This volume contains the U-boat situations and trends written by the staff of the Admiralty’s Operational Intelligence Centre during the Second World War. Based largely on communications intelligence, the U-boat situations and trends were designed to inform a small number of senior officers and high officials of the latest events and developments in the Allied war against the U-boats.
The Battle of the Atlantic and the war against the U-boats was the longest and the most complex naval battle in history. In this huge conflict which sprawled across the oceans of the world the U-boats sank 2,828 Allied merchant ships while the Allies destroyed more than 780 German U-boats.
These documents relate on a weekly, and in some cases a daily, basis exactly what the Allies knew concerning the activities of the U-boats during the Battle of the Atlantic.
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INDEX Abadan, 483 Accra, 210-11, 334-5 Acoustic torpedo, 244, 247, 273 Active Service Group, 487 Addu Atoll, 338-9 Aden, 378, 484, 351, 255, 279, 316, 326, 330, 465 Admiral Commanding Northern Waters, 17, 24 Admiral Commanding U-Boats, 6, 15, 24, 78, 91, 187, 394, 404, 430; see also BdU Admiral Commanding Western France, 380 Admiral Norway, 10 Admiralty, xviii, xxvii, 304, 306, 342, 355, 440, 550 Admiralty, First Lord of, xxxii Aegean, 21n Africa, 186, 213, 224, 290, 330, 339, 373, 383, 292, 441, 442 African coast, 348, 364 Aintree convoy, 208, 506, 510 Akureyri, 334, 359 Alacrity, operation, 254, 258 Alboran Island, 371, 373, 377 Alenfjord, 469 Alexandria, 8, 11 Algiers, 31, 71, 268, 313 Alicante, 298, 302, 378, 382 Allied intercept stations, xiii, xiv Amazon, 214 America, xv, xvi, xxx, 9, 11, 12, 50, 65, 71, 116, 142, 144-5, 150, 157, 167, 169, 172, 183, 186-7, 194, 213, 221, 372-3, 553, 557, 564, 568, 593 American area, 66, 364 American coast, 13, 17, 30, 35, 44, 48, 59, 74, 110, 113, 160, 190, 193, 201, 214, 217, 219, 226, 229, 236, 357, 360, 382, 517, 527, 562, 573, 582, 517, 527, 562, 573, 582, 587 American ports, 584 American seaboard, 124, 148, 194, 203, 342, 347, 391, 432 American waters, 12, 18, 39, 41, 51, 61-2, 64, 81, 87, 352, 374, 572 Andaman Islands, 481, 499, 501 Anegada, 330 Anegada Passage, 330 Angers, 430 Anglesea, 513, 527 Angola, 186 Anholt, 586 Anticosti Island, 42, 452, 488 Antilles, 19, 28, 48, 58, 70, 113, 126, 150, 200-1, 265 Antwerp, 534, 536, 577 Anzio, 338-9 Aphrodite, radar decoy, 244n Arabia, 244, 304, 308 Arado Ar 234B-2 jet propelled reconnaissance aircraft, 565 Archangel, 59, 82, 84, 498 Arctic, xvi, xviii, 3, 5, 17, 74, 76, 96, 105, 113, 122, 124, 127, 130, 134, 138, 147, 179, 216, 229, 233, 241, 302, 312, 316, 321, 329, 333, 343, 350, 364, 371-2, 375, 381, 385, 387, 390, 415, 431, 442, 451, 453^, 473, 478, 485, 487, 497, 521, 523, 536, 581, 588-9 Ardennes, German counter offensive, 510, 514 Argentia, 3 Argentine, 48, 89, 382, 400 Aruba, 12, 26, 51, 289-90, 297, 339, 572, 573, 576 Ascantius, 426-7 Ascension, 49, 66, 76, 83, 85, 89, 160, 200, 231n, 268, 278-79, 285, 321, 342, 352, 355, 357, 360, 362, 366, 386-7, 462-3, 465 ASV, 377 Athens, 21 Atlantic, xiii, xxvi, 5, 7, 13, 24, 31, 34, 43, 46, 48, 55, 59, 62, 68, 76, 81, 85, 87-9, 99, 103, 108, 110-11, 114, 121-2, 145, 147, 161, 167, 172, 175, 178-80, 183-4, 186, 190, 193, 196-7, 603 604 INDEX Atlantic cont. 201, 204, 209, 211, 213, 216, 220-1, 223, 225, 227, 232, 235-6, 239, 242, 244. 