Following the end of the First World War the Mediterranean Fleet found itself heavily involved in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea and to a lesser extent, the Adriatic. Naval commanders were faced with complex problems in a situation of neither war nor peace. The collapse of the Ottoman, Russian and Habsburg empires created a vacuum of power in which different factions struggled for control or influence. In the Black Sea this involved the Royal Navy in intervention in 1919 and 1920 on the side of those Russians fighting the Bolsheviks. By 1920 the Allies were also faced with the challenge of the Turkish nationalists, culminating in the Chanak crisis of 1922. The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne enabled the Mediterranean Fleet finally to return to a peacetime routine, although there was renewed threat of war over Mosul in 1925-1926. These events are the subject of the majority of the documents contained in this volume. Those that comprise the final section of the book show the Mediterranean Fleet back to preparation for a major war, applying the lessons of World War One and studying how to make use of new weapons, aircraft carriers and aircraft.
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Index Officers are listed under the ranks they held when first mentioned. Ships designated (RFA) are Royal Fleet Auxiliary, (H) Hospital Ships and (A) Ambulance Transports Admiralty: reduction of expenditure, 5, 300; attitude to Adriatic, 6, 7; assistance to White Russians, 8, 9, 59, 101, 125, 127, 131, 134, 200, 202, 276, 277, 280 n. 2; and Dowager Empress, 33; and Caspian Flotilla, 123, 134; memorandum for Cabinet on South Russia, 173–4; evacuation of refugees, 281; and assistance to Georgia, 283; and fate of Wrangel’s navy, 285; and treaty with Turkey, 126, 167, 172, 214, 234; and Bosphorus and Dardanelles, 236, 360, 395, 398, 420; and Greek operations, 257, 308, 342, 343, 375, 397; and Smyrna, 295, 374, 388, 424–6, 432, 433; and Turkish Nationalists, 296, 390; and Ismid, 297, 369, 370, 397; and reinforcements for eastern Mediterranean, 348, 354, 371, 400, 401; request for information, 358, 359; appreciation of situation in Near East, 366–9; and Prince Andrew of Greece, 420, 421; redistribution of fleets, 301, 407–11, 439–41, 451–3, 460, 490, 491, 539, 540, 566–9, 570, 571; relaxation of tension, 422, 438, 439, 450; and Mosul dispute, 458, 459, 469–73, 476–81, 486 n. 1, 489; and fleet’s readiness for war, 459, 460, 489, 516–19; and fleet’s summer cruise, 487 n. 2, 491, 492; remarks on exercises, 538, 564 Adriatic Sea, 5, 6 Aegean Sea, 5, 7, 9, 17, 18 Air Ministry, 348, 349, 353, 440, 449, 472. See also Royal Air Force Alexander, Albert Victor, 569 Alexander I, King of the Hellenes, 269, 274, 291 Allenby, Field Marshal Viscount Edmund, 341 Amery, Leopold Stennett, 406 Amet, Vice Amiral Jean François Charles: career, 32 n. 1; at Sevastopol, 8, 32, 34–6; armistice with Bolsheviks, 37, 38, 46–8, 50; and mutiny in French fleet, 43–5, 47; views on Russians, 48, 49; and Calthorpe, 53; mentioned, 66, 79 Andrew, Prince of Greece, 299, 421 Angora, Treaty of (1926), 489 Anselme, General Philippe de, 26–8 Asdic, 460, 462, 513, 518, 519, 524, 526–31, 542, 557 Athens ‘ambush’ (1916), 303 n. 1. Atlantic Fleet: combined maneuvers with Mediterranean Fleet, 293, 333, 334, 457, 461, 486; reinforces Mediterranean Fleet, 296, 299, 300, 381, 422; and redistribution of fleets, 301, 335–9, 412, 413, 415, 418, 419, 441–3, 491, 566–9, 570, 571; mentioned, 294, 334 n. 1, 460, 461, 490 Austria-Hungary, 3–5, 14, 15 n. 1, 468 n. 1 Azerbaijan, 123, 124, 134, 204, 211 n. 1. See also Baku, Caspian Azov, Sea of: and British operations, 10, 59–62, 75, 81, 94; shoal water, 112, 113; mentioned, 33, 128, 178, 193. See also Gheneshisk, Mariupol Backhouse, Captain Oliver, 260, 261 Bakir Sami Bey, 320 Baku: situation, 20, 82; and British prisoners, 130, 211 n. 1, 232, 235, 255; fate of Caspian flotilla, 134, 139; release of British prisoners, 278 n. 2, 279, 280, 283; mentioned, 6, 8. See also Caspian, Azerbaijan Baldwin, Colonel, 217 600 The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919–1929 Balfour, Arthur James, 1st Earl, 8, 59, 343 n. 1, 344 Ballard, Major General Christopher, 15 Baltic Sea, 5, 369 Bates see Montague-Bates Batoum: British forces at, 8, 17, 21, 127, 128, 132, 201; situation, 199, 200; and Georgia, 230; evacuation, 254–7. See also Georgia Beatty, Admiral of the Fleet David, 1st Earl: and Mediterranean Fleet, 126 n. 1, 294, 301, 395, 464–6; and Constantinople, 298, 300 n. 1, 407; and redistribution of fleets, 340, 439, 440; and Mosul dispute, 475 n. 2; mentioned, 130, 151 n. 2, 332 n. 1 Beckwith, Brigadier General Arthur Thackeray, 305 Bellairs, Captain Roger Mowbray, 539, 540 Bentinck, Charles Henry, 421 Bermuda, 336 Black Sea: and British operations, xi, 3, 4, 7, 17, 18, 23, 49–53, 141; submarine danger, 86–90, 92, 93, 101; future access, 314, 315; maintenance of ships in, 360–62, 393, 394; British submarine reconnaissance, 399, 400, 403. See also Batoum, Crimea, Georgia, Kertch, Odessa, Novorossisk, Sevastopol Bolsheviks: and Russian Civil War, xi, 3, 4, 34–8, 47, 48, 75, 95, 98,140, 168, 169; threatened acquisition of submarines, 9, 27, 79, 87–90, 100, 101; and Kertch, 40, 41, 54, 55, 61, 62, 74; and Caspian, 82, 83; and Odessa, 108, 109, 118–20, 163–6; and Poland, 133; and Novorossisk, 182, 183, 185. See also Russia, Soviet Bon, Vice Amiral Ferdinand Jean Jacques de, 58, 113, 114, 140, 142, 304, 316, 317, 319, 320 Bosphorus: passage of submarines, 9, 96, 97; artillery on Asiatic shore, 129, 236, 237, 250, 420; Nationalist threat, 233; defence of, 312, 313, 355, 361, 363–5, 368, 375, 394. See also Constantinople Boyle, Rear Admiral Hon. Algernon, 339 Boyle, Captain Harry Lumsden, 63–5, 74, 99, 100 Boyle, Vice Admiral William Henry Dudley, 520–22 Brand, Admiral Hon. Sir Hubert G., 541, 553–6, 558–62 Bridges, Major General Tom Molesworth, 44, 182, 