Achilles), 384 Commissioners for Peace, 45, 3 18, 32 5, 352-3, 356-7, 364, 3 69, 371, 371 n. Commons, the House of, xvii, 22, 56 Comptroller of the Navy, the (1770-5 Capt. Palliser, 1 775- 1778 Capt. Suckling), xvi, 77 Concessions to America, 325, 34 1-2, 352-6 Concord, Mass., the raid on, 57 n. Congress, the American, 56, 57, 283 Connecticut, state of province, 54 ; Am. troops in, 173 Convoys, 294, 4 1 9 ; home waters, 20I n, 202, 225, 244 N.A., 46, 202, 294 ; W.I., 233 , 249, 251-3, 256n, 394, 409, 411-14 ; E.I., 249 432 THE SANDWICH PAPERS CONYNGHAM Conyngham, Gustavus (Am. sea officer), 235, 256 ; commdg. Surprise lugger, 224 ; Revenge cutter, 223-4, 234, 235 Cook, Captain James, xvi ; Mr. & Comm., Resolution, 381 n. Copper sheathing, xxi, 47 n., 410 Cork, 44, 87, 93 ; cruisers at, 225 Cornwallis, Lieut.-Gen. Charles 2nd Earl [afterwards Ist Marquis], 370-I, 371 n. ; in Charleston expedition, 44, 133 ; his regiment (33rd Foot), I2I Cornwallis, Captain Hon. William, as capt. of Prince Edward, 336 Cotes, Lieutenant James (Antelope), 409 Cotton, Captain Rowland (Alarm), 336 Crawford, James, letter from, to ?, 271 Cross, Lieutenant John [in Navy List 1773, but not in later years], 49 Cruisers, 155, 294 ; home waters, 201-6, 223-5, 227-9, 235, 242- 4, 25o, 254 n., 255-6, 256 n., 256-61, 263-4, 2 71 , 346 N.A. 46, 234, 249, 28o, 296- 301, 328-9, 331-2 ; W.I. 267, 378, 391, 403, 409, 417. See also American ships of war, Bazely, Brisbane, Digby, French Navy, Hood, Salter. Cuba, 414 Cumming’s Point, S. Carolina, 131, 135-7 The Cuninghames ‘ (Lieut.- Gen. Robert and Maj.-Gen. James), 307 Curtis, Captain Roger (Senegal, then flag capt. Eagle), 295, 295 n. DOBRÉE DACRES, Mr. & Comm. James Richard, as lieut. of Blonde and commdg. the Carleton, 178, 178 n., 184, 186, 186 n., 187-90 Dalling, Major-Gen. John (Governor of Jamaica), 410, 411, 416 Danzig, 31 D’Arcy, Midshipman Gerrard (Bristol), 409 Dartmouth, William Legge, 2nd Earl of (Sec. of State for America, 1772-5, then Lord Privy Seal), xxii, 49, 55, 5 6, 104 ; letter from (to the Admiralty), 62 ; present at Cabinet, 55, 212, 217, 270, 285, 339,361, 363 Dawson, Mr. & Comm. George, as lieut. commdg. the Hope, 125 Deane, Captain Joseph (Ruby), 4 1 5, 415 n., 4 1 7 Deane, Silas, 248 Debt, National, 20-3 Debt, Navy, 20, 22 Declaration of Independence, the, 45, 35 6, 40 7 Delaware River, 65, 282-3, 324 Denis, Vice-Admiral Sir Peter, Bt. (C.-in-C. Mediterranean as rear-admiral, 1 771-4), 4 Deptford, 5, 93 Derby, Edward Smith Stanley, 12th Earl of, 268, 306 Desertion in the Navy, 2 7, 79, 393, 400 Dickson, Captain Archibald (Antelope, later Greyhound), 3 11 , 3 86-7 Digby, Captain Robert (Ramillies), 206 ; letters from, 254, 262 ; letter to ?, 254 (cited 204) ; cruises, 204-5, 254 n., 271, 350, 359 n., 360 Dobrée,2nd Lieutenant Charles, the Marines, letter from, 315 INDEX 433 DOBRÉE Dobrée, Midshipman Daniel (Bristol), 315 ; letter from, to his brother, 316 Docking and repairs, 21, 46, 47 n., 77. See also Careening, Repairs. Docks, 47 Dockyards, 15, i8, i8 n., 330, 363 ; repairs of N.A. squadron at home, 47, 47 n. ; ships built there and in private yards, 423 ; strike of shipwrights, 63, 63 n., 68 Dominica, Leeward Islands, 416, 416 n. Donaldson, Mrs., 19 Donop, Colonel von (commdg. a brigade of Hessians), at New York, 156, 157 Dorchester Heights, near Boston, 43, 122 Douglas, Captain Sir Charles, Bt. (Isis, then Stirling Castle) 96, 128 ; in Canada, 177, 178, 183, 184, 186, 19o, 191 n. ; disapproval of conduct, 126- 127 ; later service, 178, 206, 295 n. ; letters from, io8, 183, 190 ; letter to (from Gen. Phillips), cited, 191 n. Douglas, Admiral Sir James, C.-in-C. Portsmouth as viceadmiral, 88 n. ; 9o, 91, 180, 209-II Douglas, Captain Stair (Squirrel), 388 Drake’s Island, Plymouth, 94 Drummond [? Adam, the banker], 98 Drummond, Major [? Duncan], 3 68, 369 Drummond, Mr. • Comm. John Auriol, as lieut., 398 Du Chaffault de Besné, Lieut.- Général. Louis – Charles, Comte [afterwards Amiral], 203,212,236-7 Duckett, see Jackson. I. EDEN Dudley, Charles (Collector of Customs, Rhode Island), letter from (to Adm. Montagu), 52 Duff, Vice-Admiral Robert, Gov. and C.-in-C. Newfoundland as rear-admiral, 41, 96, 96 n., 179 ; C.-in-C. Mediterranean, 42, 349 n. Dumaresq, Captain Thomas (Portland), 399, 399 n., 400, 401, 403 Duncan,Captain Henry (Eagle), 45 n. ; ` Adjutant-General ‘ to Howe, 295, 29512. ; journal, 45 n. Dundas, Sir Lawrence, 262 Dunkirk, 34 ; Am. ships at, 223, 224-5 Dunmore, John Murray, 4th Earl of (Gov. of Virginia), 8o, 104, 157 Durnford, Andrew, letter to Rochford, 33 Dutch, the, xi, 34 EAST INDIA COMPANY, the, its ships and convoys, 16-17, 37, 79, 242, 249, 263, 36o ; do. threatened with attack, 88, 91, 103, 207 East India Company, the French, 31, 33-4 East Indies, the, in danger, 24, 333 ; Br. squadron in, 21, 21 n., 22, 24-6, 155 n., 360 East River, New York, 156 n., ’57 Eden, William [afterwards 1st Baron Auckland] (joint under-secretary Northern Department and Commissioner for Trade and Plantations), xxii, 223 ; on Graves, 42 ; sends intelligence, 231- 233, 234 ; as peace commissioner, 325, 371n. ; letters 2 F 434 THE SANDWICH PAPERS EDEN from, 231, 245 (cited 204), 3 1 4,371 M. (extract) Edwards, Captain Richard (Sandwich), 205 Egmont, John Perceval, 2nd Earl of, xi n., xix Elk River, Maryland, 282 Elliot, Captain John (Trident), 206, 235, 37 1 , 371 n. Elphinston, Captain John (Egmont), 205 Elphinston, Lieutenant John, 192 Esopus, New York, 283 Estaing Du Saillans, .ViceAmiral Charles-Henri-Théodat, Comte d’ [afterwards Amiral], 326, 345 n•, 417, 418 Evelyn, Captain [? William Glanville, 4th King’s Own Foot], 1 43 FALCONER,Captain Hon.George (Mars), 205 Falkland Islands dispute, xixxx, xxn., 216, 375, 379 Fanshawe, Captain Robert, 206 Faulknor, Captain Jonathan (Royal Oak), 205 Fear, Cape, 44, 129 Ferrol, ships at, 2 37, 349 n. Finch, Captain Hon. William Clement (Camel), 251 Fireships, 422, 423 ; value of, 287 ; in N.A. 362 ; Br. ships attacked by, 148, 153 Fisheries, French, 34 ; herring, 228 ; Newfoundland, xx, 179, 180, 193-4, 269, 280, 33 2 Fishing rights, American, 288- 289, 289 n. Fitzherbert, Captain Thomas (Raisonable), 2 33 Five Fathom Hole, S. Carolina, 131 ; Parker’s anchorage, 138-41 FRANCE Florida, forces at, 46, 64 n., 65, 3 24, 33 2 , 33 8 Florida, Gulf of, route for Jamaica convoys, 412-14 Fooks, Mr. & Comm. William, as lieut. of Lizard and acting comm. of Hunter, 83 Foreign stations of the Navy in time of peace, 21 n. Fortescue, Hon. Sir John, viii, 178, 20I, 281 Fort George (at New York), 1 57 Fort Royal, Martinique, 325 Fort Washington, near New York, 168 Fotheringham, Captain Patrick (Fox), 296 Fox, Hon. Charles James, at the Admiralty, xv France : relations with England and preparation for war, xx, 3, 21, 24, 29-32, 46-7, 90, 160, 201, 213, 215-16, 226, 232, 234, 236-8, 250, 261-2, 271, 287, 323, 333-4, 339, 342-5, 347-5 1 , 404-5, 411-13 ; Americans under Fr. convoy to be attacked, 204-5, 2 7o ,363-4, 404, 41 5 ; Fr. ships to be seized, 405 ; relations with and help for the Americans, III, 202-5, 221-5, 230-5, 246-8, 254-5, 261-3, 27o, 28o, 287, 32 3, 328-9, 334, 344-5, 363-4 ,394, 408 ; treaty with America, 325, 361, 366, 368 ; forces in the E.I., 21, 25, 33-4 ; W.I., 25, 203, 236, 241, 326, 333, 359- 36o, 403, 406, 40 8, 412-13 ; captures Dominica, 416, 416 n. ; trade and fisheries, xx, 3, 34, 203, 204. See also French Navy. France, Ile de (Mauritius), 21, 25 INDEX 435 FRANCOIS Francois, Cape [Haitien], 4 12, 413, 417, 417 n. Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, 221, 2 48,341 Fraser, William (joint undersecretary for Northern Department), xxii Frazer, Andrew (Commissary at Dunkirk, under Treaty of Utrecht), 224 Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, 3, 3o, 31 Frederick, Mr. & Comm. Thomas Lenox (Spy),194 n. ; letter from, 194 French Ambassador, the (Marquis de Noailles), communicates the French treaty with America, 325, 361 French Navy, the, 4 ,33-4, 203, 203 n., 212-14, 236-8, 245, 245 n., 333-4, 339, 342-5, 345 n., 349-5 1 , 424-6 201, squadron sent to N.A., W.I., 203 , 23 6, 2 4 1 , 333, 403, 406, 409-10, 413 ; meetings with Br. cruisers, 203-4, 204 n., 403 ; captures Br. frigates in Windward Passage, 378, 414-16 Frigates, 422, 423 ; in N.A., 41, 44- 7, 63-6, 66 n., 68, 75- 77, 160, 28o, 287, 359 home, 201-2,243-4 ; to come home from N.A., 352, 359, 361, 362 ; do. for Mediterranean, 359 ; for W.I., 362, 364 ; the want of, 90, 243-4, 249, 35o ; sheathed with copper, 47 n. Frying Pan Shoal, S. Carolina, 133, 133 12. Fuller, Rose, 56, 56 n. GAGE, Lieut. – Gen. Hon. Thomas, 41,42,54-7, 60-2, 74 GEORGE Gallions Reach, R. Thames, 93, 93 i2 Gambier, Rear-Admiral James, 295 n., 350 n., 359 n•, 36o, 362 n. ; letter from William Ogilvie, 283-4 (paraphrase) . Gardner, Captain Alan [afterwards Ist Baron Gardner] (Maidstone), 387 Gaspee, burning of the, 41 ; inquiry, 49-50, 52-3 Gates, Horatio (Am. gen.), 282, 291 n., 341; state of his army, 309 Gayton, Vice-Admiral Clark, relieves Rodney at Jamaica, 376, 386-7 ; relieved by Parker, 378, 408 ; instructions, 405-6 Gell, Captain John (Thetis), 272-3, 273 n. Genoa, 3o George III : his government, xiv, xviii-xxi ; his letters to Lord Sandwich, 36, 63, 67, 68, 74, 102, 112, 113, 148, 169,172,178 n. (extract), 218, 27 1 , 293, 370, 392 (extract), 396 n. (extract) ; to Lord North, 4 (extract) ; orders quoted, 3-4 ; instructions to Clinton, 366-7 ; opinion of Lord Sandwich and Admiralty, 67, 102, 218, 371, of Palliser, 102 ; on the Navy, 102-3 ; political situation, 4, 381 ; war in N.A., 44, 63, 68, 103, 113, 169, 172, 281, 289, 289 n., 293 ; treaty between France and America, 3 25 ; urges St. Lucia expedition, 37o ; approves of attack on Am. trade, 68 ; on St. Eustatius and reinforcements to W.I., 103 ; pressing seamen, 218 ; guardships, 4, 37 ; transports, 67, 103 ; privateering in W.I., 3 76, 392 436 THE SANDWICH PAPERS GEORGIA Georgia, conquest proposed, 77, 3 24,33 1 Germain, Lord George (formerly Sackville) [afterwards Ist Viscount Sackville] (Sec. of State for America 1 775– 1782), xiv n., xviii, xxii, 85, 2 39, 241, 307, 323 n. ; letters to Lord Sandwich, 85, 311, 3 12 , 3 1 9, 366 (with instructions to Clinton), 370, to Admiralty, 368, to Gen. Howe quoted, 47, from do., Io8 n., to Clinton, 368, to Knox on privateering, 376-7 ; letter from Lord Howe quoted, 46, from Adm. Montagu, 18o ; correspondence with Gen. Howe and Clinton cited, 281, 282 n., 323–4 ; on war in America, 86, 207, 273 n., 279, 281, 311-12, 324, 366-70 ; criticises Carleton, praises Palliser and Capt. Hamilton, 86 German troops in Br. service, 45 Gibbs (Gibbes), Lieutenant Anthony, 380, 38o n., 384 Gibraltar, 4, 24, 87, 333, 360 Gilmore, 318 Goreham, Lieut.-Col. (Lieut.- Gov. of Placentia, Newfoundland), 115, 117 Gower, Granville LevesonGower, 2nd Earl [afterwards I st Marquis of Stafford] (Lord President of the Council), x, xi, xviii, 8 ; present at Cabinet, 212, 217, 270, 285, 339, 361, 363 Gower, Captain Hon. John Leveson- (Valiant), 205 Grafton, Augustus Henry, 3rd Duke of (Lord Privy Seal, 1771-5) , xii, xix, xx, 9 n., II, I2 Grant, Major-Gen. James, 326 GUARDSHIPS Grantham, Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron (Ambassador at Madrid), 379, 379 n. Grasse Du Bar, Capitaine Francois – Joseph – Paul de [afterwards Lieut – Général Comte de Grasse, later Marquis de Grasse-Tilly], 297 n., 406 Graves, John, 4 2 Graves, Mr. & Comm. John, 42, 43 Graves, Lieutenant Richard, 42,43 Graves, Admiral Samuel, 104 ; letters from, 8o, 241 n. (extract) ; do. to Stephens, 98 ; letters to, 66, 68, 70, 73 ; relieves Montagu in N.A., 41 ; asks for more ships, 4 1 , 54, 55 ; force to be increased, 63, 66 ; authorised to attack Am. trade, 68, 68 n. ; disagreement with Gage, 42, 66, and with Gen. Howe, 107-8 ; Eden’s opinion, 42, Rochford’s, 72-3 ; Robinson’s, 239 ; his coming home, 73-4, 74 n., 8o ; proposed for Mediterranean command, 42-3 ,239, 241 n.; his nephews, 42-3, 43 n Graves, Captain Samuel, 42, 43 Graves, Captain Thomas (Conqueror) [afterwards Ist Baron], 205, 206, 20612. Graves, Lieutenant Thomas, 42, 43 n. Greenwich Hospital, 376 Grenville, George, x n., xi, xviii-xxi, 26 Guadeloupe, 369 Guardships, 37 n., 201-2, 209 ; number in commission, 3-4, 37, 37 n. ; King’s opinion, 4, 37 ; reduction proposed, 22-6 ; Capt. Hervey’s memo., 26-9 ; to be increased, 213, INDEX 437 GUARDSHIPS 215 ; in N.A., 41, 46-7, 63, 65 Guichen, Chef d’escadre LucUrbain Du Bouexic; Comte de [afterwards Lieut.-Géné- ral], 203 Gunpowder, 103 Gustavus III, King of Sweden, 3 HAARLEM, near New York, 1 57, 158 Hague, The, xi Hake, Christopher, 265 Halifax, Nova Scotia, 49 ; situation and forces at, 43, 96, 113, 116-8, 123, 273 n., 284, 360 ; forces sail from there to attack New York, 45 ; Lord Howe arrives, 147, 214 ; threatened by the Americans, 2 3 1 , 33 1 Halifax Yard, 47, 50, 77, 116, 304-6, 329-31, 33 8. Halifax, George MontaguDunk, 2nd Earl of (Sec. of State Northern, 1771), xxii, II, II n., I2 ; his will, 19 Hall, Jasper (Speaker of the Council, Jamaica), address from, 418-19 Hamilton, Admiral Lord Archibald, x n. Hamilton, Captain Sir John, Bt., as capt. of Lizard, 81, 82 n., 85 ; praised by Germain, 86, by Palliser, 89 ; letter to Stephens, 82 ; capt. of Hector, 205 Hammond, – (Am. sea officer), 202 Hamond, Captain Andrew Snape (Roebuck), 116, 166, 166 n. ; letter to Shuldham, 166 ; work in Hudson River, 166-8 ; in Delaware River, 282-3 HILLSBOROUGH Hampton Roads, Virginia, 336 Hancock, John, 102 n., 283 Hardy, Admiral Sir Charles, viii Harland, Vice-Admiral Sir Robert, Bt. (C.-in-C. East Indies as rear – admiral, 1771-4), 2I, 21 n., 25 Harvey, Lieut.