262, 271, 274, 279, 282, 286, 304, 306, 309-10, 313, 318, 325, 329, 334, 338, 347, 350-1, 359, 367-8, 371-2, 375-6, 381-3, 385, 389, 390-1, 395, 399, 400-1, 405-6, 410-11, 414-15, 419, 432, 435-7, 445, 449, 451, 455-6, 458-95, 480, 485, 495-6, 498, 501. 508, 511, 525, 530-2, 536, 546, 548, 550, 553, 557, 560, 568-9, 576, 578-81, 583-4, 588-9 Atlantic, Battle of, x, xi, xv, xvii, xxvi, xxxxiii-xxxiv Atlantic Section, Combat Intelligence, xiv-xv Australia, 455, 465, 469, 473, 483, 488, 495, 499, 531, 540, 592 Azores, 3-5, 8, 14, 44, 60-1, 64, 74, 79, 81, 88-9, 95-7, 107,116-17, 120-1, 123^, 126-7, 130-1, 137^2, 144-5, 148, 150, 153-4, 157, 160, 179-80, 188-9, 193-4, 196-8, 200-1, 203-4, 206, 217, 220-1, 225, 227, 229, 232, 235-6, 239, 242, 244, 248, 251-2, 254-5, 258-9, 260, 262, 264, 267-8, 271-2, 275-6, 279, 281, 283, 287, 289, 294, 298, 299-300, 302, 304-5, 316, 321, 325, 329, 343, 382, 386, 396, 401, 405, 470, 474-5, 477, 584, 499, 504, 507, 510, 514, 525, 527, 557, 563^, 572, 576, 578, 581-2, 587 Bahamas, 19-20, 33, 145, 190, 217, 342-3, 353, 360 Bahia, 73, 79, 121, 148,179, 190-1,198, 210n, 248-9, 251, 373 Balearics, 51, 69 Baltic, xvi, xviiin, xxvi, lOn, 40, 42, 171, 216, 220-1, 223, 236, 238, 242, 244, 257, 271, 283, 309, 316, 321, 328-9, 334, 336, 351, 364, 367, 372, 375, 377, 386, 389, 391, 399^00, 404-5, 410, 414-16, 418, 427, 433, 440, 462, 473, 479, 483, 495, 501, 529-30, 533-5, 537, 539, 543, 549, 552, 557, 561, 564-5, 569, 571, 575-6, 579, 584 Baluchistan, 348 Bantos, operation, 21 Bantry Bay, 489 Barbadoes, 44, 83, 130, 348 Bardsey Island, 525, 527, 549 Barents Sea, 11, 24, 484 Barra Head, 448, 450 Bartels, Captain Robert, 235 Bathurst, 126, 213, 225 Batavia, 422, 465, 473, 495, 498-9, 517, 526, 553, 557, 562, 572, 575-6, 581, 592 Bay of Bengal, 290, 320, 473, 481, 501, 504, 707, 517 Bay of Biscay, 8, 14, 36, 55, 62, 68, 71, 78, 91, 101, 134, 171, 175, 190, 196-7, 203, 207, 211, 217, 220, 223-4, 226, 229, 233^, 236, 238-9, 242, 244, 261-2, 271, 274, 277-8, 281, 286-7, 289, 299, 301, 304, 312-13, 321, 335, 338-9, 343^, 352, 359, 361, 368, 371, 380, 387, 389-91, 394-6, 410, 430, 435-6, 439-40, 446, 451, 461, 466, 496, 499, 539, 559, 562, 573, 585 Bay Offensive, 204, 220 Bay of Salamis, 459 Bay of Seine, 410, 419 Bayonne, 399 BdU, xii, xiii, xv, xvii, xix, xx, xxv, xxvi, 171, 182, 444-6, 466, 525, 590 Beachy Head, 409, 423, 427, 430-1, 558 Bear Island, 3, 11-12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 29, 31, 37, 68, 71, 77, 98, 124, 130, 134, 138, 197, 203, 229, 254, 278, 280, 282, 302, 306, 312, 316, 356, 421, 437, 442, 454, 456, 472, 478, 491 498, 303, 579, 585-6 Beesly, Patrick, xxxii Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote, see BdU Beira, 98, 360, 364 Beirut, 31, 60 Belfast, 545, 550 Belle Isle, 97 Belle Isle Strait, 127, 440 Belts, 40, 42, 62, 87, 588 Benghazi, 2, 7, 8 Bergen, 21, 31, 34, 40, 55, 87, 110, 216, 220, 235, 238, 242, 244, 257, 347, 351, 372, 381, 435, 451, 455, 457-8, 462, 478, 479-80, 487, 543, 568, 571, 581, 583 Bermuda, 6, 8, 19, 26, 28, 33, 35, 48, 51, 56, 62, 88, 160, 172, 190, 203, 353, 386, 390n, 527 ‘Bernard’, 1 Berwick, 