187, 268–70, 273, 274 Briggs, Lieutenant-General Charles James, 80, 84, 85 Bristol, Admiral Mark L. (USN), 30 Brock, Admiral Osmond de Beauvoir: career, 342 n. 1; and Smyrna, 294, 295, 344, 345, 350, 352, 376–83; and Dardanelles, 295–7, 346, 347, 355, 360, 372, 373, 396; on situation, 295–8; and Constantinople, 342, 343, 354 n. 1, 362, 399, 404–6; and possible blockade, 356; and exGoeben, 357, 375; and Bosphorus, 359, 361, 363–5, 375, 398, 420; and Ismid peninsula, 370, 371, 397, 398; and Greek warships in Marmora, 372, 374, 399; sends submarine to Black Sea, 298, 399, 400; and easing of situation, 402, 423, 439, 450; and redistribution of fleet, 403, 404, 447–50; and Turkish ultimatum at Smyrna, 299, 300, 423–6, 428 n. 1, 429, 431–3, 435 n. 1–3, 436 n. 2, 437, 438; mentioned, 294, 390, 457, 464, 465, 466 Brownrigg, Captain Henry J.S., 574, 587 Bubnov, Rear Admiral Alexandr Dmitrievich, 115–17, 142 Budenny, General Semyon, 197 Calthorpe see Gough-Calthorpe Candolle, General de, 384, 386, 390 Carpendale, Captain Charles Douglas, 143, 227, 245 Caspian Sea: flotilla, 5, 6, 10, 81, 82, 123; engagement, 56, 76–9, 82, 83; and Denikin, 102, 103; internment ar Enzeli, 206; mentioned, 20, 115, 134, 135, 140, 146. See also Azerbaijan, Baku, Norris Chamberlain, Sir Austen, 482, 487, 488 Chanak: British strong point, xii, 129, 297, 361, 362, 367, 368, 369; threatened Turkish attack, 391, 392; naval support, 395, 396. See also Dardanelles Chancellor, Sir John Robert, 573, 574, 577 Charpy, General Charles Antoine, 319 Chatfield, Rear Admiral Alfred Ernle Montacute, 353, 395, 457 Chetwode, Captain George K., 16 Churchill, Winston S., 212, 213 Index 601 Clerk, Sir George Russell, 581–4 CMBs (coastal motor boats), 6, 76, 83, 460, 513, 518 Colvin, Captain Ragnar Musgrave, 109–12, 199, 214, 215 Committee of Union and Progress, 75, 309 Constantine I, King of the Hellenes, 291, 298, 303, 421 Constantinople: occupation of, 3, 7, 125, 126, 174–6, 292; naval demonstration, 293; Greek threat, 294, 342, 343; preparations for evacuation, 298, 300, 301, 367, 369; situation, 305, 306; defence of, 394, 444–6; and Admiral Brock, 399, 404–6, fleet visit (1929), 463, 581–4. See also Bosphorus, Harington, Ismid, Pellé, Rumbold Cooke-Collis, Brigadier W. James Norman, 206, 207, 256 Cossacks: Don, 146, 184, 185, 188, 189, 191, 192; Kuban, 182, 183, 199, 206, 207, 209, 2l0 Crabbe, Commander Lewis G.E., 277, 278, 280 Craig, Captain Archibald M., 159, 162 Crimea: defence of, 118–20, 133, 134; refuge of White army, 123, 124, 149; situation, 177–80; mentioned, 3, 8, 10, 33, 95, 98. See also Kertch, Perekop, Sevastopol, Yalta Croker, Major General Henry Leycester, 231, 238, 239, 248 Crooke, Captain H. Ralph, 333 Culme-Seymour, Rear Admiral Michael: career, 19 n. 2; operations in Black Sea, 7, 20, 26, 27, 103, 104; and Odessa, 8, 30, 31, 105–9, 124; and Sevastopol, 34–6, 45–7; and Kertch, 39–42, 54–6, 61–3, 212, 213; and French fleet, 42–5, 48, 49; and Denikin, 80, 84–6; and Novorossisk, 153–5, 168–71, 182–94; and Batoum, 254–7 Curzon, Rt. Hon. George Nathaniel, 38 n. 1, 127, 201, 321–3, 367, 384 Danube River, 5, 18 Dardanelles: operations (1915), 3, 11; Nationalist threat, 216, 217, 251; 295; destruction of guns on Asiatic side, 129, 236, 237, 250; and de Robeck, 304, 310–12; defence of, 355, 360, 368, 369, 372, 373; possible operations during Mosul dispute, 472, 474, 475, 478. See also Brock, Chanak, de Robeck, Keyes, Marmora Dawson, Lieutenant-Commander, 118 Delzons, Contre Amiral, 71, 72 Denikin, General Anton: career, 12 n. 3; and British support, 8, 10, 11, 13, 37, 46; operations in South Russia, 22, 105, 106, and Seymour, 84–6; and Caspian flotilla, 102, 103, 134, 139; and submarines, 107, 109; and de Robeck, 114; urged to come to terms, 124; mistrusts British policy, 134, 193; and Wrangel, 145; at Novorossisk, 182–6, 188–92; precarious position, 193, 194; resignation, 126, 196, 213 n. 1; mentioned, 23, 42, 47, 50, 61, 63, 140, 142, 170, 172, 173, 180. See also Russia, Volunteer Army Dering, Sir Herbert Guy, 324 De Robeck, Vice Admiral John Michael: career, 101 n. 1; and Black Sea situation, 104, 107, 112–14, 123, 124, 134, 136; and Bolshevik threat to Georgia, 127, 197 n. 1, 203, 204, 279; requests for aircraft, 128, 204, 205, 214, 230, 231, 233, 296; and Wrangel, 129, 131, 132, 197, 235, 276, 277, 282; and British prisoners at Baku, 130, 232, 253, 278–80, 283; and Crimea, 133, 147–9, 172, 180–82, 197, 198, 202, 203; cruise in Black Sea, 137–40, 143–6, 149–51, 205–11; and refugees from Crimea, 281, 282, 285, 286; and Turkish Nationalists, 125, 126, 129, 176, 177; cautions on Greek ambitions, 130, 152, 153, 291; and Constantinople, 171, 293, 308, 309, 325, 326; operations in Marmora, 244–51, 267 n. 2, 291, 293, 325; and Dardanelles, 292, 296, 304, 458; and Smyrna, 302–4; surveys of Near East situation, 308–20, 324–8, 332, 333, 366, 392–5, 397, 398; and Soviet aid to Kemalists, 321, 322; and combined exercises, 333, 334; and redistribution of fleets, 441–4; mentioned, 11, 152, 216 n. 1, 237, 294 Dobbie, Brigadier General William G.S., 575, 577, 578 Dodecanese Islands, 483, 487 n. 2, 488 n. 1 602 The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919–1929 Domvile, Captain Barry, 335–8, 350 Doughty, Rear Admiral H.M., 199, 238 Down, Commander Richard, 59–61 Downing, Air Vice Marshal Hugh C.T., 579 Drage, Lieutenant Charles Hardinge, 329–32, 334 Dragomesti Bay, 460, 499–509 Dragomiroff, General A.M., 22 Dratzenko, General, 254, 255 Drax, Rear Admiral Hon. Reginald A.R. Plunkett-Ernle, 572–80 Dreyer, Vice Admiral Frederic Charles, 553, 554, 558, 559 Duckworth, Paymaster Lieutenant Arthur Dyce, 294, 350–53, 457, 464–8 Dumesnil, Contre Amiral Charles Henri, 328, 386, 388, 391 Dunderdale, Sub-Lieutenant, 228 Dunsterville, Major General Lionel, 5, 6 Emini Pasha, 430 Enver Pasha, 309 Erazart, Captain, 117 Erdeli, General I.G., 23, 140, 198, 199 Ermokov, Lieutenant-General, 185, 193 Exercises: ‘M.1’, 462, 565; ‘MU’, 