-Gen. Edward (Gov. of Portsmouth), 209 Harvey, Captain Henry, as Mr. and Comm. of Martin, 177, 183 Harwich, ships built there, 423 Hatch, Harris, 184 Hats and Caps, the, 3 Havana, Spanish ships at, 235 open to Americans, 246 Hawke, Admiral of the Fleet Edward, Ist Baron, K.B., as First Lord, xi n., xvi, xx ; resignation, xii, xvi, 7-9, 11-14, 14 n. Hay, Mr. & Comm. Charles (Tamar), 49 Hazard, (Am. sea officer), commdg. Providence, 110 n. Hell Gate, near New York, 156, 156 n. Hertford, Connecticut, III, 112 Hervey, Vice-Admiral Augustus John, 3rd Earl of Bristol [from March i8, 1 775] (a lord of the Admiralty 1771- 1775), at the Admiralty, xii, xv, xvii, xviii, xx, 8 n. ; captures St. Lucia in Seven Years’ War, 325 ; letters from, 7, 9 ; letter to ?, 17 ; his memo. on guardships, 26-9 Hessian troops, 156-7, 209-11, 285 n. Hillsborough, Wills Hill, 1st Earl of [afterwards 1st Marquis of Downshire] (Sec. of State for America, 1768- 1772), xi, xviii, xxii, 8 n. 438 THE SANDWICH PAPERS HINCHINGBROOKE Hinchingbrooke, John Montagu, Viscount [afterwards 5th Earl of Sandwich], x, 19, 337 Hispaniola, Fr. forces at, 408- 10 ; war with England expected, 412 ; situation, 413. See also St. Domingo. Holburne, Admiral Francis, as a lord of the Admiralty, xv Holdernesse, Robert D’Arcy, 4th Earl of, 19 Holker, —,, 233 Hollingberry, Lieutenant Monins, 12 8 Holmes, Captain Lancelot, 336 Home, ist Lieutenant Grant, the Marines, 62 Honduras, Bay of, 375, 409 Hood, Captain Samuel [afterwards Ist Viscount] (Courageux, then Commissioner at Portsmouth), 205, 206 ; letters from, 219, 263 ; cruises, 204-5, 205 n., 256 n., 263-4 Hope, Captain Charles, as Mr. & Comm. of Friendship, 129, 129 n., 1 39, ; Weasel, 251-2 Hopkins, Esek (Commodore commdg. Am. ships of war), his squadron, no, no n., 169 ; attacks the Glasgow, iio n. Hopkins, John Burroughs (Am. sea officer) commdg. the Cabot, no n. Hotham, Captain William [afterwards ist Baron] (Commodore in N.A.), 46, 168, 168 n., 290 n. ; letter from, 290 ; goes to N.A., 45, 209, 211 ; with the army at New York, 156, 28o, 282 ; St. Lucia expedition, 326, 359 House of Commons, the, xvii, 22, 56 Howe, Vice-Admiral Richard, 4th Viscount [afterwards Ist HUGHES Earl], xii, 155 ; letters to, 42 (extract), 146, 159, 163, 166 n. (extract), 170, 286, 288, 293, 404 ; do. from Capt. Brisbane, 299 ; succeeds Shuldham in N.A., 45, 11 9, 125, 128, ; arrives at Halifax, 147, 214 ; asks for more ships of force, 46-7, 279, 285 ; reinforcements proposed or sent, 16o, 163-4, 234, 237, 279-80, 28o n., 285-8 ; his service in N.A., 45-7, 249, 28o-3, 288-90, 305, 310 n., 318-19,324,328-32, 407; do. at ` the change of the war,’ 3 26, 359, 365, 365 n., 370, 417-18 ; ordered to attack La Motte-Picquet, 363-4 ; appoints an ‘ adjutant-general,’ 295, 295 n. ; reverses Young’s appointments, 396- 398, 402, 404 Howe, Captain Tyringham (Glasgow), 53, 110 n. Howe, Lieut.-Gen. (local General) Hon. Sir William, K.B., correspondence with Germain quoted, 46-47, Io8 n. ; do. cited, 281, 282 n. ; correspondence with Shuldham, 143-6 ; goes to America, 41 ; service there, 44-6, 76, 104, 106-8, 118, 123-4, 128, 178, 18o, 202, 214, 281-2, 290, 308-10, 311 n., 318-19 ; made K.B., 45 n. ; relieved by Clinton, 323 ; disagreement with Graves, 107-8 Hudson River, 62, 281, 306 ; ships in, 148-54 ; Clinton’s expedition, 282, 310, 311. See also North River. Hughes, Rear-Admiral Sir Edward (C.-in-C. East Indies as commodore, 1773-7), xxi, 2I n., 155 n. Hughes, Lady, 155-6 INDEX 439 HUGHES Hughes, Captain Richard (Centaur), 205, 304 n. Hull, ships built there, 423 Hutchinson, Thomas (Gov. of Massachusetts), 49, 49 n., 50, 5 2 Hutt, Lieutenant John (Scarborough), 54 Hynson, (Am. sea officer), 246 ILE BOURBON (Réunion), Fr. forces at, 25, 34 Ile de France (Mauritius) Fr. forces at, 21, 25 India, in danger, 24 Indians, North American, III, 291-3, 298 Inglis, Samuel, on prospects of peace in America, 341 Innes, Lieut.-Colonel John, Royal Artillery, as a major, 121 Intelligence reports, 107, 109, 212, 341 Ireland, 96, 107 n. ; protection of trade, 224, 228, 229n., 346 ; cruisers on the coast, 224 ; smugglers do., 317. See also Cork, St. George’s Channel. Italian States, 30 JACKSON, George [afterwards Duckett] (2nd Secretary of the Admiralty), xv, xvi, 44, 81 n., 96, 128, 177 ; letter from, 81 Jamaica, situation, 333, 35 8, 378, 410, 412-13 ; squadron, 21 n., 103 n., 376, 383 ; reinforcements, 95, Io3,348, 376, 406-7, 409, 415-19; loses two frigates, 378, 414-16 ; repairs, 47, 47 n., 396, 396N. ; KNOX naval yard, 408 ; trade and convoys, 265-6, 332, 386, 391n., 405, 409, 411-14, 417, 419 ; secret instructions respecting, 405-7 ; address from Council and Assembly, 418- 19 James, William (Liverpool merchant), 268 Jenkinson, Charles [afterwards I st Earl of Liverpool], 262 Jersey, New, 169, 281 Jervis, Captain John [afterwards Ist Earl of St. Vincent] (Foudroyant), 184 n., 203, 204, 204 n., 205, 249 Johnson, Henry (Am. sea officer) commanding the Lexington, 246-8, 346 Johnstone, Captain George, 325 33 6, 371 n. Jones, Captain James, as Mr. and Comm., Beaver, 398 Jones, John Paul, 233, 2 7o-4 Judd, Captain William (Antelope), 388 KEMPENFELT, Captain Richard, his signals, xxi Keppel, Admiral Hon. Augustus [afterwards Viscount], viii, xii, xvi, xix, 37 n. , 1 55 ; to command fleet at home, 35 1 , 360, 361 Keppel, Captain George, as a lieut., 1 55 King, the, see George III. Kipp’s Bay, New York, 157 Knowles, Admiral Sir Charles, Bt., 325, 325 n. Knowles, -, 133, 138 Knox, William (joint undersecretary for America), xxii, 54 n. ; letters to, quoted (from Pownall), 203 n., (from Germain) 376-7 440 THE SANDWICH PAPERS LAFOREY LAFOREY, Captain John (Ocean), 206 Lake flotillas, 87, 95, 97, 177-8, 184-91, 28o, 281 ; list of Am. flotilla, 188-9 La Motte-Picquet de La Vinoyère, Chef d’escadre Toussaint-Guillaume de [afterwards Lieut.-Général], 203, 204, 35o ; to escort Am. ships, 344-5, 363-4, 364 n. Howe ordered to attack him, 3 63-4 Langdon, John (Am. navy agent at Portsmouth, New Hampshire), 233 Lawford, Lieutenant John (Active), 409 Leake, Lieutenant Henry Sebastian (Roebuck), his death, 167 Le Cras, Captain Edward (Somerset), 117, 117 n., 250 Lee, Charles (Am. gen.), III, 285, 285 n., 290 n. Leeward Islands, the squadron, 21 n., 103 n. ; reinforcements, 103, 333, 359, 361, 3 62 , 364, 365, 403, 403 n. the want of good cruisers, 391 ; do. base, 325-6 ; repairs for N.A. squadron, 47, 47 n•, 394, 396, 396 n., 397, 398 ; trade and convoys, 249, 251-3, 265-6, 39 1 irregular privateers, 3 76-7, 3 89-90 , 392, 393, 395-6, 399-40 3 ; conditions of service at, 376-7, 3 89-90, 394, 401, 403 Legge, Francis (Gov. of Nova Scotia), 113, 114, 117, 118, 297 n. Leith, ships built there, 423 Leslie, Colonel Hon. Alexander, commdg. 64th Foot, at Salem, 61 Letters of marque, 218, 377 LUCAS Levant, the, 3 Lewing, Richard (Clerk to the Council, Jamaica), 419 Lexington, Mass., xvi, 41, 57 n. Lindsay, Captain Sir John, K.B., 336 Linzee, Captain Robert (Surprise), 177, 183 Lisburne, Wilmot Vaughan, Ist Earl of (a lord of the Admiralty), xv, xvi ; letter from, 54 Liverpool, asks for protection for the trade, 225 ; African trade, 267-8 ; ships built there, 423 Lloyd’s, 225, 265 London, the city of, 217, 218 ; the port of, 266 Long Island, New York, III, 1 73-4 Long Island, S. Carolina, 132-9 ; Clinton’s headquarters, 139, 141, 1 43 Lookout, Cape, N. Carolina, 33 6 Lord Chancellor, the (Earl Bathurst),present at Cabinet, 55, 212, 217, 285, 339 Lord Mayor of London, the, 217 Lord President of the Council, the (Earl Gower), present at Cabinet, 212, 217, 270, 285, 339, 361, 363 Lord Privy Seal, the (Duke of Grafton, 1771-5, Earl of Dartmouth, 1775 on) ; present at Cabinet, 212, 217, 270, 285, 339, 361, 363 Lorient, Am. ships at, 229-3o, 2 55 Louis XV, King of France, xx Loyalists, American, 115, 178 Lucas, Captain Charles, as capt. of Prince Edward, 336 INDEX 441 LUTTRELL Luttrell, Captain Hon. John, 105 Lutwidge, Captain Skeffington (Triton), commands Lake flotilla, 28o MACARTNEY, Captain John (Mercury and later Ambuscade, both in America), 8o-1 Macbride, Captain John (Bienfaisant), xx n., 181, 206, 311, 311 n. ; letter from, 310 Machias, Mass., 297-8, 303 Mackenzie, Captain George (commodore at Chatham), 7 8 Mackenzie, Captain Thomas, as Mr. and Comm. Hunter, 83, 126, 306 Madeira, 121 Man, Vice-Admiral Robert (C.