559, 565, 572-3, 577 Biscay, 154, 317, 325, 355, 399, 418, 449, 458, 462 Biscay bases, 444, 446, 460 Biscay ports, 4-6, 8, 15, 28, 41, 43, 88, 99, 199, 164, 204, 220, 232, 236, 241, 248, 286, 298, 351, 355, 364-5, 367, INDEX 605 381, 392, 404-6, 410, 414, 416, 422-3, 434, 437, 441-2, 445, 449, 452, 455, 539, 547, 589 Bizerte, 54, 105 Black Sea, 92, 95 Blacksod Bay, 488 Bletchley Park, xvii, xix, xxii Bloody Foeland, 520 Blyth, 547 Brandenbarg, Lieutenant Commander Karl, 82-3 Brandi, Captain Albrecht, 377 Brazil, 29, 31, 33, 36, 39, 46, 49, 51, 79, 89, 100, 103, 105, 108, 114, 127, 161, 173, 179-80, 183, 190-1, 193-4, 198, 200-1, 207-8, 210-11, 214, 216-17, 219, 221, 225, 228, 232, 236, 239, 241, 245, 254-5, 261-2, 268, 274-5, 278-9, 282, 286, 290, 298-9, 302, 304, 312-14, 339, 360, 364, 372, 376-7, 386-7, 395, 463, 465 Breman, 479, 556, 570n, 577 Brest, 238, 380-1, 394, 404, 409, 429, 430, 432, 437, 439, 449, 581 Bristol Channel, 445-6, 468, 477, 488-9, 494, 496, 498-9, 503 British coastal waters, 494, 499, 501, 503, 518, 554, 562 British declared area, 491 British Guiana, 13 British Isles, xv, 76, 117, 133n, 142n, 144-5, 148n, 194, 271, 282n, 298-9, 305, 442, 459, 474, 478, 496, 498, 508, 517, 527, 553, 559, 561, 573, 576, 582, 585, 587, 593 Brittany, 381, 386-7, 406 Brunsbuttel, 553 Buelow, Captain Schonberg Von, 171 Butt of Lewis, 334, 416, 446, 448, 461 Cabot Strait, 64, 452, 456, 476, 484, 488, 495-6, 507, 510 Calcutta, 495 Calf of Man, 573 Canada, xv, 76, 85, 117, 151, 187, 548, 550, 557, 559 Canadian area, 347, 360, 469, 470, 473, 477, 495, 504 Canadian coast, 217, 226, 229, 361, 582, 587 Canadian waters, 87, 239, 254, 372, 539, 554, 562 Canaries, 11, 15, 19, 21, 39, 51, 62, 64, 88, 95, 97, 130-1, 133, 135, 137, 157-8, 200, 352, 357, 382 Cap Barfleur, 399, 431, 476, 494, 496, 513-14 Cap Chat, 58 Cape Agulhas, 95, 137-8 Cape Blanco, 126, 130, 390-1, 526, 557-8 Cape Clear, 127-8, 281, 342-3, 377, 467-8, 474, 482, 506, 513, 520 Cape Cod, 35, 39, 500, 572-3, 576 Cape Farewell, 127, 147, 151, 158, 161, 182-3, 253, 270 Cape Finisterre, 5, 176, 201, 229, 236, 289-90, 295, 298, 308, 361 Cape Gata, 298, 302 Cape Guardafui, 313 Cape Hatteras, 7, 15, 20, 23, 26, 28, 30, 39, 56, 62, 71, 76, 87, 160, 164, 173, 179-80, 186, 190, 193, 228, 283, 287, 295, 360, 382, 390, 440, 452, 455, 466, 468, 576, 578, 581-2, 585, 587 Cape Jelanija, 77 Cape Juby, 130, 133 Cape of Good Hope, 44, 89, 98, 123, 126-7, 129, 133, 141, 164, 167,169, 172-3, 175, 191, 285, 287, 289-90, 321, 353, 356-7, 360, 373, 437, 473, 495 Cape Orange, 210 Cape Ortegal, 4, 57, 207, 229 Cape Palmas, 20, 26, 87, 150, 160, 283, 285-6, 293-4, 347, 352, 355, 401, 441-2 Cape Point, 89 Cape Race, 3-4, 6, 8, 13-14, 35, 53, 64, 102, 105, 127, 371, 372, 500 Cape Sable, 13 Cape St Vincent, 120,193,197,278, 329 Cape Spartel, 382 Cape Tenes, 378 Cape Town, 18, 21, 66, 85, 89, 93, 104, 108, 110, 121, 124, 137, 160, 180, 182^, 194, 196-7, 204, 220, 224, 228-9, 232, 258, 338, 342, 352, 364, 376, 382, 400, 431, 432, 473, 474, 544 Cape Verde Islands, 11, 15, 30, 39, 41, 51, 61, 64, 87, 91, 96, 113, 137, 160, 162, 164, 172, 197, 199-200, 248, 262, 274, 282, 285, 287, 334, 339, 341, 344, 347-8, 352, 255, 357, 360, 364, 368, 373, 376, 386, 405, 407, 451-2, 455, 463, 465, 467, 473, 477, 553, 