461 n. 3; ‘MZ’, 461, 540–64; ‘NA’, 460, 493–8; ‘NW’, 519–22; ‘NY’, 531–8; ‘OA’, 462, 555, 565 Field, Vice Admiral Frederick Lawrence: career, 520 n. 2; visit to Constantinople, 463, 581–4, 585–9; remarks on exercises, 522, 529, 530, 535–8, 562–4; and redistribution of fleet, 572; mentioned, 457, 477 n. 2, 578 Fisher, Commodore William Wordsworth, 129, 566–9 Fitzmaurice, Commodore Maurice Swynfen: career, 19 n. 3; at Smyrna, 63, 65, 67, 73, 74; and demobilisation problem, 75, 76, 91, 100 Forestier-Walker, Major General George, 21 France: and Black Sea situation, 8, 29, 33; and Kemal, 292, 293, 316, 317, 319, 326, 367, 398 n. 2. See also Amet, D’Anselme, France, Army, France, Navy, Pellé France, Army: at Sevastopol, 35, 36, 44; and South Russia, 26, 28, 31 France, Navy: mutiny at Sevastopol, 9, 42–7, 49; and Calthorpe, 79, 80, 87, 90, 93; and operations in Black Sea, 100, 101, 105–7, 141; at Novorossisk, 168, 169, 186; and cossacks, 192; and fate of Wrangel’s ships, 280, 282, 285, 286, 288; strength, 408, 539; and Smyrna, 425, 436; mentioned, 3, 27. See also Amet, De Bon, Dumesnil Franchet d’Esperey, General Louis Felix, 28, 29, 31, 48, 53, 253 Franklin-Bouillon Agreement (1921), 293 Fremantle, Captain Charles A., 102, 114 Fremantle, Vice Admiral Sydney: career, 174 n. 3; and Constantinople, 126, 174–6; in Eastern Black Sea, 127, 198–200, 216; and Mudania, 130, 257–64, 266–8; and Ismid, 195, 217, 220, 221, 238–44; and Dardanelles, 216, 217; and Greek landing in Thrace, 269–74; returns to Atlantic Fleet, 131 Freydenberg, Colonel Henry, 28 Fuad Ali, 241, 244, 248 Fuller, Captain Cyril T.M., 57, 58, 417–19 Gallipoli, peninsula, 3, 11, 483, 488, 584, 585. See also Chanak, Dardanelles Gambashidze, Mr., 230, 255, 256 Garroni, Marquis Eugenio Camillo, 315, 316 George V, King of England, 8, 33, 299, 420 George II, King of the Hellenes, 298 Georgia: and White Russians, 22, 128, 254, 255, 257; and Bolshevik threat, 127, 199, 203, 204, 206, 209, 210, 256, 257, 304; relations with Cossacks, 207, 209; and British assistance, 215, 279, 283, 256; mentioned, 21. See also Batoum Gerasimov, Vice Admiral Alexandr Mikhailovich, 80, 115, 254 Germany, 3, 4, 13–16, 21, 27 Gerondaz, Captain, 270 Ghemlik, 130, 264–6 Gheneshisk, 60–62, 75, 81, 94, 98, 99, 105, 134. See also Azov, Sea of Gibraltar: and Battle Cruiser Squadron, 409, 411; and redistribution of fleets, 414, 416–18, 440–42, 449, 484, 485; mentioned 410, 413, 415 Glover, Lieutenant Philip F., 243 Gough-Calthorpe, Admiral Sir Arthur Somerset: career, 12 n. 1; as Index 603 C-in-C Mediterranean, 3–5, 7, 24, 25; and Black Sea, 9, 17–19, 49–53, 59, 86–90; and assistance to Volunteer Army, 8, 15, 16, 24, 95; and Sevastopol, 12–15, 17, 33, 37, 38, 47, 48; and Smyrna, 57–9, 66–74; and unrest in fleet, 75; and French, 79, 80, 90, 91 Gould see Muirhead-Gould Granville, Earl (George Leveson Gower), 306 Great Britain, Army (units): 28th Division, 216, 248; 10th Brigade, R.F.A., 318; 84th Brigade, 446; 242nd Brigade, 129, 225 n. 2, 232, 248; Durham Light Infantry, 256; East Yorkshires, 444; Gordon Highlanders, 241, 242, 318, 446; Green Howards, 573–5, 579; Hampshires, 318; 3rd Hussars, 445; 20th Hussars, 317; 9th Jats, 226; 50th Kumaon Rifles , 318; 128th Pioneers, 318; 21st Punjabis, 241, 242; 24th Punjabis, 239; 33rd Punjabis, 318; 89th Punjabis, 256; Royal Scots Fusiliers, 184, 187, 189; South Staffordshires, 573–5, 579; South Wales Borderers, 573, 575; 51st Battery, R.F.A., 129, 242 Great Britain, Cabinet: and assistance to Volunteer Army, 8, 24, 123, 124, 128, 136, 137, 229; opposes action against Soviet Government, 177, 186, 193 n. 1, 196; and Batoum, 215, 230; and British prisoners at Baku, 279; and Dardanelles, 295, 296, 345, 347, 354, 356; and ex Goeben, 357 Great Britain, Foreign Office, 8, 277, 308, 321 Greece, 10, 126. See also Greece, Army, Greece, Navy Greece, Army: in Russia, 26–8, 35, 42–5; at Smyrna, 56, 57, 64–74, 376–9; landing at Panderma, 129, 244–7, and Ismid peninsula, 234; landing in Thrace, 257, 269–75; at Ghemlik, 266; at Mudania, 267, 268; offensive in Anatolia, 291–4, 324, 326, 387; threat to Constantinople, 294, 342, 344; forces in the field (1921), 310 Greece, Navy: and Constantinople, 3, 323, and Smyrna, 57, 350, 379; operations in Marmora, 245, 269–75, 297, 307, 372, 374, 375, 397, 399; and Bosphorus, 343; and Lausanne Treaty, 492 Haggard, Captain Vernon H.S., 162–7, 227–9 Hamilton, Captain John C., 258, 573 Harington, Lieutenant-General Charles: career, 304 n. 1; and Constantinople, 293, 294, 301, 343, 398; and Lloyd George, 297, 398; and Dardanelles, 304; meeting with Allies, 315, 316; and de Robeck, 317; plans, 362; and Ismid peninsula, 370, mentioned, 319, 325, 333, 343, 367, 450 Harper, Captain John Ernest Troyte, 437, 444–6 Harvey, Captain Coke, 217 Henderson, Arthur, 581 Henderson, Nevile Meyrick, 342, 450 Holman, Major General Herbert C., 113–15, 168, 169, 184, 190 Holt, Major General M., 199 Hope, Rear Admiral George Price Webley, 137, 172, 177–80, 211–14, 283–5 Hopman, Vizeadmiral Albert, 12, 14, 16 Hughes, Vice Admiral Sir Edward, 82 Hutchinson, Sub-Lieutenant, 21 Hutton, Lieutenant-Commander Reginald Maurice James, 575 Hynes, Lieutenant-Commander William B., 260 Ismet Pasha, General, 291, 292, 299 Ismid: attacked by Nationalists, 129, 195, 225, 226, 231–3, 238–44, 247–51; and Brock, 297, 397; defence of peninsula, 369, 370; mentioned, 3, 17, 217, 236 Italy: projected mandate in Caucasus, 10, 53, 85, 102, 103; and Smyrna, 57, 58, 376, 387; landing in Gulf of Scala Nuova, 72, 73; support for Kemalists, 317, 319, 326; mentioned, 292, 398 Italy, Navy, 3, 386, 408, 436, 539 Japan: possibility of war, 294, 337, 409, 441, 443, 540; and Washington Conference, 336; strength of fleet, 408; role of Mediterranean Fleet, 459, 461 Jellicoe, Admiral of the Fleet John, 7 Johnson, Captain Charles Duncan, 245, 264–6 Johnston, Major, 302, 303, 376, 377 604 The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919–1929 