- in-C. Mediterranean 1 774-7) , sends intelligence, 236 Manley, John (Am. sea officer), commodore of a squadron and commdg. Hancock, 28o, 296 Manning of the Navy, ix, 18, 22-8, 35 n., 37 n., 41 , 46, 63, 90-2, 103, 180, 192, 201-2, 213, 215, 217-20, 220 12., 228, 236, 238, 243-4, 259, 343, 35 1; Capt. Middleton’s proposals, 78 ; Capt. Richards’s, 207 ; number of men in pay, 42 , 45, 28o ; landmen, 18, 78-9, 219, 23o Marblehead, Mass., 61 Marines, the, ix, 35 n., 213, 220, 220 n., 236, 271; Plymouth and Chatham divisions compared, 58-9 ; in N.A., 41, 55, 57-60,62,113,122-3 ; at Halifax, 303 n., to come home, 364 ; landed from ships, 142, 1 5 8, 1 77 ; training, 122 R. MERCHANTS’ Marshall, Captain Samuel, commdg. Arethusa, 229 n. ; Portland, 388 Martin, Captain Henry, 206 Martin, Josiah (Gov. of N. Carolina), 104 Martin, Samuel, 206 ; letters from, 218, 220, 265 (with memo.), 274, 316 (with encl.), 345, 347 (with encl.), 352 (with encl.), 390 ; on conduct of war and prospects of peace, 219, 220-I, 345-8, 352-7 ; on trade, 265-9 ; on trade protection, 218-19, 221, 267, 274-5, 346, 348, 391 ; sends an opinion of the Howes, 318-19 Martin, Thomas Byam, 206 Martingale, Sion (Am. sea officer), 98, 102 n. ; instructions, 99-102 Martinique, 3 25-6, 358, 359, 3 69 Massachusetts, disposition of people and state of province, 49-5 2 , 54-6, 296 ; the Lieut.- Gov. (Andrew Oliver), 52 Massey, Major-General Eyre (Colonel of the 27th Foot), at Halifax, 3 03, 303 n•, 3 1 3 his regiment, 116, 118 Maurepas, Jean-Frédéric de (Fr. Prime Minister), 222 Mauritius (Ile de France), 21, 25 McAdam, John, 318 McNeill, Hector (Am. sea officer), commdg. Boston, 296 Mediterranean Sea, the, 333 ; squadron, 4, 21 n., 359-6o, 361 ; trading passes, 77 Medows, Captain Edward (Tartar), 96-8 Merchants’ Yards, 5, 215, 363, 423 ; on the Thames, 5, 78, 423 442 THE SANDWICH PAPERS MIDDLETON Middleton, Captain Charles [afterwards Ist Baron Barham] (Ardent, then Prince George), 205, 206 ; letters from, 78, 229 ; on fitting out and manning ships, 78-9 Milbanke, Captain Mark (Princess Royal), 205 Miles, Barber, and Co. (Liverpool merchants), 267-8 Militia, embodied, 361 ; in Nova Scotia, 114-15, 117-18, 2 97 Mobile, West Florida, 336 Moncrief, Captain James, the Engineers, 1 33, 1 33 n., 1 34, 1 37 Montagu, Captain George (Fowey), 97, 162, 166 Montagu, Vice-Admiral John (C.-in-C. N.A. as rear-admiral 1771-4, Newfoundland as vice-admiral 1776-8), 41, 49-54,97, 179-81, 191-7, 2 33-5, 28o, 306 ; letters from, 49, 5o, 5 1 , 1 9 1 , 1 92 , 1 93 Montagu, Captain Hon. William Augustus (` Mad Mountagu ‘ ), ix, 375 Montagu, Hon. William Augustus, x ; his death, 102 n. See also Sandwich, Hinchingbrooke. Montgomery, Lieutenant Charles, 387 Montgomery, Richard (Am. gen.), iio-i i Monthieu, , 232 Montreal, 83, 84, 89 Moore, Captain Matthew (Exeter), 205, 257 Morlaix, Finistère, intelligence from, 212, 350 ; Am. ships at, 232, 246 Morris, Valentine (Gov. of St. Vincent, W .I.), 393 Morristown, New Jersey, 291 NEW ENGLAND Mount Pleasant, S. Carolina, 142 Mowat, Lieutenant Henry (Canceau), 106, io6 n. Mulgrave, Captain Constantine John Phipps, 2nd Baron (Ardent, then Courageux ; a lord of the Admiralty 1777-82), xv-xvii, 147 ?Z., 205 ; letter from, 335 ; questioned by Cabinet, 337 memo., 357 ; on bases for N.A. squadron, 335-9, situation at home, 338-9 ; proposal for attack in W.I., 3 25, 357-8 Mundy, Major-General G. B., 375, 382 n. NANTASKET ROAD, near Boston, 43 Nantes, Am. ships at, 232, 246, 248, 255 Naples, 3o National debt, 20-3 Navy, the Royal: abstract, 422 ; ships and men in pay, 42 , 45, 28o ; ships in commission at home, 205-6, 242-4, 350 ; in N.A., 41-2, 45-6, 64 n., 279-80, 328, 362 Navy Board (or Office), the, xvii, 97, 1 71 , 2 76,33o ; instructions from Admiralty, 3 63 Navy debt, 20-2 Navy estimates, 22, 275-6 Necker, Jacques (Fr. Minister of Finance), 425, 425 n. Newcastle, Henry PelhamClinton, 2nd Duke of, 34o Newcastle, Thomas PelhamHolies, 1st Duke of, xi, xviii New England, situation, 55, 62, 65, 283-4, 303, 33o ; sends out cruisers, 231. See also Boston and Massachusetts. INDEX 443 NEWFOUNDLAND Newfoundland, xvi, 41, 179-81, 207, 231, 324, 36o, 365 ; fishermen, 115, 117 ; fishery and trade, xx, 179, 180, 193-4, 196, 223, 233, 269, 28o, 332 ; squadron, 179-81, 183, 1 92-7, 233-5, 280, 294, 2 96, 301, 305, 33 2 , 35o New Jersey, 169, 281 Newport, Rhode Island,173, 408 New York, disposition of people, 57, 124 ; Br. expedition against, 45, 124, 128, 1 43-6, 1 48-54, 1 5 6-9 ; Br. forces at, 46, 62, 64, 65, 124, 2 79, 28o, 283, 324, 33o, 364, 369 ; evacuation considered, 364 ; facilities for repairs, 47 Nicholson, Samuel (Am. sea officer), 246, 248 Norfolk, Virginia, 336, 339 North, Frederick, Lord [afterwards 2nd Earl of Guilford], his ministry, xii, xvii, xx, xxi ; negotiations for making Lord Sandwich First Lord, 7-9, 12, 14, 14 n. ; present at Cabinet, 55, 212, 217, 270, 285, 339, 361, 363 ; letters from, 12, 13, 19, 207, 214, 241, 255, 261, 270, 270 n. (extract), 342 , 347; letters to, 23, 213, 215, 216, ? 235, 245 (memo.), 327 (with memo.), 342, 349 ; do. from the King, 4 (extract) ; views on political situation and preparation for war, 20-3, 201, 214, 241, 261-2, 347 ; on the war with America, 207, 255, 270 ; concessions to America, 342 North America squadron, the, 41-2, 45-7, 64 n., 76-7, 279-80, 328, 359, 362 ; bases and repairs, 47,47 n., 77, 304-6, 329-3 2 , 335-9, 394 proposed subdivision of station, 33 1-2, 337-9 PALLISER North River, New York, ships in, 143-6, 1 48-54, 157. See also Hudson River. Nova Scotia, 46, 113-19, 123, 3 24, 33 1 , 33 8, 364, 369. See also Halifax. Nugent, Nicholas, 416 O’BRIEN, Midshipman Edward (Bristol) [lieut. April, 1778], 409 Ogilvie, William (quartermaster, 2/71st Foot), 283-4 Ogle, Captain Sir Chaloner (Resolution), 205 Ommaney, Captain Cornthwaite (Tartar), i68, i68 n. Ordnance, the Board of, 161 ; transports captured, 86 Ortegal, Cape, cruisers off, 204, 205 n. PALLISER, Vice-Admiral Sir Hugh, Bt. (Comptroller of the Navy 1770-5 ; a lord of the Admiralty 1 775-9), joins the Admiralty and early service, xv-xvii ; letters from, 84, 87, 9o, 93, 95, 96, 155, 209, 223, 224, 233, 247 memoranda, 64 (cited, 41), 76, 242, 275 ; questioned by Cabinet, 337 ; work at the Admiralty, xvii, 44, 86, 102, 177, 216-17, 235, 262 ; on preparation for war, 90-2, 243-4, 249-50, 338-9 ; trade