562 Cape Wrath, 334, 395, 399, 416, 431, 436, 440, 523, 458, 492, 494, 498, 500, 523, 538, 559, 580 Captain (U-Boats) Norway, 49n, 498 Captain (U-Boats) West, 395, 430, 462 606 INDEX Cardigan Bay, 530-1, 550 Caribbean, 2, 8, 13, 15, 17, 19-21, 23, 26, 28, 30-1, 33, 35, 39, 42, 44, 46, 48, 56-9, 61-2, 64, 68, 70, 73, 79, 87, 89, 96, 98, 110, 113, 117, 121, 126, 130,142,144-5,148,150,154,157, 160-1, 167-8, 172-3, 179, 193-4, 201, 203, 206-8, 210, 213-14, 217, 219, 221, 227, 229, 232, 236, 255, 262, 265, 274-5, 283, 285, 290, 293-5, 297-9, 302, 304, 312, 314, 330-1, 334-5, 339, 343, 347-8, 356-7, 361, 364, 367, 382, 386, 391, 415-16, 422-3, 426-8, 432, 466, 488, 514, 527, 557, 571 Carl Holms device, 466 Cartagena, 36, 47, 60, 339, 378, 382 Casablanca, 85, 116, 130, 138-40, 153, 204, 306, 308 Cayenne, 70, 73, 137, 211, 265, 268, 415 Central Atlantic, 200, 207-8, 325 Ceylon, 251, 294, 304, 308, 312-13, 326, 330, 334-5, 338, 344, 353, 367, 376, 378, 382-3, 427 Ceuta, 351 Chagos, 352-3, 356, 360, 395, 400-1, 405, 410-11, 416, 422 Channel, see English Channel Channel Islands, 396, 399, 410 Charleston, 46 Chesapeake, 352 Cherbourg, 404, 406, 410, 499, 500, 504, 506, 509-12, 514, 516, 520, 530, 535, 558 Cherbourg Peninsula, 406 Clayton, Rear Admiral J.W., ix, xxx Clyde, 117, 517, 520, 562, 580, 582, 585, 587 Clyde Light Vessel, 520, 522, 525-6, 540 Ciclant, 193 C in C Mediterranean, 42 Cochin, 262, 265, 289, 293-4, 308 338, 325 Colombo, 299, 305, 308, 312, 313, 330 Colon, 39, 51, 59, 278-9, 282, 283, 285, 286, 293-4, 339, 343, 352, 356, 364, 390, 422, 426 Combined Cypher # 3, xvi, xxiv, xxvii Combined Task Group 22.14, 562 COMINCH, xv, xxii, xxvii, 72, 342 Commander in Chief Atlantic Fleet, 193n Commander in Chief US Fleet, see COMINCH Commander in Chief U-Boats, xii Congo, 79 Convoy: strategy of, xxvi-xxviii; American coastal convoys, 44, 48; America-Casablanca, 133; Freetown-United Kingdom, 47; Halifax-Boston, 51; Panama-Guantanamo, 73; Trinidad-Aruba, 64; United States-Casablanca, 200; United States-Gibraltar, 124n; AS 3, 46; AS 4, 62; AT 16, 46; AT 17, 59, 61; BJ 3, 210; BT 18, 210; CU 21, 360, 365; GUF 3, 119; GUS 8, 196; GUS 8A, 206; GUS 39, 377; HG 84, 50, 53, 59; HG 85, 59; HX Convoys, 116, 124, 131, 134, 179, 180, 271, 344, 452, 473, 507, 511, 531, 544, 548-9, 573; HX 197, 61, 62; HX 209, 87; HX 217,107, 109, 114; HX 218, 107, 109, 114; HX 124, 130, 138; HX 226, 154; HX 128, 150-1; HX 229, xvii, 152-3; HX 130, 155-7; HX 131, 158, 161, 162; HX 232, 164-5; HX 133, 165, 168-9; HX 234, 168, 171, 172, 173; HX 237, 178, 182-3, HX 239, 186; HX 42, 530; HX 259, 253; HX 275, 306; HX 277, 317, HX 28, 333; HX 348, 482, 580; HFX Convoy, 239; HXM Convoy, 376; JW Convoys, 328, 364, 437, 442, 445, 454, 456, 473, 478, 484, 489, 514, 525, 536-7, 540-1; JW 52, 127; JW 55B, 293; JW 56A, 312; JW 56B, 312, 317; JW 57, 328n, 333, 335n; JW 58, 350-1; JW 60, 458; JW 61, 473; JW 62, 498, 500; JW 65, 565; JW 66, 583, 585-6; KM Convoy, 133; KMS, 10, 148; KMS 36, 294n; KS 520; MK Convoy, 133, 137; MKS Convoy, 510-11, MKS 29A, 268; ON Convoys, 66, 107-8, 144, 448, 573; ON 67, 14-15; ON 92, 41; ON 93, 39; ON 94, 44; ON 100, 50; ON 102, 53; ON 122, 74; ON 152, 107, 109, 111-12; ON 153, xix-xx, 107, 109, 111-12; ON 157, 116; ON 160, 127; ON 161, 127; ON 