Jutland, Battle of (1916), 461, 462 Kakoulides, Rear Admiral, 69–73 Karl I, Emperor of Austria, 293, 329–32 Karpov, General, 189, 190, 192 Kedroff, Rear Admiral Mikhail, 284 Kelly, Rear Admiral John Donald, 423 Kelly, Commodore William A. Howard, 6, 302, 303 Kemal, Mustafa: career, 125; rallies opposition to Sèvres Treaty, 125, 126, 252, 291, 294; and Soviet Russia, 291, 292, 309; and British, 297, 350, 366, 582; and French, 316, 367; and Smyrna, 350, 380, 386, 389, 391; mentioned, xii, 305, 315, 368, 387, 436, 582 n. 1 Kemal, Youssef, 322 Kerr, Captain W.M., 39–41, 106, 107, 109 Kertch: defence of, 8, 10, 33, 36, 124, 154, 155, 212–14, 221, 222; operations around, 39–42, 48, 54–8, 61–3, 74, 80, 81, 93, 94; and Schilling, 178; air operations, 217–20, 222. See also Azov, Sea of, Crimea Keyes, Vice Admiral Roger John Brownlow: career, 338 n. 1; on redistribution of fleets, 338–41, 484–7; and Bosphorus, 407; and Mosul dispute, 458, 459, 469, 470, 472, 473, 475–7; and Dardanelles (1915), 458; and amphibious exercise, 460, 463–98, 499–509; summer cruise (1926), 481–4, 489; and fleet’s readiness for war, 509–16; mentioned, 292, 298, 338, 457, 461, 463 Keyes, Brigadier Terence Humphrey: career, 143 n. 2; at Novorossisk, 143, 144, 146, 153, 169, 170, 183, 187; mentioned, 194, 213 Kitson, Captain Henry Karslake, 211–14 Knox-Little, Lieutenant-Commander Charles Hugo, 155–7, 167 Kokoloudis, Admiral, 44 Kolchak, Admiral Aleksandr Vasilievich, 24 n. 1, 116 Kress von Kressenstein, Generalmajor Friedrich, 21 Kutepov, Lieutenant-General Alexander Pavlovich, 185 Lafferrière, Capitaine de vaisseau, 436 Lake, Captain Walter, 221–4 Lamb, Sir Harry, 350, 352, 376–80, 384–90 Laurence, Captain Noel Frank, 523 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), xii, 298–301, 422, 423, 450, 483, 491 Lee, 1st Baron (Arthur Hamilton Lee), 340, 406 Lejay, Contre amiral, 12 n. 2, 13 n. 1, 16 Lindsay, Sir Ronald C., 492 Lloyd George, Rt. Hon. David, xii, 10, 126, 234, 257 n. 1, 291, 297, 298 Long, Walter Hume, 124, 174 Lowden, John, 118, 120, 136, 162 Luke, Commander Harry C., 205, 210, 232, 253, 255, 256 Mackinder, Sir Halford John: career, 135 n. 1; guarantee, 123, 124, 135, 136, 144, 146, 151–3, 170, 173, 177, 186; and Denikin, 139; and Wrangel, 145 Madden, Admiral Sir Charles E., 174, 216 n. 1, 334 n. 1, 569–71 Maitland, Captain F., 331 n. 1 Maitland-Kirwan, Captain L., 330, 331 Makhno, Nestor I., 112 Makhrov, General P.S., 228 Malta: capacity, 301, 410, 412, 417, 418, 440, 441, 447, 448, 460, 484, 485, 490; drydock, 409, 448, 449; yards, 411, 415; congestion at, 566–72; mentioned, 7, 410 Marguerye, Contre amiral Robert M.G.A. de, 105–7 Marie, Dowager Empress of Russia, 8, 31–4 Mariupol, 109–13. See also Azov, Sea of Marmora, Sea: operations in: 244–51, 257–68; landing of Greek army in Thrace, 269–74; and use by Greek warships, 297, 307, 372, 374, 375; planned operations in Mosul dispute, 458, 459, 471–4, 477–81; mentioned, iv, xi, xii, 291, 304, 360 Maund, Lieutenant A.C., 21 Mavroudis, Captain, 67, 68 McCully, Rear Admiral Newton A. (USN), 165, 166, 192 Mediterranean Fleet: inter war, xi, xii, 457, 461; in Black Sea, 7, 18, 19, 35, 124, 132; unrest in, 9; and Greco-Turkish clash, 126, 130; and ex-Emperor Karl, 293; rescue of Prince Andrew, 299; redistribution of fleets, 293, 294, 335–41, 395, 407–11, 439–44, 447–53, 460, 490, 491, 539, 540, 566–9, 572; Board of Admiralty decisions, 451–3, Index 605 570, 571; reinforced during Chanak crisis, 351; annual cruise, 457, 458; preparedness for war, 459, 460, 509–16; role in war with Japan, 461, 459; and Palestine, 462; mentioned, 291, 293, 304. See also Exercises, Gibraltar, Malta Mehmed VI, Sultan, 298 Methuen, Field Marshal Lord, 34 Millerand, Alexandre, 234 Milne, Lieutenant-General Sir George: career, 21 n. 2; and Seymour, 21; and need for British troops, 123; and Batoum, 127, 201, 204; joint telegrams with de Robeck, 134–6, 146; and Novorossisk, 141–3, 184, 185, 187; warning about Turks, 152; and Greeks, 252; mentioned, 147, 149–51, 179, 230, 237 Mobil Naval Base, 459, 460, 474, 479, 480, 510, 511, 518 Montague-Bates, Brigadier General Francis Stuart, 195, 221, 225, 232, 238, 248 Morgan, James, 63, 67, 68, 73, 302 Mosul, 458, 469 n. 1, 483. See also Keyes, Marmora, Mediterranean Fleet Mountbatten, Lieutenant Louis, 464 Mudania: British landing, 130, 257–64, 266–8; conference, 398; armistice, xii, 297, 298, 403, 404 Mudros, 3, 305 Muirhead-Gould, Lieutenant-Commander Gerard Charles, 146, 155, 190 Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 331 Neniukoff, Vice Admiral, 115, 116, 148 Nicholson, Rear Admiral Wilmot S., 374, 388, 431, 433–8 Nikolaiev: submarines under construction, 9, 88, 104, 107, 109; and Volunteer Army, 8, 10, 16, 26, 27, 101, 102, 105; ships removed, 141 Norris, Commodore David T.: and Caspian Flotilla, 76–9, 81–3; mentioned, 6, 102. See also Caspian Sea, Baku Noureddin Pasha, 350 n. 2, 380, 389, 390 Novorossisk: and supplies for Denikin, 8; situation, 22, 153; threatened by Green Army, 104; evacuation, 123, 124, 135, 136, 142, 168–71, 182–94 Nutt, Major R.K.C. (RMLI), 195, 243, 258 Odessa: captured by Bolsheviks, 8, 11; situation, 10, 15, 16, 27, 28, 140; recaptured by Volunteer Army, 10, 108, 109; defence of, 118–20, 141, 142, 149, 150; evacuation, 124, 134, 136; British role in evacuation, 155–67 Oliver, Vice Admiral Henry F., 332, 339 n. 2 and n. 3, 465 Owen, Major, 118, 120 Palestine, 333, 462, 572–7 Papoulos, General, 302, 303 Parakevopoulos, General, 270, 310 Parker, Captain Henry Wise, 411–16, 556 Pawsey, Commander H.T.W., 575 Pellé, General Maurice César Joseph, 316, 344, 367, 386, 389 Pepe, Ammiraglio, 386, 391 Percy, Brigadier General J.S.J.: career, 143 n. 1; and British Military Mission, 143, 144, 146, 153, 168, 182, and Wrangel, 227, 228; mentioned, 194 Perekop, 26, 28, 48, 124, 134, 140, 141, 149. See also Crimea Petlura, Simon Vasilievich, 15, 16 Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, 299, 