protection and service in home waters, 223-5, 233-5, 242-4, 247-50, do. and forces in N.A. and Newfoundland, 64-6, 76-7, 85, 87-90, 93-7, 1 55, 233-5, 337- 9; on supply and transports, 88, 93-5, 97, 209-II, dockyard estimates, 275-6 444 THE SANDWICH PAPERS PALMERSTON Palmerston, Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount (a lord of the Admiralty), xv, xvi Parker, Rear-Admiral Hyde [baronet 1782], viii-ix, 205, as capt. of Invincible, 206, 206 n. Parker, Captain Hyde (Phoenix), 144 n., 206 n. ; in Hudson River, 144-6, 1 48-54, 167 knighthood, 164-6, 166 n. Parker, Rear – Admiral Sir Peter [baronet 1782], letters from, 129, 168, 289, 407-17 ; letter to, 419 ; relations and correspondence with Clinton, 129-43, 169, 289 ; to serve in N.A. as commodore, 67 n., 75 ; promotion to rearadmiral, 28o, 289, 290 n. Charleston expedition, 43 -4, -6, 87-8, 93-5, 129-43, 75 1 79-80 , 331n.; Rhode Island, 45, 168-9, 28o ; Jamaica, 239, 290 n., 378, 406-7 (instructions), 4o7- 420 ; uncertainty of military and political situation, 378, 411, 413, 415-18 ; forces on station, 376, 378, 406-10, 412-19 ; views on routeing of convoys, 413-14, copper sheathing, 410 Parrey, Mr. & Comm. Anthony, 89, 97 Parry, Admiral William, C.-inC. Leeward Islands as viceadmiral, 376 Pasley, Captain Thomas (Glasgow), 391 , 391 n. Paulus Hook, New Jersey, 15o, 1 54 Peace with America, prospects of and concessions for, 45, 296, 3 25, 34 1-2,345, 345 n•, 35 2-6 Peace Commission, 45, 32 4-5, 345 n., 352-6 PLYMOUTH Peace Commissioners, 45, 318, 3 2 5, 35o, 35 2-3, 356-7, 364, 69, 37 1 3 , 371 n. Pelham, Henry, xviii Pendennis Castle, 86, 87 Penobscot Indians, 298 Pensacola, West Florida, 335, 33 6, 358, 40 9 Penton, Henry (a lord of the Admiralty), xv, xvi Percy, Lieut.-General Hugh, Earl [afterwards 2nd Duke of Northumberland], at New York, 157, Rhode Island, 169 Perry, Lieutenant (? John), of the Fox, 316 Phelips, Lieutenant John (Chatham), 127 Philadelphia, Am. ships at, 103, r r o, r 10 n., 207 ; expedition and capture, 178, 28o-3, 290, 310-11, 311 n. ; Br. troops to leave, 324, 3 64 Phillips,Maj or-General William, 189 n. ; letter from, 189 ; do. quoted, 191 n. Phillipson, Colonel Richard Burton, 306 n. ; letter from Burgoyne, 306 Phipps, Captain Hon. Charles (Camilla, later Perseus), 1 47, 1 47 n., 390 Pigot, Vice – Admiral Hugh, 178 Pilots, for Charleston, 76, 104, 133, 136, 138, Quebec, 89 Pinnock, Philip, letter to, 382 Pitcairn, Major John, the Marines, 41, 57 n., 63 ; letters from, 57 ,59 Pitt, George [afterwards Ist Baron Rivers], II, I I n. Pitt, William, Ist Earl of Chatham, xviii-xix, 35 2-3 Placentia, Newfoundland, 115, 1 93, 1 95 Plymouth Dockyard, 77 INDEX 445 POLAND Poland, the partition of, 3, 30 Pomerania, 31 Porten, Sir Stanier (joint undersecretary Southern Department), xxii Port Mahon, Minorca, 4 Port Royal, Jamaica, state of the yard, 408 Port Royal, S. Carolina, 331, 33 1n•, 335, 336, 339 Portsmouth Dockyard, 68 Portugal, 215 ; provisions from, 107 N. Pownall, John (joint undersecretary for America and secretary to Commissioners for Trade and Plantations), xxii, 54,54 n., 87 ,95 letter quoted, 203 n. Pownoll, Captain Philemon (Blonde, then Apollo), 184 n.; letter from, 184 Poyntz, William (Deane (actg. Minister at Turin), 245, 245 n. Prescot, Maj or-General Richard, 57, 280, 285 n., 290, 290 n. Prescott, Colonel Robert, 290 n. Pressing of seamen, 213, 218, 342,351, 400 Press warrants, 217, 218 Pringle, Captain Thomas, as lieut. of Lizard, 83, 85, 86, 178 ; commdg. Lord Howe, 97, 178 ; do. Maria and flotilla, 177, 186-8 ; promoted, 178, 186 n. ; letter from, 186 Pringle, Captain (in the Army), 195 Prisoners of war, Am., 81, 86, 87, 97-9, 271, 296, 313, 315, 316 ; Br., 283, 315-16 ; Burgoyne’s force, 310 n. Privateers, 210, 267, 269, 376-7, 3 89-90, 392-3, 395-6, 399- 403,414 REGIMENTS Private shipyards, 5, 21 5, 3 63, 423 ; on the Thames, 5, 78, 42 3 Providence, Rhode Island, 1 io, III, 169, 172, 173 Provisions, 35, 67, 69, 71, 72, 85, 86, 88, 107, 107 n., 123, 169, 209, 360, 3 64,391 Prussia, 3, 30, 31 Pye, Admiral Sir Thomas, as C.-in-C. Portsmouth, 35 n., 229, 229 n., 233 ; letter from, 35 QUEBEC, situation, 82-6, 89 ; siege and relief, 82- 5,110-II, 126, 127, 148, 177 ; arrangements for relief, 44, 85-91 -5, 97, 109, 179-180 ; con- 93 voy for trade, 88, 91, 28o n. RAWSON, Thomas, letter from, 340 Ray, Martha, ix, x, 7-8, 8 n., Io Raynor, Captain John (Chatham, then Bristol, then Isis), 106, 106 n., 316 Regiments :– I st (Royal) Dragoons, 306 n. 27th (Inniskilling) Foot [Massey’s], 96, 116, 118 29th Foot, 1 77 33rd Foot [Cornwallis’s], I2I 46th Foot, 158 64th Foot, 61 list (Highland) Foot [Simon Fraser’s], 180 n., 283 84th Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants) [` Young Highlanders ‘], 298, 313 Royal Artillery, 121, 168, 177 446 THE SANDWICH PAPERS REPAIRS Repairs and refits, 5, 21, 47, 47 71., 243-4, 2 75-6, 304-5, 3 28-3 2 , 394, 396 n. Reynolds, Captain Francis [afterwards 3rd Baron Ducie] (Augusta), 283, 288 Rhode Island, description of, 172-4 ; loss of Gaspee, 49- 50, 52-3 ; occupied by Br. forces, 45, 169, 170, 172 ; ships and troops at, 64, 64 n., 28o, 281, 283 ; provisions, 69, 72 ; as a base, 33o ; Am. ships at, 11o, 1 ro n., 207 Richards, Mr. & Comm. Francis, 207 n. ; letter from, 207 Rigby, Richard (Paymaster of the Forces), x, xviii ; letters from, 8, II, 14, 14 It. (extract) . Robertson, Major – General James, 158 Robertson, ist Lieutenant Paul, the Marines, 62 Robinson, John (Secretary to the Treasury), xvii, 238 n., 318 ; letters from, 238, 310 n. (postscript) ; warns Admiralty of designs on E.I. convoy, 88 ; on appointments of officers, 238-40 Robinson, Captain John (Queen), 206 Robinson, Captain Mark (Worcester), 205, 237 Rochefort, ships at, 237 Rochford, William Henry Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of (Sec. of State Southern, 1770-5), xii, xxii, 8 n., I I, 12, 379 n. ; letters from, 55, 72, 379, 381 ; memo. by, 3o ; letters to, 29, from Durnford, 33 ; on situation in America, 56-7, relations with Spain, 379, 381, Graves, 72-3 ST. JOHN’S Rockingham, Charles WatsonWentworth, 2nd Marquis of, xviii-xxi Roddam, Rear-AdmiralRobert, as capt. of Cornwall, 206 Rodney, Admiral Sir George Brydges, Bt. [afterwards ist Baron], viii, xxi, 178, 295 n. ; as C.-in-C. Jamaica, 375-6, 379-87 ; letters from, 384, 3 85, 388 ; letters to, 379, 381, 383 ; relations with Lord Sandwich, 3 75 , 383 promotion of his son, 387-9 Rodney, Mr. & Comm. James [lost at sea 1776], his promotion, 387-9 Rome, 3o Rowley, Captain Joshua (Monarch), viii-ix, 205 ; as commodore reinforcing W.I., 406-7 Royal Exchange, 417 Russia, 3, 24, 3o, 32 ; at war with Turkey, 31, 31 n. ; proposed alliance with England, 31, 32 ; information from, 346,348; fleet in Turkish waters, 3 SABLE, Cape, Nova Scotia, 114, 297, 2 99 St. Asaph, Bishop of, 52 St. Clair, Arthur (Am. gen.), letter from, 291 St. Domingo, Fr. forces at, 3 85-6, 403 St. Eustatius, 103 St. George’s Channel, Br. and Am. cruisers in, 228, 229, 229 n., 23o St. Helena, 207 St. John, Captain Hon. Henry (Torbay), 206 St. John’s, Newfoundland, 115, 1 79 INDEX 447 ST. JOHN’S St. John’s River [New Brunswick], 2 97,303, 3 1 4 St. Kitts [St. Christopher’s I.], 400 St. Lawrence, Gulf of and River, 46, 64 n., 65, 85, 109, 160, 171, 177, 183, 280, 295, 33 8, 360 St. Lucia, value as a base, 3 25-6, 357-8 ; expedition and capture, xxi, 3 2 5-6, 359, 3 65-7, 3 69-70 St. Malo, Am. ships at, 232, 246 Salem, Mass., 6i, 332 Salter, Captain Elliot (Hussar), 256 n., 260 ; letter from, 256 Sandwich, John Montagu, 4th Earl of : description of his papers, vii-ix ; family and early career, ix-xii, xxii, II n. ; becomes Ist Lord of the Admiralty for the third time, xii-xvi, 7-14 ; the King’s opinion, 4, 67, 102, 218, 371 ; present at Cabinet, 212, 217, 270, 285, 339, 361, 363 ; his letters to .Hervey, 17, to North, 23, 213, 215, 216, ? 