165, 140; ON 166, 140-2, 144; ON 167, 140-2; ON 170, 151; ON 174, 156, 158; ON 175, 158, 161, ON 176, 161, 163, 165; ON 177, 165; ON 178, 151, 168, 173; ON 180, 175-6; ON 202, 245n, 247-8; ON 203, 250; ON 204, 250; ON 205, 255; ON 206, 257; ON 207, 261; ONS Convoy, 465; ONS 1, 155; ONS 2, 161, 165; ONS 3, 168, 173; ONS 4, 168-9, 171, 173; ONS 5, xxvi, INDEX 607 175-6, 178-9, 186; ONS 7, 182; ONS 18, 245n, 247, 248n; ONS 20, 257, 261, ONS 29, 324, 326; ONS 154, 112-13, 116-17; OS Convoys, 64, 66, 229; OS 33, 60, 62; OS 34, 61-2; OS 60, 279; OS 62, 294n; OS 64, 305; OS 69, 329; PQ Convoys, 14, 19, 23-4, 27, 30-1, 34, 36, 42, 54, 66, 91, 161; PQ 7, 5; PQ 8, 7; PQ 15, 36-7, 40, 44; PQ 16, 44, 47; PQ 17, 55, 57, 59, 61, 65; PQ 18, 71, 80, 82; QP Convoys, 17, 22, 24, 30, 34, 36, 42; QP 7, 12; QP 11, 37; QP 12, 44; QP 14, 84; RA Convoys, 316, 373, 459, 462, 473, 489, 500, 543, 544; RA 54B, 282; RA 55A, 294; RA 55B, 302; RA 57, 333-5, 338; RA 58, 361; RA 59, 377, 489; RA 61, 484, 489; RA 61A, 448; RA 62, 498, 503, 507; RA 63, 523; RA 66, 585-6; SC Convoys, 116, 124, 130-1, 329, 554; SC 94, 68, 71; SC 100, 83, 85; SC 107, 97; SC 117, 127; SC 118, 134, 138; SC 121, 147, SC 122, xvii, 150-1, 153-4; SC 123, 154, 156-7; SC 124, 158, 161; SC 125, 161; SC 126, 168-9; SC 127, 168, 171; SC 129,176, 180, 182, 183; SC 130, xxvii, 182, 184,186, SC 131, 187; SC 143, 253, 254; SL Convoys, 64, 213, 299, 302; SL 109, 44, 46; SL 115, 12; SL 118, 74; SL 125, 95; SL 138, 262, 265; SL 144, 304-5; SL/MKS Convoys, 271-2, 289; SL/MKS 30, 273^; SL/MKS 31, 276-7; SL/MKS 38, 317; SR 10, 325; TAM Convoy, 578; TAM 42, 580, 582; TB 1, 120-1; TBC Convoy, 536; TM 1, 119-20; 123, 133; TS 37, 175; UC 1, 142, 148, UC 22, 371, UC 48B, 501; UGS 9, 193-4, 196; UGS 70, 527; UR Convoys, 461, 545, 550; WS 15, 6, 8; WS 17, 24; WS 26, 130 Convoy and Routing Section 10th Fleet, xxiii Cork, 451, 454, 477, 507, 513, 515, 525, 549 Cornwall, 325-6, 344, 372, 380, 394, 399, 427, 436, 466, 476, 531, 541, 554 Cornish coast, 404, 494, 504, 525 Cotrone, 285-6, 382 Crete, 455, 458-9 C S 1, 521 CTF, 123 Cuba 71, 73, 148, 183 Curacao, 12, 30, 117, 120, 140, 145, 422 Cuxhaven,577 Cyprus, 242 Dakar, 91, 111, 113, 160, 164, 200, 210, 213, 220, 283, 285, 330, 357, 390-1, 572-3, 576 Danzig, xxvi, 529-30, 535, 537, 556, 569, 581 Danzig Bay, 529, 533, 549, 563, 565 Darwin, 495 Davis Strait, 74n Dead reckoning, xxviii Decryption of enemy radio messages, format of, xxiii; role of in Battle of the Atlantic, xxv, xxiii-xxiv, xxxiii-xxxiv Delaware, 26, 35, 517 Denmark, 451 Denmark Strait, 66, 71, 147, 157, 235, 238-9, 240, 244 Derna, 279, 362, 365 Devon, 541 Devonshire, 394, 399 Diego Suarez, 335 Dieppe, 559 Direction finding (D/F), xii-xv, xviii, xxii-xiii Disable, operation, 359 Diwan, operation, 454 Doenitz, Grand Admiral Karl, 49, 83n, 64, 66, 224-5, 233, 264, 409, 416, 472, 476, 533, 535, 548, 552, 561, 579, 584 Dodman Point, 510 Dolphin, xvi Doula, 360 Duncansby Island, 577 Dungeness, 573, 578 Durban, 95, 98, 108, 137, 148, 169, 175, 179, 193^, 210, 213, 220, 225, 228, 357, 382, 415-16, 422, 424, 427, 441-2, 496 East London, 93, 95, 98, 145, 213 East Prussia, 529-30, 537 Eckernoforde, 534 Egersund, 381, 487 Egyptain coast, 51 Elbe, 593 Emden, 577, 593 Enclose, operation, 157 England, 85, 