422 Playfair, Group Captain Patrick H.L., 575, 577 Poincaré, Raymond, 367 Poole, Major General Frederick Cuthbert, 22 Poti, 21 Pound, Captain A. Dudley, 342 n. 3, 393, 394, 406–11 Powell, Commander Halsey (USN), 426, 428 Power, Lieutenant-Commander Arthur J., 161 Price, G. Ward, 353, 383 Prosser, Captain, 427–9, 434, 438 Raikes, Captain Robert Henry Taunton, 573, 579 Rattigan, William F.A., 316, 317 Rauch, General, 15 Red Army: at Sevastopol, 34, 35; at Kertch, 55, 218–20, 222; at Gheneshisk, 75; offensive in Poland, 131, 276. See also Bolsheviks Rees, Bowen, 377, 384 Reinold, Captain Harold Owen, 118–20, 142 n. 1, 149, 157–63 Rendel, Lieutenant H.L., 96, 97 Rendorp, Captain, 427, 428 Repoulis, Emmanouil, 73 606 The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919–1929 Rodjestvensky, Admiral Zinovi P., 117 Romanos, Athos, 302, 303 Royal Air Force, 220, 296, 401, 445. See also Air Ministry Royal Marines: at Sevastopol, 16; at Ismid, 129, 195, 225, 239, 243; at Odessa, 160, 162; at Constantinople, 175, 583; at Novorossisk, 184; at Mudania, 258, 259, 261–3, 268; at Ghemlik, 264–6; reinforcements sent to Mediterranean Fleet, 296, 401; at Smyrna, 378, 380; in amphibious exercise, 460, 493–509, and Mosul crisis, 479; and ‘Marine Striking Force’, 514, 515, 519; in Palestine, 573, 574 Royal Navy: Aegean Squadron, 66, 91, 100; 1st Battle Squadron, 125, 130, 152, 234, 266, 402, 498, 531, 561; 2nd Battle Squadron, 549, 554; 3rd Battle Squadron, 545, 550–52, 554, 563, 567, 568; 4th Battle Squadron, 7, 313, 402; Battle Cruiser Squadron, 541, 548–51, 553, 554; 1st Cruiser Squadron, 494, 520, 531, 539, 540, 556, 566–8, 570; 2nd Cruiser Squadron, 490; 3rd Cruiser Squadron, 494, 531; 1st Light Cruiser Squadron, 412, 419, 440; 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron, 402, 425, 440, 490; 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron, 7, 137, 313, 363–5, 402, 412, 419, 424, 440, 480; 1st Destroyer Flotilla, 296, 401. 402, 414, 423, 440, 523, 531, 541, 552; 2nd Destroyer Flotilla, 296, 297, 354, 363, 400, 402, 414, 440, 538, 541; 3rd Destroyer Flotilla, 297, 300, 354, 372, 400, 402, 415, 423, 439, 440, 473, 531, 537, 541; 4th Destroyer Flotilla, 415, 440, 531, 541; 5th Destroyer Flotilla, 19, 414, 541, 552; 6th Destroyer Flotilla, 7, 414, 440, 541, 552; 7th Destroyer Flotilla, 297, 313, 360, 372, 402, 414, 423; 8th Destroyer Flotilla, 402, 414, 423; 9th Destroyer Flotilla, 414, 440; 1st Submarine Flotilla, 441, 557; 2nd Submarine Flotilla, 296, 301, 399, 401, 441, 452; 5th Submarine Flotilla, 7; 1st Minesweeping Flotilla, 469–71; 4th Minesweeping Squadron, 7. See also Admiralty, Mediterranean Fleet, Warships (British) Rumbold, Sir Horace George Montague, 297, 322, 333, 343 n. 1, 398 n. 2, 432 Russia, Green Guards, 104, 145, 168–71, 182, 183 Russia, Navy: Black Sea Fleet, 3–5, 9, 11, 13, 14; at Sevastopol, 17, 36, 45, 46; submarines scuttled, 46–8; reestablishment of Black Sea Fleet, 85, 86, 113, 115–17; final fate, 132, 148 n. 1, at Novorossisk, 192. See also Nikolaiev, Warships (Russian) Russia, Soviet: and Kemalists, 292, 293, 309; suspected designs on Anatolia, 304; warships for Kemalists, 321, 357, 365, 369; and Mosul crisis, 471 n. 1. See also Bolsheviks, Red Army Russia, Volunteer Army: and Crimea, 13, 26, 28, 98, 99, 123, 124, 149, 179, 193, 194; and Odessa, 16, 108, 118–20, 142, 149; at Kertch, 36, 39–42, 50, 54, 55, 61, 62, 74, 80, 93, 94; deprecated by Amet, 48, 49; and Caspian, 83; and Nikolaiev, 101–3, 105; at Novorossisk, 104, 184, 185, 190; and Mariupol, 110, 111; final offensive, 128; mentioned, 7, 8, 10. See also Denikin, Wrangel Sablin, Rear Admiral Mikhail Pavlovich, 80, 101, 109, 115, 116, 227, 228 Sagot-Duvauroux, Vice Amiral, 67, 71, 72, 100 Samuel, Sir Herbert Louis, 333 Sannikoff, General A.S., 28 Schilling, General Nikolai: and Odessa, 118–20, 134, 136, 140, 141, 150, 160, 163, 164; and Crimea, 169, 172, 177–80; mentioned, 168, 194 Schwarz, General O.V., 28 Scott, Captain C.A., 424, 426–31, 438 Sergaief, Captain, 115 Sevastopol: falls to Bolsheviks, 9, 48, 49, 55, 56; recaptured by Volunteer Army, 10, 99; situation, 13, 16, 34–8, 228, 229, mutiny in French fleet, 42–7; and de Robeck, 148; mentioned, 3, 5, 8 Sèvres, Treaty of (1920), 125, 126, 291–3, 303, 306, 310 Seymour, Captain Claude, 286, 287 Seymour, Rear Admiral Michael see Culme-Seymour Index 607 Sforza, Carlo, 367 Ships (Ambulance Transports and Hospital): Alsageric (H), 20; Berbice (H), 184, 248; Bien Hoa (H), 142; Bruenn (A), 138, 142, 144; Empire (H), 138, 153; Glengorm Castle (H), 138, 159, 160, 164; Gloucester Castle (H), 138; Hanover (A), 138, 142, 144, 187 Maine (H), 351; Panama (A), 138, 142, 144; Peter the Great (H), 142, 147 Ships (Colliers and Oilers): Agnes Duncan, 313; Baku, 141, 157, 159, 160–61, 165; Brambleleaf (RFA), 313; British Beacon (RFA), 438; British Lantern (RFA), 138; Burgomeister Schroeder, 169, 178; Harvester, 137, 165; Levnet, 439; Mercedes (RFA), 137, 143, 147, 149; Montenol (RFA), 158, 185, 188, 287, 313, 328, 329; Perthshire (RFA), 138; Petroleum (RFA), 438; Regina, 188,189; Slavol (RFA), 313; War Nizam (RFA), 138; War Pathan (RFA), 576; Wotan, 137, 158 Ships (Store Carriers and Transports): Abbassieh, 300, 427–9, 434, 438; Amacia, 20; Amazonia, 142; Anatoly Molchanov, 160, 164, 165; Antioch, 377, 379; Antissa, 377; Arabic, 301; Asteria (RFA), 62; Asia, 76–8; Astrakhan, 142; Aylesbury, 429; Bacchus (RFA), 438, 439; Baron Beck, 179, 184, 187, 188; Blacktoft, 439; Braunfels, 142, 171, 183; Buenos Ayres, 106, 108; Cesarevitch Georgei, 188, 189; Christian Nebe, 166; City of Versailles, 389–91, 429; Clan Graham, 91; Dimitri, 160; Djerba, 385; Dodecanese, 271, 272; Doldan, 165; Don, 141 n. 1, 166, 167; Elpiniki, 377, 384–6, 388, 390; Elsdon, 401, 438, 439; Gourko, 429; Gregor, 189; Guldjemal, 108; Gulnihal, 231, 239; Habsburg, 158, 159, 170; Huntsclyde, 179, 185, 188, 191; Ismalia, 188; Kapurthala, 31, 32, 155; Katoria, 31, 188, 192; Kherson, 170; Kinfauns Castle, 401; Kolyma, 191; Korniloff, 166; Lederer Sandor, 210; Levant, 382; Margarita, 254, 255; Mechta, 143; Michail, 166; Mingary, 377, 378, 388, 390; Mogid, 284; Molchanoff, 170; Nikolaev, 160; Ocama, 31; Odessa (icebreaker), 141 n. 1, 157–60, 162, 166; Overton (RFA), 141, 157, 159, 160, 162; Palacky, 164; Paralos, 270, 274, 275; Penpol, 188; Perthshire (RFA), 438, 439; Phrygia, 31; Praga, 287; Rio Negro, 159, 160, 164, 188; Rio Pardo, 159; Rocksand, 62; Rossia, 166, 223; Sagitta, 31; Saratov, 159; Spartan, 158; Spiraea, 62; Sunland, 31; Tantah. 