235, 245 (memo.), 3 2 7, 342 , 349, to Rochford, 29, to Barrington, 37, to Graves, 66, 68, 70, 73, to Shuldham, 75 (cited 43), 119, to Howe, 42 (extract), 146, 159, 163,166 n. (extract), 170, 286, 288, 293, 404 (extract), to Digby ?, 254 (cited, 204), to Burnaby 375 (extract), to Rodney, 379, 381, 383, to Pinnock, 382, to Young, 387 n. (extract), 395, 401, to Parker, 419 ; memoranda, 3 2 7-35, 359-60; views on political situation and preparation for war, 23-6, 29, 46, 160, 163, 201, 213-17, 2 35-8, 2 45, SHELBURNE 2 49, 254, 254 11., 287, 33 2-5, 342-3, 349-5 2 , 375, 379-80, 3 83-4, 41 9-20; work of ships at home, 204, 33 2-5, in N.A., 66-7, 69-72, 160-1, 170-I, 288-9, 289 n., 294-5, 3 23, 32 7 -3 2 , 359-60, and reinforcements to N.A., 46-7, 160, 163-4, 237, 2 79, 286-8, 295 ; on service in W.I. and St. Lucia expedition, 326, 333, 359-60, 365, 376-7, -6 395 , 419, bases, 323, 3 29-3 2, trade protection, convoys, and cruisers, 294-5, 328, 332, 419, importance of fresh provisions and refreshment, 67, 69, 71, 329- 33 1 , guardships, 24-6, 215, fireships, 287 ; relations with Graves, 42, 71, 73-4, 241 n., with Rodney, 375, 383 Sandwich, John Montagu, 5th Earl of. See Hinchingbrooke. Saratoga, 282-3, 3 11 , 323 capitulation, 310 n., 312, 40 7 Sartine, Gabriel de (Fr. Minister of Marine 1 774-80) , 424, 425, 425 H. Saunders, Admiral Rt. Hon. Sir Charles, K.B., xi n., xvi, xix, 4,35, 1 78 Savannah, Georgia, 138 Sawyer, Captain Herbert (Boyne), 206 Schanck, Lieutenant John, commdg. Canceau, 127, Inflexible, 179 Schuyler, Philip (Am. gen.), 248, 291, 291 n., 308 ; letter to, 291 Shaw, Nathaniel (Am. navy agent, New London), 53 Shelburne, William Fitzmaurice-Petty, 2nd Earl of [afterwards ist Marquis of Lansdowne], xxii, 267 448 THE SANDWICH PAPERS SHIPBUILDING Shipbuilding, ix, 14-17 ; to be hastened, 363 ; in private yards, 5, 21 5, 42 3 Ships :– Achilles (IV. 6o), 379, 38o n., 3 84 Actaeon (VI. 28), 120, 120 n. Actionnaire (Fr. E.I.C. 64), 34 Active (VI. 28), 81, 88, 180, 1 95, 378, 409, 410, 41 5, 416 Adamant(merchant ship?), 81 Alarm (V. 32), 336 Albany sloop, 127 Albion (III. 74), 206, 242, 256n., 280 n., 286, 286n., 288 Aldborough (VI. 20), 87 Alert cutter (afterwards sloop), 247, 247 n., 248, 250, 256, 256 n., 257-260 Alfred (Am. 30), no n., 169, 251 n., 298 Amphitrite (Fr. E.I.C. 64), 34 Amphitrite (Am. sloop), 233, 270 Andrew Doria (Am. sloop), II° n. Anonime (Fr. merchant ship), 232 Antelope (IV. 50), 387, 3 88, 409 Apollo (V. 32), 184 n. Ardent (III. 64), 78, 205, 362 n. Arethusa (V. 32), 229 n., 2 35 Ariadne (VI. 20), 108 Ariel (VI. 20), 250 Asia (III. 64), 37 n., 41, 4 6, 6o, 124, 205 n., 213, 2 57, 2 79, 286 Augusta (III. 64), 279, 283, 288 SHIPS Ships (continued) :– Augusta yacht, 17 Badger sloop, 399, 400 Barfleur (II. 90), 165 Beaver’s Prize sloop (late Oliver Cromwell), 398 Bedford (III. 74), 205 Belleisle (III. 64), 206, 242 Belle Poule (Fr. 30), 263, 263 n. Berwick (III. 74), 262 Bienfaisant (III. 64), 181, 206, 242, 310 Blonde (V. 32), 184, 185 n., 190, 298 Bonetta sloop, 336 Boreas (VI. 28), 81 Boston (Am. ? 32), 296-8, 301 Boyne (III. 70), 37 n., 41, 92, 206, 223 Bretagne (Fr. no), 343 Bristol (IV. so), 4 6, 12 9-35, 137-41, 141 n., 148, 161, 279, 286, 287, 315, 407-10 Burford (III. 70), 206, 229 n. Cabot (Am. sloop), IIo n. Camel (VI. 24), 249, 251, 251 n., 25 2 , 397, 412 , 4 1 7 Cameleon sloop, 411, 413 Camilla (VI. 20), 147 Canceau armed ship, 106, 127, 128 Captain (III. 64), 50, 52 Carcass bomb, 46 Carleton schooner, 178, 184, 186, 187, 189 Carysfort (VI. 28), 156 n., 381, 382 Centaur (III. 74), 205, 205 n. Centurion (IV. 50), 104, 2 79 Cerberus (VI. 28), 41, 92, I16, I18 INDEX 449 SHIPS Ships (continued) :- Ceres sloop, 223, 225, 391n. Ceres (Treasury armed vessel), 210 Chatham (IV. 5o), 46, 66 n., 105, 123, 127, 1 43, 144, 146, 162, 168, 28o, 289 Columbus (Am. 28), 110 n. Comet sloop, 398 Concorde (Fr. ? 32), 378, 378 n., 41 5 Congress (Am. galley), 187, 188 Conqueror (III. 74), 206, 206 n. Conquestadore (IV. 6o, receiving ship), 81 Cornwall (III. 74), 5, 206, 242 Courageux (III. 74), 205, 219, 256 12., 263 Culloden (III. 74), 205, 254 n. Cupid sloop, 4 1 4,41 5 Cygnet sloop, 192, 193 Deal Castle (VI. 2o), 94, 95, 192 Dédaigneuse (Fr. frigate), 378 Delegate schooner, 133-5 Drake sloop, 235, 272, 2 73, 2 73 n., 274 Drake (= Hesperus = Adventure) , 381, 381 n. Druid sloop, 249, 25 1 , 251 n. Duke (II. 90), 178 Eagle (III. 64) ,5, 45, 158, 214, 279, 2 95, 295 n., 362 n. Eagle (packet), 113 Earl of Derby (ordnance transport) , 121 Earl of Mansfield (E.I.C.), 263 I. SHIPS Ships (continued) :- Egmont (III. 74), 205, 22 5, 234 n., 242, 258 Elizabeth (storeship), 83, 84, 89 Enterprise (Am. sloop), 1 94 Escort sloop, 336 Exeter (III. 64), 205, 225, 257, 286, 288 Experiment (IV. 5o), 47, 104, 124, 141, 141 n., 165, 166 n., 279, 280, 286 Falcon sloop, 104, 39o, 392 , 397, 398, 400 Flora (V. 32), 18o, 180 n., 181 n., 297-301, 304, 398 Formidable (II. 9o), 247 n. Foudroyant (III. 8o), 203, 205, 225, 235 , 249 Fowey (VI. 24), 5o, 98, 99, 1 93 Fox (VI. 28), 88, 98, 18o, 181, 181 n., 193, 232, 2 34, 2 35, 28o, 294, 2 96-9, 301, 3 16, 33 2 Freedom (Am. ? privateer), 225 Friendship (armed transport), 131, 1 35-7, 1 40 Garland (VI. 24), 190 Gaspee schooner, 41, 49, 52, 53 Gates (Am. galley), 189 Gibraltar (VI. 2o), 5o Glasgow (VI. 2o) , 98, I 10 n., 391 n., 413 Grand Duchess Russia (transport), 122 Greyhound (VI. 28), 88, 98, 125, 311 Guadaloupe(VI. 28), 38o n., 381, 382 Hammond (privateer), 400, 402 2 G 450 THE SANDWICH PAPERS SHIPS Ships (continued) :– Hancock (Am. 32), 232, 296, 297, 297 n., 298 2 99, 301, 313 n. Hawk schooner, 381 Hawke sloop, 3 89, 395, 399 Heart of Oak (merchant ship), 274 Hector (III. 74), 205, 242, 264 Hillsborough (packet), 414, 4 1 5 Hinchingbrook sloop, 195, 196 Hind (VI. 24), 411 Hope armed brig, 125, 298 Hornet sloop, 336 Hound sloop, 25o Hunter sloop, 83, 126 Hussar (VI. 28), 256, 256 n. 258, 26o Inflexible armed ship, 177, 1 79, 187 Invincible (III. 74), 5, 206, 206 n., 235, 242 Iris (V. 32, late Hancock), 297 n. Isis (IV. 5o), 46, 47, 96, I06 n., 108, 109, 109 n., 126, 127, 128, 177, 183, 190, 279, 280, 286 Jacob (storeship), 84 Janney (transport), 121 Jersey hospital ship, 211 Lady William schooner, 138 Lark (V. 32), 304 Layton (victualler), 99 Lee (Am. cutter), 188 