427, 444, 472, 538 English Channel, 320, 377, 380-1, 383, 386, 387, 394-5, 398-406, 409-11, 413-16, 419, 422-3, 425-7, 430, 430, 432, 435, 437, 439^1, 444, 446, 452, 458, 461, 466, 468, 470, 472, 474, 476, 608 INDEX English Channel cont, 479-80, 485, 487-9, 492, 494-6, 498-500, 504, 508-18, 520, 522, 526-7, 530-1, 535-6, 539, 541, 544-5, 548, 533, 544, 557-9, 562, 564, 566, 580, 582, 585, 587 Enigma code machine, xii, 10 Escort Groups, EG 1, 406 411, 418-19; EG 2, 193, 203, 207, 267, 277, 313, 317, 319, 320n, 322, 325, 329, 343, 346, 371, 373, 427, 430-2, 435, 454, 501, 554; EG 3, 548, 550, 569; EG 4, 274, 492, 573, 575, 577; EG 5, 373, 577; EG 6, 301, 469; EG 7, 361; EG 8, 575, 577; EG 9, 547, 361, 469, 543; EG 10, 534, 536, 543, 545, 557, 558; EG 11, 451; EG 14, 398, 525, 536; EG 15, 309; EG 17, 488-9, 494, 496, 500, 562, 575; EG 19, 583, 589; EG 21, 530-1, 569, 573, 575, 577; EG 22, 522, 540; EG 30, 489, 492, 494, 496; EG 31, 476, 492; EG 56, 506; EG 60, 437; EG B3, 317; EG B4, 298; EG B5, 239; EG B7, 261-2 Europe, 407, 498, 499-500, 507, 517, 526, 553 Fabious, operation, 372 Faeroes, 8, 81, 147, 157, 176, 220, 226, 282, 294, 335, 350, 356, 360, 399, 436, 447, 461, 469, 474, 476-7, 480, 491, 496, 498, 518, 534, 557, 572 Fair Isle Channel, 529 Falmouth, 425, 431, 548, 550 Far East, 78n, 87, 203n, 228, 234, 322, 465, 498-9, 507, 549, 554, 563, 581, 585, 589, Fame Island, 582 Farsund, 487 Far West, 9, 11, 19, 41, 51 Fastnet, 5, 517 FAT, 342 Fayal, 8, 10 Fenski, Lieutenant Horst-Arno, 373 Fernando de Noronha, 477 Fernando Po, 213, 220, 268, 335, 364, 368 Ferrol, 51, 57 Finisterre, 50, 62, 74, 79, 176, 204, 207, 325 First World War, xxx Firth of Forth, 503, 514, 524, 529, 538, 535, 554, 559, 565, 585 Flachenabsuchender, see FAT Fleet Air Arm, 49n, 60n Flekkefjord, 487 Flemish Cap, 355-6, 364 Flensburg, 524, 530, 539 Flores, 107, 126, 228 Florida, 6, 33, 46, 58,145, 148, 169, 172, 183, 190n, 194, 197, 200, 214, 236, 239, 245, 262, 265, 274, 278, 282-3, 287, 293-4, 297, 361, 339, 359-60, 362 Florida Strait, 13, 28, 35, 39, 66, 183, 190, 193, 241 Force 33, 450 Forelands, 577 Fjortaleza, 120, 179, 213 Foxer, 274n Fremantle, 540 France, 28, 46, 50, 52, 78, 113, 114, 203, 225, 228, 232, 233, 311, 317, 359, 386, 400, 422, 430 Freetown, 11-14, 17, 24, 28, 30, 36, 39, 41, 44, 46, 48, 51, 60-1, 64, 66, 69, 71-2, 87-9, 95, 100, 108, 112-14, 116, 124, 126-7, 157, 162, 164. 168-9, 175-6, 182-3, 188, 191, 194, 197-8, 200-1, 203^, 207-8, 214, 217, 220-1, 232, 279, 283, 308, 314, 325, 344, 357, 360, 364, 368, 386-7, 426-7, 432, 495, 557, 560 French fleet, 105, 381 French Guiana, 197, 200 French Riviera, 463 FW operations, 312, 321 Galley Head, 558, 560, 562 Gallipolli, xxx Galveston, 53 Gander, 145, 179, 182 Gaspee Peninsula, 244 Genoa, 445 Georgetown, 13, 19, 39, 69, 71, 113, 121, 129, 206, 210, 219, 364 German Admiralty, 592 German Air Force, 316, 446, 478 German grid map, xx-xxii German naval attache, Tokyo, 524 German navy, xxiv; command, 197, 528; personnel department, 197; staff, xxiv Germany, 1, 8, 14, 28, 32, 34, 41, 44, 46, 61, 66, 68, 79, 85, 87, 91, 119, 157, 225, 339, 405, 511, 576, 579, 589, 593 Gdynia, 556 Gibraltar, 1, 3, 5-6, 11, 21, 36, 78, 81, 96-7, 99, 101, 105, 113, 116-17, 120, 124, 131, 133, 137, 145, 148, 157-8, 187n, 