428, 429; Teofany, 160; Tourville, 388, 390; Tsar Sebastien, 166, 167; Varna, 21; Vladimir, 160, 187; Volo, 354, 438, 439; Windsor Castle, 76, 78, 82; Worsley Hall, 387, 389–91 Ships (Tugs): Alice, 161, 264 n. 2; Andros, 258, 259, 261, 266; Choorbash, 161; Coq, 162; La Nina, 157, 159; Morge, 161 Shkuro, General Andrei G., 205–7, 209, 210 Sidorin, Lieutenant-General, 189, 190 Simonetti, Ammiraglio di Squadra Diego, 477 Singapore, 336, 337, 409, 441, 443, 461 Slaschov, General Y.A., 140, 149, 180, 194, 222–4, 228 Smith, Captain Aubrey C.H., 225, 226, 231, 232, 274, 275 Smith, Lieutenant-Colonel Ian M., 63, 67, 68, 74 Smyrna: and Greek occupation, 10, 56, 57, 63–74; 99, 100; destruction of, 294, 350–53; and Brock, 294, 295, 344, 345, 376–83, 390; Turkish ultimatum on foreign warships, 299, 300, 424–6, 431, 432; situation, 302–4, 384–92, 433–8; evacuation of refugees, 375, 376, 385, 387–92 Smyth, Colonel, 44 Sochi, 153, 205–10, 214 Spickernell, Captain Frank T., 465 Stairvitsky, General, 178, 179, 224 Steel, Air Commodore John M., 353 Stergiadis, Aristeides, 72, 73, 303, 376, 378 Steriopol, Lieutenant-Commander, 329 Stoessel, Colonel Alexandre A., 165 Stokes, Lieutenant-Colonel Claude B., 230 Stokes, Commander O., 217–20 608 The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919–1929 Subotin, General, 148 Suez Canal, 341 Suffren de Saint Tropez, Chef d’escadre Pierre André, 82 Supreme War Council, 56, 58, 66 Sutor, Commander Roy N., 146 Swabey, Captain George T.C.P., 200 Talbot, Commander Gerald Francis, 421 Thesiger, Captain Bertram Sackville, 34, 42, 43, 94, 379 Tiflis, 8 Trousson, Colonel, 35, 43 Turkey: and Sèvres Treaty, 172, 176, 177; treaties with French and Italians, 292; and Soviet Russia, 292, 320, 357; protests naval exercises, 482 n. 1; visit of British ships, 491, 492, 581–8. See also Kemal, Mustafa Turkey, Army: forces in the field (1921), 309, 310; and Smyrna, 379–81, 384. See also Bosphorus, Constantinople, Chanak, Dardanelles, Ismid, Mudania Turle, Commander Charles E., 23 Tyrwhitt, Rear Admiral Reginald Yorke: career, 324 n. 2; at Smyrna, 350, 380, 382–92; mentioned, 329, 334, 423 United States, 336, 375, 376, 381, 388, 391 Venizelos, Eleutherios, 234, 252, 253, 291, 302, 305, 306 Waldersee, Generalleutnant Georg Graf von, 12, 13 Walker, Commander F.H.G., 267 Walshe, Colonel Frederick W.H., 141, 149, 158, 162–5, 283, 284 Warships (American): Battleship: Arizona; 63, 67 Cruiser: Galveston, 192 Destroyers: Biddle, 161; Edsall, 426, 428, 429; Humphreys, 302; Lichfield, 390; Luce, 63; Smith Thompson, 168; Stribling, 63; Talbot, 165 Submarine Chaser: S.C.96, 268 Yacht: Scorpion, 174 Warships (Australian): Cruiser: Brisbane, 18 Warships (British): Battleships: Agamemnon, 3, 14, 17, 18; Ajax, 7, 100, 134, 138, 139, 158–60, 162–7, 174, 175, 205, 207, 208, 210, 211, 227, 228, 237, 249, 254, 302 306, 333, 345 n. 1, 401, 402, 452; Barham, 494, 523, 531, 540, 551, 567, 571–4, 576–80; Benbow, 7, 100, 130, 137, 143, 145, 146, 148, 153, 154, 169, 174, 175, 237, 245–51, 264 n. 2, 266, 308, 423, 541, 550; Caesar, 18; Canada, 100; Centurion, 7, 161, 234, 278, 287 n. 1, 302, 325, 423, 452; Emperor of India, 7, 34 n. 3, 42, 45, 54, 55, 63, 66, 74, 80, 95, 109, 168, 169, 184, 186, 187, 189–92, 212, 237, 249, 254, 256, 257, 300, 426, 433, 434, 469, 541, 557, 559, 567 n. 1; Iron Duke, 7, 33, 42, 45, 48, 66–8, 74, 114–16, 118, 130, 137–41, 143–5, 147–9, 230, 236, 237, 247, 249, 250, 264 n. 2, 265, 267, 294, 295, 308, 344, 345, 350, 376, 378, 379, 381, 382, 384, 402, 414, 422, 423, 465; King George V, 295, 304, 308, 345, 379, 384, 385, 401, 423; Lord Nelson, 3, 7, 18, 20, 25, 33, 34; Malaya, 298, 356, 400, 423, 567, 571; Marlborough, 7, 8, 31–4, 62, 74, 80, 94, 130, 141, 142, 148, 154, 174, 175, 237, 245–7, 251, 264 n. 2, 265, 301, 345 n. 1, 423, 541, 551, 567 n. 1; Nelson, 452, 460, 484, 487, 490, 491, 539, 541, 551, 552, 567–70; Queen Elizabeth, 460, 464, 469, 477, 514, 520, 523, 525, 531, 537, 540, 567, 570, 572, 581, 583–5, 587, 588; Ramilles, 129–31, 174, 175, 195, 198–200, 206, 225, 231, 234, 237–40, 242, 243, 249–51, 266, 270, 273–5, 356, 400, 520, 521, 523, 531, 540, 550; Resolution, 130, 174, 175, 198, 199, 216, 217, 234, 236–8, 247, 249, 251, 266, 268, 425, 426, 433, 434, 437, 445, 491, 494, 520, 523, 528 n. 1, 531, 540, 557; Revenge, 129–31, 174–6, 195, 198–200, 206, 216, 220, 221, 234, 237–40, 243, 247, 250, 257–9, 261–3, 266–73, 356, 400, 423, 443, Index 609 464, 487, 540, 551, 555; Rodney, 452, 460, 484, 487, 490, 491, 539, 541, 551, 552, 567–70; Royal Oak, 130, 174–6, 195, 198, 216, 234, 236–8, 247, 249, 251, 256, 266, 268, 461, 494, 497, 498, 520, 523, 531, 540, 550; Royal Sovereign, 130, 131, 174, 175, 195, 198, 216, 234, 237, 249, 250, 257–63, 266, 267, 270, 274, 275, 433, 491, 520, 521, 523, 531, 540, 550; Superb, 3, 7, 12 n. 2, 14, 15, 17, 18, 25; Temeraire, 3, 12 n. 2, 14, 17, 18; Valiant, 476, 520, 523, 531, 567, 571; Warspite, 413, 494, 496–8, 508, 520, 521, 567, 571, 572 Battlecruisers: Hood, 334 n. 2, 541, 550; Renown, 541, 550; Repulse, 334 n. 2, 541, 550 Aircraft Carriers: Argus, 128, 204, 295, 296, 299, 347–9, 353, 354, 371, 400, 422, 423, 441, 474, 541, 543, 545, 550–52; Ark Royal, 51, 128, 129, 174, 175, 204, 206, 207, 237, 239, 240, 243, 248, 269, 271, 273, 296, 371, 401, 423; Courageous, 462, 520, 523, 529, 541, 543, 552–5, 565 n. 1, 573–8, 580–87; Eagle, 301, 441, 448, 451, 468, 472, 474, 479, 480, 