Lexington (Am. sloop), 229, 232, 247 n., 248, 346 Lizard (VI. 28), 82, 83, 86, 89, 99, 126, 178 Lord Howe armed transport, 178 SHIPS Ships (continued) :– Lowestoft’s Prize armed brig, 411 Loyal Convert armed vessel, 1 77 Maria schooner, 184-7 Marquis of Rockingham (transport), 93 Mars (III. 74), 181, 181 n., 205, 225, 2 33, 2 35 Martin sloop, 177, 18o, 183, 1 93, 2 57 Medway (IV. 6o, rated 5o on peace estabt.) , 257 Mellish (ordnance transport), 172 Mercury (VI. 2o), 104 Mermaid (VI. 28), 304 Milford (VI. 28), 87, 94, 95, 98 Minerva (V. 32), 378, 378 n., 414, 416 Monarch (III. 74), 181, 181 n., 205, 233, 235, 242 Nautilus sloop, 124 Niger (V. 32), 126, 289 Nonsuch (III. 64), 201 n., , 279, 286 Northumberland storeship, 2 44 Ocean (II. 9o), 206 Oliver Cromwell (Am. sloop), 398, 400 Orpheus (V. 32), 104, 156n. Ostrich sloop, 409 Pacifique (Am. sloop), 255, 256 Panther (IV. 6o), 16o, 349 U. Pearl (V. 32), 95, 1 57 n., 392 Pegasus sloop, 195, 195 n., 223, 2 34 Pelican (VI. 24), 25o Phoenix (V. 44),46, 99, 1 44, 144 n., 146, 148, 150-4, 156 n., 206 n., 280 INDEX 45’ SHIPS Ships (continued) :- Polly sloop, 414 Polly (merchant ship), 84 Pomona sloop, 391, 391 n. Porcupine sloop, 409 Portland (IV. 5o), 384, 3 85, 390, 392 , 399, 399 n• 401 , 403 Pourvoyeuse (Fr. 4o), 232 Preston (IV. 5o), 45, 46, 98, 28o, 290 Prince George (II. 9o), 205, 229, 230 Prince of Wales (III. 74) , 206, 2 42 , 377 Princess Royal (II. 9o), 205 Proserpine (VI. 28), 254 n. Providence (Am. sloop), no n. Queen (II. 90), 206 Rainbow (V. 44), 4 6, 89, 89 n., 28o, 297, 300-2, 3 84 Raisonable (III. 64) , 233, 279,286,295 Raleigh (= Aurora = Resolution), 381, 381 n. Raleigh (Am. 32), 251 n. Ramillies (III. 74), 206, 242, 254 n., 262 Ranger sloop, 44 n., 131, 133-6, 224 Ranger (Am. sloop), 270, 270 n., 272, 2 74 Renown (IV. 5o), 43, 1 57 n. 168 n., 280 Reprisal (Am. sloop), 229, 23o, 232 Repulse (V. 32), 157 n. Resolution (III. 74), 205, 254 n. Resolution (victualler), 99 Revenge (merchant ship), 318 Revenge (Am. schooner), 188 Richmond (V. 32), 172 SHIPS Ships (continued) :– Roebuck (V. 44) , 46, 99, 116, 156 n., 166, 166 n., 28o, 282 Romney (IV. 5o), 9o, 179, 181, 191, 192, 192 n., 234, 256 n. Rose (VI. 2o), 109, 144, 1 44 n 146, 148, 1 49, 151, 152, 154, 156 n., 165 Royal Oak (III. 74), 205, 254 n. Royal Savage (Am. schooner), i88 Ruby (III. 64), 415 n. St. Albans (III. 64), 279 St. Lawrence schooner, 130-2, 134-6 Salisbury (IV. 5o), 155 n. Sandwich (II. 9o), 205 Savage sloop, 116, 118 Scarborough (VI. 2o), 54 Seaford (VI. 2o), 88, 392 Senegal sloop, 295 n. Shark sloop, 23o Shrewsbury (III. 74) ,5 Shuldham (transport), 154 Snake sloop, 398, 401 Solebay (VI. 28), 87, 136, 1 37 Somerset (III. 64), 37 n., 41, 116, 117 n., 279, 286 Southampton (V. 32), 411, 4 1 3 Sovereign (transport), 130, 131, 1 33-7 Speedwell sloop, 224 Speke (hired hospital ship), 184 Sphinx (VI. 2o), 88, 130, 132 Spy sloop, 194, 195 Spy (Am. sloop), 232 Stag (V. 32), 270 n. Stirling Castle (III. 64), 178, 206, 242 Stork sloop, 410 452 THE SANDWICH PAPERS SHIPS Ships (continued) Subtile (Fr. 24), 232 Surprise (VI. 28), 127, 177, 180, 193, 1 94 Swan sloop, 98 Symmetry (transport), 1 44 Syren (VI. 28), 1 33 Tamar sloop, 49 Tartar(VI.28), 96-8, 168 n., 18o, 180 n. Tartar (Am. ? privateer), 346 Terrible (III. 74) ,35, 205, 264 Thetis (V. 32), 249, 272, 2 73 , 2 73 n. , 274 Thunder bomb, 46, 131, 138 Thunderer armed vessel, ’77 Thynne (packet), 411, 413 Torbay (III. 74), 206, 2 49 Trent (VI. 28), 336 Trial schooner, 146, 151, 152, 1 54 Trident (III. 64), 205 n., 206, 242, 371 12. Triton (VI. 28), 94, 95 Turnbull (Am. galley), 188 Valiant (III. 74), 178, 205 Vestal (VI. 2o), 195, 195 n. Victory (I. zoo), 334, 339, 34 2,35 1 Viper sloop, 336 Viper sloop [a later ship], 43 Warwick (IV. so), 160, 262, 28o 12., 286, 294 Washington (Am. sloop), 98,100 Washington (Am. galley), 187, 188 Wasp sloop, 224 Weasel sloop, 249, 251, 251 92., 252 Winchelsea (V. 32), 409 SKENE Ships (continued) :– Wolf sloop, 224 Worcester (III. 64), 201 n., 205, 237, 242, 263, 350 Yarmouth (III. 64), 206, 242, 403 92. Zéphyr (Fr. 3o), 263, 263 n. Ships, in commission, 42, 45, 28o ; at home, 201-2, 205-6, 242-5 ; on foreign stations in time of peace, 21 n. ; in ordinary, 21, 28 ; state of, xx, 422 Ships of the line at home, 4, 21, 24, 201-6, 224, 225, 228, 229 92., 234-8, 242, 254 12., 33 2-5, 338-9, 350-I ; preparation for service, 215, 334-5, 339, 34 2-3, 351,360 ; Mediterranean, 4 ; N.A., 41, 46-7, 16o, 163, 1 70 , 2 79-80, 285-8, 328, 359, 361, 362, W.I., 348 , 359, 361, 362, 376, 383, 403 n., 415, 415 n., E.I., 21 n. ; building and under repair, 422-3 Shuldham, Vice-Admiral Molyneux, Ist Baron, Gov. and C.-in-C. Newfoundland, 179 ; in N.A., 42-6, 66, 66 n., 67, 94, 1 55 ; 96, 104-8, 116, 123-8, made a baron and replaced by Howe, 45, 47, 112, 119-20, 125-6, 146-7, 148 n., 1 49, 161-2, 170 ; Plymouth, 44 , 250, 311, 311 n. ; proposed for the Leeward Islands, 239, 241 n., 377, 402 ; instructions, 43- 4 ; letters from, 104, 123, 125, 126, 128, 148, 162, 166 ; letters to, 75, 119, (from Capt. Hamond) 166 ; correspondence with Gen. Howe, 143-6 ; on fresh provisions, 106-7, 107 n. Skene, , major, 112 ; colonel, 189 INDEX 453 ` THE SKENES ` The Skenes ‘ (Maj. – Gen. Robert and Lieut. – Col. Philip), 307 Skenesburgh, 292, 308 Sloops at home, 201, 244 ; N.A., 41, 46, 64-6, 75, 202, 280 ; to come home, 361, 362 ; W.I., 21 Ii., 376,39 1-2, building or under 396, 398 ; repair, 422-3 Small, Major John, commdg. 2/84th Foot, 298, 313 Smith, Abel, banker at Nottingham, 340 , 34 1n. Smith, Colonel Francis (loth Foot), 57 n. Smith, James, Commissary for prisoners at Jamaica, 416 Smugglers and smuggling, 218, 229,247-8,317 The Smyths,’ 307 Solicitor-General, the (Alexander Wedderburn), 56 ; on pressing seamen, 217 ; prisoners, 315 ; privateering, 376-7, 395 Souter, Major William, the Marines, 303 n. Spain, relations with England and preparation for war, xix-xx, 24, 30, 46, 90, 16o, 201, 21 3 , 234, 23 6-8, 333-4, 342 , 375, 379-84 Spanish Navy, the, 213-14, 236-8, 245, 333, 339, 349, 349 K., 424-6 ; at Havana, 2 35 Spencer, Lord Charles (a lord of the Admiralty), xv-xvi Springthorpe, Lieutenant William, 290 Stanhope, Captain Sir Thomas, his knighthood, 165 Stanton, Captain John (14th Foot), I15 Staten Island, New York, 45 ; Gen. Howe’s headquarters 1 43, 1 45 TAPAN Stephens, Philip (Secretary of the Admiralty), xv-xvii, 4, 19, 235, 251, 260, 274, 425 ; illness, 44, 90, 95 ; letter from, 273 n. (extract) ; letters to (from Capt. Hamilton), 82, (from Graves), 98 Stewart, Captain Hon. Keith (Berwick), 262 Stillwater, New York, 282 Stormont, David Murray, 7th Viscount [afterwards 2nd Earl of Mansfield] (Ambassador at Versailles), information from, 213, 215, 343-5 ; letters from, to Lord Weymouth, 221, 343 (extracts) ; recalled, 361 Stott, Captain John (Minerva), 378,416 Straubenzee, Major Turner (17th Foot), 158 Suckling, Captain Maurice (Comptroller of the Navy 1 775-8), 77, 77 n. Suffolk, Henry Howard, 12th Earl of (Sec. of State Northern), xviii, xx, xxii, 214, 241, 245, 377 ; letter from, 226 ; present at Cabinet, 