210-11, 213, 239, 242, 249, INDEX 609 261-2, 281, 283, 286, 289-90, 293, 298-9, 306, 325, 329, 372, 378, 465, 469, 474, 481, 484, 504, 507, 511, 515, 517-18, 521-2, 526-7, 531, 535-7, 539, 541, 544-5, 549, 553^, 557-8, 566, 581, 585, 593 Gironde, 435, 581 Gleunie, Vice Admiral I.G., 333 Gloucester, Duke of, Governor General of Australia, 506n Gnat, xxv, xxx, 27, 134, 139, 145, 244, 285, 297, 301, 316, 320, 342, 376, 368, 406, 409, 435, 445, 469, 501 GN mine, 435 Goa, 418, 427 Gold Coast, 191, 261-2, 265, 314, 316, 378, 382, 386, 391, 400 Goose Bay, 145 Government Code and Cypher School, xvii, xix, xxii-xxxiii Government Communications Headquarters, x Grand Banks, see Newfoundland Banks Great black out, xvi-xvii Great Yarmouth, 320 Grenada, 265 Greenland, 74, 83, 85, 105, 124, 127, 131, 135, 144-5, 156-7, 161-2, 168, 171, 173, 175-6, 178, 180, 184, 191, 193, 255 Greenwich, 123, 552, 566, 571, 588 Group Nord, 17 GSR radar detector, 325, 360, 364 Guadeloupe, 204 Guernsey, 376 Guggenberger, Captain Friedrich, 206 Guiana, 36, 110, 113, 126, 129, 203, 210-11, 216-17, 219, 221, 227, 241, 245, 255, 274, 282, 286, 415 Gulf of Aden, 241, 248-9, 251, 271, 285, 289, 293, 312-13, 322, 376, 382, 392, 432, 441, 501, 504 Gulf of Benin, 66 Gulf of Finland, 415, 418, 426, 433, 530, 543, 552 Gulf of Maine, 48, 51, 58, 488, 498, 500 Gulf of Mexico, 39, 42, 44, 46, 53, 56-7, 59, 64, 66, 73, 154, 275, 282-3, 285 Gulf of St Lawrence, 81, 87, 244, 372-3, 376, 432, 442, 445, 451-2, 445, 451-2, 456, 459, 465-7, 473, 477, 480, 488, 507 Haifa, 69 Haiti, 6, 62, 148 Halifax, 2, 13-14, 46, 51, 56, 167, 203, 207, 339, 343, 347-8, 390, 415-16, 440, 466, 482, 484, 510-11, 515, 517-18, 521-2, 525, 531, 535, 537, 539, 548, 550, 562, 568, 573, 576, 582 Hamburg, 495, 518, 526, 539, 556, 570n, 577 Hamilton Inlet, 73 Hammerfest, xxiv, 442, 473, 480 Hampton Roads, 7, 13, 21, 51, 53, 585 Harstad, 40, 478, 487, 540 Hartland, 436, 540 Harwich, 534 Haugesund, 238, 487 Hebrides, 330, 518 Hedgehog, 436 Hela, 556 Heligoland, 22, 23, 577 Hellsnoy, 545 Henke, Lieutenant Werner, 360-1 High frequency direction finder (HF/ DF), xiv, xvii Himmler, Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich, 584 Hinlopen Straits, 69 Hitler, A., 528 Holland, 509 Holseny, 458, 478 Holyhead, 501, 504, 513, 517, 520, 522, 525, 526, 573, 577 Holy Island, 547, 553 Horrer, Lieutenant Hans-Jockin, 82 Horta, 11 Horten, 487, 518, 524, 529, 561, 569, 591 Hoxa Sound, 521 Humber, 509 Ice Devils U-boat group, 54, 55, 57 Iceland, 21, 25, 28, 64, 66, 68, 74, 87, 89, 93, 96, 102, 109, 127, 131, 138-9, 147-8, 151, 157, 162, 164, 167, 169, 171-2, 182, 203-4, 226-7, 235, 244, 247, 250, 252, 254, 257, 259, 261, 267, 282, 286, 289, 295, 297, 340, 356, 360, 440, 469, 480, 484-5, 487-8, 495 He de Batz, 381, 383 India, 95, 251, 255, 258, 265, 267, 282-3, 285, 297, 299, 302, 304-5, 312, 316-18, 322, 326, 407, 422, 424, 431, 585 Indian Ocean, 78, 89, 93, 103, 105, 113-14, 133, 193, 197, 204, 211, 217, 221, 223, 225, 228-9, 231-2, 235-6, 238, 244, 248, 254, 258-9, 262, 265, 267-8, 271, 274, 279, 283, 289-90, 610 INDEX Indian Ocean cont. 293-5, 298, 302, 305-6, 308, 312-13, 316-17, 320-1, 326, 330, 334-5, 338-9, 341-2, 344, 347, 352-3, 355-7, 360, 362, 364-5, 367, 369, 371-3, 376-8, 382-3, 386-7, 390, 392, 