484, 494, 498, 507, 520, 523–5, 527, 529, 531, 532, 537, 541, 543, 551, 565 n. 1; Empress, 26, 28, 36, 39, 106; Engadine, 99, 102, 106; Furious, 441, 472, 474, 541, 543, 549–51, 553–5, 557–60, 565 n. 1; Hermes, 301, 441, 451, 472, 474, 480, 494; Pegasus, 128–30, 155, 185, 190, 192, 198, 204, 211–14, 217, 218, 220, 226, 231, 232, 237, 239, 240, 243, 245, 246, 248, 249, 251, 257, 261, 262, 267, 302, 306, 308, 313, 317, 402, 423, 425, 433, 434, 474 n. 1; Vindictive, 401, 541 Cruisers: Adventure, 18, 64, 67, 74, 100, 541, 543, 549; Cairo, 523, 531, 541, 545; Caledon, 400, 520, 523, 541, 552; Calliope, 531, 541, 552; Calypso, 39, 42, 47, 55, 56, 62, 81, 94, 95, 98, 139, 141, 186, 190, 197, 278, 279, 287, 299, 421, 423, 426–31, 433–5, 438, 520, 523; Cambrian, 401, 423, 541; Canterbury, 16, 18, 541; Caradoc, 31, 36, 39–41, 54, 56, 94, 98, 101–3, 106, 109–11, 113, 199, 200, 206, 207, 214, 215, 251, 373, 423; Cardiff, 141, 158, 162, 163, 167, 179, 228, 293, 295, 329–32, 384, 386, 388–92, 423, 494, 520, 523, 531, 541, 552, 563; Carysfort, 400, 423, 439; Centaur, 39, 41, 55, 62, 63, 66, 67, 73, 76, 139, 140, 179, 211, 212, 278, 283, 284, 329, 423, 541, 549; Ceres, 118, 141, 149, 150, 155, 157–65, 236–8, 249, 251, 277, 400, 423, 520, 523, 531, 541, 581; Comus, 541; Concord, 141, 144, 146, 153, 223, 224, 228, 237, 249, 423; Coventry, 480, 520; Curacoa, 295, 299, 300, 369, 376, 388, 391, 400, 423, 425–7, 433–5, 437; Danae, 520, 531, 536, 541, 556; Delhi, 520, 523, 525, 526, 528, 529; Devonshire, 566; Dragon, 523; Endymion, 18; Foresight, 18; Forward, 15, 18, 31; Frobisher, 494, 520, 531, 536, 540, 556; Grafton, 16, 18, 32; Liverpool, 8, 17, 18; London, 566; Pelorus, 18; Pyramus, 18, 91; Shropshire, 566; Skirmisher, 12 n. 2, 15, 16, 30; Sussex, 566, 572, 573, 576–80; Theseus, 17, 18 Destroyers: Amazon, 547 n. 2; Ambuscade, 547 n. 2; Beaver, 15; Campbell, 400; Douglas, 520, 523, 541, 557, 563; Druid, 66 n. 1; Forester, 59–62, 75, 80, 98; Fury, 36, 39, 42; Goshawk, 21; Martin, 99; Miranda, 554; Montrose, 42, 55, 63, 81, 94, 98, 102, 104, 106, 130, 148, 153, 154, 179, 189, 264 n. 2, 265, 278, 280, 293, 302, 321, 322, 365, 523; Nereide, 15; Northesk, 66 n. 1; Parthian, 36, 39–41, 60–62, 75, 81; Rigorous, 401; Rocket, 401, 402; Romola, 401; Senator, 254; Sepoy, 217, 221, 225, 226, 307; Seraph, 81, 93, 94, 98, 106, 189, 190, 211, 213, 283, 284, 302; Serapis, 137, 141, 295, 381, 384, 386–8; Shamrock, 285; Shark, 16, 110, 111, 113, 239, 240, 245, 246, 249, 250, 278; Sikh, 22, 104, 183, 186, 189, 190, 213, 224, 227, 302, 402; Sirdar, 226, 231, 232, 239, 240, 302, 402; Somme, 137, 141, 236, 610 The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919–1929 238, 251, 302; Sparrowhawk, 434; Spear, 66 n. 1, 98, 102, 141, 245, 246; Speedy, 32, 81, 139, 141, 195, 264 n. 2; Spencer, 400; Splendid, 302; Sportive, 95, 98, 99, 102, 124, 130, 141, 155, 158–60, 162–5, 167, 217–22, 224, 264 n. 2, 265; Steadfast, 55, 66 n. 1, 103, 106, 137, 141, 153, 169, 170, 183, 187, 189, 190, 192, 196, 206–8; Stuart, 32, 63, 66, 68, 106, 148, 153, 187, 189, 190, 237, 245, 246, 269, 271–3, 302, 304, 306, 307, 402, 520, 536; Swallow, 141, 254, 256, 269–74; Tetrarch, 541; Tobago, 31, 62, 118, 132, 206, 286, 287; Tomahawk, 141, 142, 153, 178, 217–19, 224, 347; Torch, 141, 154, 155, 169, 347; Tourmaline, 286, 287; Tribune, 16, 141, 142; Trinidad, 293, 321, 322, 384; Tumult, 106, 212, 213, 214, 217, 347, 401; Tuscan, 347, 401; Tyrian, 541, 551; Valentine, 523, 526, 529; Vampire, 523; Vancouver, 401; Vanessa, 523, 525, 526; Vanquisher, 400, 520; Vectis, 400; Vega, 523, 526, 529; Venetia, 130, 175, 184, 187, 198, 199, 206, 217, 239, 241, 247, 249, 257, 259, 266, 268, 400, 520; Verity, 400; Versatile, 401, 541; Vesper, 175, 195, 198–200, 206, 207, 210, 217, 231, 232, 238, 241, 248, 249, 251, 266, 268; Veteran, 400, 573, 575–8, 584–6; Viceroy, 400, 523, 525; Vidette, 131, 175, 195, 198, 238, 247, 249, 251, 266, 268–70, 274, 275; Vimiera, 523, 541; Violent, 400; Viscount, 400, 520; Vivacious, 523; Vortigern, 401; Wakeful, 541; Walker, 401; Wallace, 401; Wanderer, 400, 573, 575–8, 581, 584–6; Warwick, 401; Watchman, 401; Waterhen, 523; Westcott, 130, 131, 175, 176, 195, 198, 217, 231, 241, 243, 247, 249, 257, 260–62, 266, 268–70, 274, 275; Whirlwind, 401; Wild Swan, 400, 531, 581, 584, 585; Winchelsea, 400, 520; Wishart, 400, 547 n. 2; Witherington, 400, 547 n. 2; Wivern, 400; Wolfhound, 400; Wolverine, 400, 531; Wryneck, 552 Submarines: E.21, 12 n. 2; E.46, 96, 97; H.32, 401, 402; K.26, 541, 545, 552, 557; L.16, 541; L.18, 523, 525–8, 541; L.21, 401, 523, 527, 528, 541; L.22, 401; L.23, 523, 525–8, 530, 541, 552; L.24, 401; L.25, 401; L.26, 541; L.52, 401; L.53, 541; L.54, 541; L.56, 541; L.69, 541; L.71, 401, 541; X.1, 523, 525–8 Sloops: Bryony, 464, 465, 581, 584, 585; Chrysanthemum, 423; Coreopsis, 61, 62, 74; Dianthus, 32, 40, 74, 285; Gardenia, 206, 210, 239, 248, 250; Heliotrope, 31, 102; Hibiscus, 32, 184, 216; Mimosa, 64 Monitors: Erebus, 401; Humber, 18; Earl of Peterborough, 19; M.16, 18; M.17, 18, 26, 28, 34, 36, 39, 42; M.18, 18, 26, 36, 39, 98, 99, 102; M.19, 18; M.20, 94; M.22, 98, 99, 102; M.29, 18, 55, 103; Sir Thomas Picton, 19 Gunboat: Glowworm, 330 n. 1 Armed Merchantmen (Caspian Flotilla): Emile Nobel, 6, 76–9, 82; Kruger, 6, 56, 76–9, 82, 83; Venture; 56, 76–8, 83; Zoraster, 56, 79 Minesweepers: Burselm, 470; Fermoy, 401; Folkestone, 100; Gazelle, 100; Hussar, 97, 174; Truro, 470 Trawlers, Drifters and Small Patrol Craft: D.H.S., 23; Gertrude Cappleman, 55; J.A.C., 23; ML.204, 39; ML.405, 42; ML.414, 225; Moy, 434; P.38, 401; P.40, 401; Redrift, 23; Thomas Evison, 65; Young Sid, 23 Depot Ships and Other Auxiliaries: Adamant, 12 n. 2, 17; Aquarius, 51; Assistance, 441, 452, 541, 547 n. 2; Blenheim, 137, 237; Cove, 51; Cyclops, 441, 523; Diligence, 412, 414, 422, 423, 441, 451; Egmont, 479; Europa, 75, 76; Greenwich, 414, 441, 451; Guardian, 460 n. 1; Lucia, 400, 402, 423, 452; Princess Ena, 31, 44; Queen Victoria, 