212, 270, 285, 361 Sullivan’s Island, S. Carolina, 130-3, 135-40 Sweden, 3, 24, 31, 32 Swiney, Mr. & Comm. William (Antigua), 390 Swinton, Lieutenant Samuel, letter and intelligence from, 424-6 Symonds, Captain Thomas (Solebay), I21 TALBOT, Captain George (Niger), 126 Tapan Sea (or Bay), Hudson River, ships in, 145,166-7 454 THE SANDWICH PAPERS TARRY TOWN Tarry Town, near New York, 152, 1 53 Taylor, William (John Hancock’s secretary), 283 Thurlow, Edward, [afterwards 1st Baron] . See AttorneyGeneral. Ticonderoga, L. Champlain, 178, 187-9, 281-2, 291-3, 296, 307, 308, 312 Timber, 5, 14-16 ; supply of, 202 Tobacco trade, Am., 202, 221, 345-6, 355, 390; Br. 228 Torrington, Admiral George Byng, ist Viscount, 24, 24 n. Touche, Lieutenant John de la, 214 Toulon, to be reconnoitred, 4 ; ships at, 213, 236-7, 245, 343- 4, 345 n., 349, 426 Trade, American, with Europe, 68, 68 12., 202-5, 231-3, 246, 263, 266-7, 270, 280, 323, 3 28-9, 345, 354-6, 363-4, 390 , 404; to be attacked even though convoyed by foreign powers, 204-5, 270, 3 63- 4, 404, 415 ; with Great Britain, 77, 266, 268 Trade, British, state reviewed by Martin, 265-9 ; threatened or attacked by the Americans, 18o-i , 192-3, 195-6, 201-2, 207, 217, 223, 229-34, 2 49-53, 2 55, 2 74-5 , 2 94-5, 298 , 314, 328 , 332 , 346, 376,391 , 409,41 4 Trade, attack and defence of, 46, 64-5, 103, 180-i, 192-3, 201-6, 223-5, 227-9, 233-5, 242-5, 249-53 , 254 n., 2 55-6, 256 n., 263-4, 294-5, 314, 328-32,358,363-4,369,386, 391,403-5,407,409,411-14, 41 7,41 9 Training, ix, 18, 27-8, 122 II., 202 WALLACE Transports, the engaging of, 67, 95, io3 ; N.A., 44, 75, 97, 107-8, 108 n., 144, 209-II, 282 ; good conduct, i 65 ; relief of Quebec, 88, 93 -5, 97, 171-2 Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and America, the, 325, 361, 366, 368 Trinity, Newfoundland, 195 Tryon, Major-General William (Gov. of New York), 15, Turin, 30 Turkey, Br. ships in her waters, 25 ; Fr. do., 3 ; war with Russia, 31, 31 n. Turks Islands, 416 VALICOUR, L. Champlain, battle of, 177, 186-9 Vandeput, Captain George (Asia), 46, 205 n. Varick, (Am. col.), 293 Varlo, Philip, 210 Varlo, Captain Weston (Bedford), 205 Vaughan, Major-General Hon. John, 139, 282 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de, 3 ; as foreign minister, 214, 215, 221-2 Vernon, Admiral Edward, 8o Vienna, 30, 32. Vincent, Captain Nicholas (Yarmouth), 206, 403 N. Virginia, Br. forces at, 64 n., 65, 116 WALES, George, Prince of, 19 Wallace, Captain Sir James (Rose, then Experiment), at Rhode Island, II() ; Hudson River, 144 n., 148-54, 282-3 ; knighted, 164-6, i66 n. INDEX 455 WALPOLE Walpole, Horace [afterwards 4th Earl of Orford], xiii, xx Walters, Captain George Robinson (Salisbury), 1 55, 1 55 n. War of the Austrian Succession (1739-48), xiii Warner, (Am. col.), 292 Washington, George, III, 283, 285 n., 291, 293, 324, 341, 353- 4 ; instructions to Sion Martingale, 98, 99-102 Waterman’s Hall, 208 Watson, Brook, 81, 84, 85 Watson, Lieutenant [? James or Thomas], 208 Wedderburn, Alexander [afterwards 1st Baron Loughborough and 1st Earl of Rosslyn] (Solicitor-General), xviii, xx. See also SolicitorGeneral. Wells, William (shipbuilder), 4, 5, 14 n. ; letter from, 14 Welsh, -, intelligence from, 109-12 Wentworth, General Thomas, 8o West Indies, instructions to C.s-in-C., 203, 203 n., 396, 396 n., 404-5 ; do. to seize Fr. ships, 4o5 ; do. respecting Jamaica, 405-7 ; strengthening of forces proposed, 236, 359-6o, 361, 367 ; trade and convoys, 79, 88, 233, 249, 255, 256 n., 265-6, 325 ,33 2- 333 ; Fr. and Sp. forces in, 25, 203, 203 n., 235-6, 241, 3 26, 333, 359-60, 385-6, 403, 406, 408-1o, 412-13 ; Am. trade to be attacked, 68, 68 n. See also Jamaica, Leeward Islands. Weymouth, Thomas Thynne, 3rd Viscount (Sec. of State Southern, 1775-8), x-xii, YATES xviii, xxii, 8 n., II, 214, 216, 241, 342 ; letters from Stormont, 22I, 343 (extracts) ; present at Cabinet, 212, 217, 270, 285, 361, 363 Whately, Thomas, xviii, xx, 52, 52 n. Whipple, Abraham (Am. sea officer) commdg. Columbus, I 10, II0 n. Whitcomb, (Am. army officer), 291 Whitehaven, 270 n., 274 White Plains, near New York, battle of, 162 Whitworth, -, 141 Wickes, Lambert (Am. sea officer) commdg. Reprisal, 232, 246 Wilkes, John, xi Wilkinson, Captain Thomas (Pearl), 9o, 95 ; his death and promotions made thereon, 294, 392 , 396, 396n., 397, 402, 404 Willes, Francis (joint undersecretary Southern Department), xxii Williams, Captain William (Active), 196 ; loses his ship, 378, 415 ; death, 416 Windsor, Captain Hon. Thomas, as Mr. & Comm. of Falcon, 390 , 392 , 397, 398 , 400 Windward Passage, the, route for Jamaica convoys, 358, 386, 414 ; Br. frigates captured, 378 Wolters, -, 25 Wood, Captain Thomas, the Marines, 122 15. Woolridge, Alderman, 265-6 YARMOUTH, Nova Scotia, 114 Yates, Dunn, Parker & Co. (Liverpool merchants), z68 456 THE SANDWICH PAPERS YOUNG Young, Admiral James, as C.-in-C. Leeward Islands, 376-7 ; letters from, 389, 392 , 397, 399, 402 ; letters to, 387 n. (extract), 395, 401 ; want of cruisers, 391 ; on irregular privateering, 376, 389-90, 393, 399-403 ; apYOUNG pointments to N.A. ships, 2 94, 390 , 392 , 396-8, 404 ; promotion of his son, 390, 392 , 399, 401, 403 Young, Mr. & Comm. William (Snake) [captain, 23 Sept., 1778], 3 8 7 71 • ,390 , 392 , 396, 401
Sir George Barnes was born on 13 September 1904 in Byfleet, the son of the lieutenant-governor of Burma. He went to the Royal Navy College, Osbourne and then BRNC Dartmouth, but was rejected by the Royal Navy because of poor eyesight; He later attended King’s College, Cambridge University between 1922 and 1927, reading history. He then taught at Dartmouth until 1930. After a spell at the CUP, he joined the BBC in 1935 as a Producer in the Talks Department. In 1946 he was promoted to be the first ever Controller of the new BBC Radio Station, the Third Programme until in 1950 he became a Director of BBC TV. He was knighted for overseeing the Coronation broadcast in 1953. He retired from broadcasting in 1956 becoming Principal of the University College of North Staffordshire, now Keele University. He died at Keele on 22 September 1960.
His publications include
John Hely Owen was born in Yorkshire in 1890, the son of a solicitor. He entered the Royal Navy in 1905, and became a Midshipman in 1907 and a Lieutenant in 1912. He was second in command of the submarine C5, in the North Sea in 1916, and then commanded the submarine H1 alongside the Italians against the Austrians in the Adriatic, 1916-1918. Subsequently he commanded submarine L4 on the China Station, was second-n-command of the cruiser Calliope, 1925-1926. He served in the Naval Intelligence Division, 1931-1933, but retired as a Commander 1932. He served in the Naval Historical Section of the Admiralty, 1939-1945, writing battle summaries to provide guidance for admirals and their staff. He died in 1970.
He wrote historical articles for The Naval Review from 1925 and a confidential history of mutiny in the Royal Navy in 1933(classified until 1973).
His publications include
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