51; River Clyde, 91; St. George, 91, 100; Sandhurst, 354, 400, 414, 422, 423, 439, 541, 547 n. 2; Surprise, 306, 307; Valhalla II, Warships (British): Destroyers: (cont’d) Index 611 100; Wyola, 48. See also Ships (Ambulance Transports and Hospital), Ships (Colliers and Oilers), Ships (Store Carriers and Transports), Ships (Tugs) Warships (British Classes): ‘Barham’, 567, 568; ‘C’ (cruisers), 7, 296; ‘Cardiff’, 413; ‘D’ (cruisers), 412; ‘Grafton’, 51; ‘Hood’, 540; ‘Iron Duke’, 301, 334, 339 n. 1, 413, 416, 440–42, 451, 480, 490, 543; ‘King George V’, 339 n. 1, 409; ‘L’ (submarines), 354 n. 1, 545; ‘M’ (monitors), 18; ‘M’ (submarines), 354 n. 1; ‘Nelson’, 543; ‘P’ (patrol boats), 51, 93; ‘Queen Elizabeth’, 7, 301, 334, 337, 339, 409, 412, 413, 416, 417, 440, 441, 448, 451, 475, 480, 485, 490, 539, 543, 567–71; ‘Renown’, 540; ‘Revenge’, 301, 334, 412, 440, 442, 443, 448, 451, 485, 490, 567; ‘Royal Sovereign’, 7, 125, 126, 339, 487; ‘S’ (destroyers), 413 Warships (Bulgarian): Torpedo boat: Chrabri, 23 Warships (Dutch): Coast Defence Ship: Tromp, 427–9 Warships (French): Battleships: Democratie, 12 n. 2; France, 42, 44–7; Jean Bart, 34, 43–5, 47, 66, 386, 391; Justice, 12 n. 2, 16, 43, 44, 55, 56; Lorraine, 71, 174; Mirabeau, 16, 32, 43, 55, 56; Vergniaud, 43, 45 Cruisers: Ernest Renan, 428, 429, 436; Jules Michelet, 174, 192; Waldeck Rousseau, 169, 186 Destroyers: Algerien, 160, 163; Bambara, 101, 102; Capitaine Mehl, 142; Casque, 142; Commandant Bory, 74; Enseigne Roux, 191; Hova, 376, 386; Kabyle, 158, 160, 163; Somali, 119, 386, 389, 429; Tonkinois, 390 Sloop: Algol, 166 Anti Submarine Gunboats: Dedaigneuse, 434, 435; Gracieuse, 272, 275 Warships (German): Battlecruiser: Goeben, 117 Submarines: UB.14, 14; UB.42, 14; UC.25, 14; UC.37, 14 Yacht: Lorelei, 14 Warships (Greek): Battleships: Kilkis, 44, 45, 69, 174, 245, 268–73, 279; Lemnos, 36, 39–41, 302, 379 Cruiser: Georgios Averoff, 30, 67, 68, 73, 269, 274 Destroyers: Aetos, 245, 269, 271, 272; Ierax, 168, 269, 270, 274, 275; Leon, 68, 245, 269; Nea Genea, 73 Warships (Italian): Battleships: Duilio, 67, 317; Roma, 12 n. 2 Cruisers: Agordat, 12 n. 2, 287; Pisa, 174; Venezia, 427–9 Yacht: Galileo, 384 Warships (Russian): Battleships: General Alexieef (ex Volya), 139, 148 n. 1; Orel, 116; Rostislav, 222; Volya, 14, 17, 117 Cruisers: Admiral Nakimoff, 141, 166; General Kornilov (ex Kagoul), 108, 114, 117, 227, 286; Kagoul, 80, 93, 106, 107 Auxiliary Cruisers: Almaz, 87, 148 n. 1; Caspi (Bolshevik), 77 Destroyers: Bezpokoini, 14, 191; Cerigo, 165; Derski, 14, 117, 179; Kapitan Saken, 14, 189–91; Pospeshni, 110, 111, 239, 277; Puilki, 191; Schastlivi, 14, 113; Zante, 166; Zhivoi, 98, 99, 108, 199; Zorki, 14, 227,254, 255; Zvonki, 14 Gunboats: Grosni, 142; K.10, 166; Teretz, 142 Sloop: St. George, 166, 167 Submarines: AG.22, 88, 107 n. 1; AG.23, 88, 107 n. 1; AG.24, 88, 107 n. 1; AG.25, 88, 107 n. 1; AG.26, 88, 107 n. 1; 612 The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919–1929 Lebed, 88, 107 n. 1; Neipa, 88, 107 n. 1; Pelikan, 88, 107, n. 1; Utka, 254, 255 Warships (Turkish): Battlecruiser: Yavouz (ex Goeben), 217, 232, 239, 248, 357, 358, 368, 334, 375, 588 Cruisers: Hamidieh, 587; Mejidieh, 587 Torpedo boat: Ak Hissar, 217 Gunboats: Aydin Reis, 293 n. 1; Hizir Reis, 65; Kemal Reis, 217; Preveze, 293 n. 1 Washington Naval Conference (1921–2), 293, 335, 336 Webb, Rear Admiral Richard, 66, 304, 369 Wells, Commander Lionel V., 258, 260 Whitehead, Captain Frederic Aubrey, 217 Wilson, Lieutenant-General Henry F.M., 240 Wollaston, Captain H.A.B., 421, 422 Wrangel, General Baron Peter Nikolaevich: career, 145; succeeds Denikin, 126, 127; and de Robeck, 145; and British, 197, 213 n. 1, 235, 253, 276; offensives, 128, 131, 132, 223, 224, 228; and Georgia, 255; fate of navy, 281–5; leaves Crimea, 286, 288; and refugees at Mudros, 305; mentioned, 130, 194, 205, 210, 228 X Lighters, 475, 512, 513, 518 Yalta, 32, 33, 98, 110, 111, 148. See also Black Sea, Crimea, Sevastopol Zafiriou, Colonel, 68–71 Zita, Empress of Austria, 293, 330, 331
Paul Halpern was born in New York 27 January 1937, and graduated from the University of Virginia in 1958 with honours in History. He served in the US Army 1958-60, reaching the rank of First Lieutenant. He entered Harvard University in 1960, where he gained an MA in History in 1961 and in 1966 his PhD, with a two volume thesis on The Mediterranean Naval Situation. He spent his entire academic career at Florida State University at Tallahassee, starting as an instructor in 1965, rising to assistant professor in 1966, associate professor in 1970, and professor in 1974. On retiring in 2005 he became emeritus professor. In 1986-87 he served as visiting professor of strategy at the Naval War College in Newport Rhode Island.
He served on the Council of the Navy Records Society 1968-72, 1982-86 and 2010-14. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a member of the American Historical Foundation, the US Naval Institute, the Naval Historical Foundation, Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Eta Sigma
His publications include
• The Mediterranean Naval Situation, 1908-1914 (Harvard University Press, 1971).
• The Naval War in the Mediterranean (Allen and Unwin, 1987).
• The Royal Navy in the Mediterranean, 1915-18 (Navy Records Society, 1987)
• The Keyes Papers, Volume I (Navy Records Society, 1972).
• The Keyes Papers, Volume II (Navy Records Society, 1980).
• The Keyes Papers, Volume III (Navy Records Society, 1981).
• A Naval History of World War I (Naval Institute Press, 1994).
• Anton Haus: Osterreich-Ungarns Grossadmiral (Graz, 1998).
• The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the gateway to the Adriatic in World War I (Indiana University Press, 2004).
• The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919-29 (Navy Records Society, 2011).
• The Mediterranean Fleet, 1930-39 (Navy Records Society, 2016).
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