395-6, 400-1, 405-6, 410-11, 415, 418-19, 422, 426-7, 431-2, 436-7, 440-2, 449, 451-2, 455-6, 458-9, 462, 465, 469, 474, 477, 481, 483-4, 496, 500, 504, 507-8, 510-11, 517, 523, 526-7, 532, 536, 543-5, 549, 553, 557, 560, 563, 566, 567, 572-3 Inshtrohull, 304 Invergordon, 517 lokanga, 25 Ireland, 96, 98, 131, 147, 156, 164, 167, 254, 261, 271-2, 279, 286, 289-90, 293-5, 298, 305, 331, 344, 371, 399, 419, 446, 452, 456, 461, 463, 466, 472, 474, 476, 480, 484, 488-9, 492, 494, 496, 498-500, 504, 506, 518, 520, 531, 540, 548-9, 554, 557, 561, 568, 573, 575-8, 585, 587, 889 Irish Sea, 36, 448, 501, 504, 517, 520, 522, 526-7, 530-1, 536, 539, 541, 549, 554, 557-8, 562, 566, 573, 577 Islay, 468 Isle of Man, 530-1 Isle of Wight, 404, 432 435-6, 440, 511,515 Italian Riviera, 463 Italian U-boats, see Submarines Italy, 60, 382 Ivory Coast, 79,191, 208, 261, 265, 314, 316, 386, 378 Jacksonville, 28, 35, 39, 196, 206-7 Jamaica, 145, 148, 210, 283, 339, 343 Jan Mayen, 17, 25, 27, 29, 31, 36, 42, 44, 54-5, 57, 80, 91, 161, 167, 169, 229, 325, 329, 364-5, 399, 415, 418-19, 437, 442, 456 Japan, 4, 79, 89, 220, 224-5, 356, 405, 440, 499, 599 Japanese naval attache Berlin, xxv, 539, 548 Japanese naval attache Vichy, 79 Japanese U-boats, 78, 229, 238-9, 248-9, 251, 255, 258-9, 271, 279, 283, 285, 289, 293-5, 297, 304-5, 308, 313, 320-2, 325-6, 330, 336, 342, 344, 348, 352, 360, 364, 367, 369, 372-3, 376, 378, 382, 392, 395, 405, 407, 416, 432, 473, 481, 483, 485, 499, 501, 504, 507, 519; see also Submarines Karachi, 241 Kara Sea, 74, 229, 242, 431, 436-7 Kattegat, 575, 577, 579, 583, 586, 589 Kent, 534, 536, 541, 547, 577 Key West, 39 53, 62, 68, 71 Kiel, 31, 40, 71, 74, 78, 87, 235, 238, 242, 257, 426, 458, 466, 478-9, 487, 492, 539, 546, 562, 572, 576, 579, 584, 586, 589-90 Kilboton, 480 Kilidini, 293, 499 Kirkenes, 5-6, 8, 12, 14, 17, 21, 24, 27, 29, 31, 34, 36-7, 40, 67, 69 Knowles, Commander Kenneth, xxxii, xxxiii Koenigsberg, 529, 543 Kola Inlet, 6, 19, 21-2, 24, 25, 32, 37, 458, 473, 478, 484, 488, 498, 500, 503, 518, 540, 541, 543-^, 560, 566, 581, 583, 585-6 Kristiansand South, 40, 458, 521, 530, 534, 538, 547, 575 Laccadives Islands, 251, 348, 427 Laconia order, 83n Lagos, 79, 208, 210, 214, 321, 330, 352, 355, 365, 386, 400-1 Land’s End, 426, 445, 474, 477, 492, 508, 526, 548-50, 553 La Pallice, 57, 346, 430, 432, 435, 437, 439, 449 La Rochelle, 430, 439 Le Harve, 418, 435-6, 476, 557, 559, 573, 578 Leigh Light, 279, 286-7, 508 Le Sept Isles, 399-400 Le Trigoz, 398 Leyte, 518 Liberia, 19, 21, 24, 103, 169, 203, 217, 410 Libreville, 79, 95 Libya, 51 Libyan coast, 7, 8, 21, 33, 39, 42 Lisbon, 78, 81, 85, 120, 334, 593 Lista, 235, 478 Little Minch, 559, 569 Liverpool, 506n, 517, 554, 558 Lizard, 381, 426, 549-50, 553-4, 564, 566, 569 Loch Ewe, 517 Lofotens, 419, 421, 423, 478, 492, 499 Loire, 430 London, xiv, xv, xviii, xix INDEX 611 London dock strike, 554, 558 Long Island, 35, 160 Longships, 525, 548 Lorient, 74, 235n, 360, 380-1, 429-30, 439, 449 Lough Foyle, 536, 541, 547 Lourenco Marques, 108, 137, 145, 179, 182-4, 186, 224, 304, 355, 360, 422-3, 441 Luanda, 79 Lycides, operation, 473 MAD, 308, 343, 344, 378 Madagascar, 157-8, 172, 196, 182, 202, 204, 207-8, 210, 213, 224, 228-9, 232-3, 235, 271, 304, 308, 386, 391, 426-7, 441, 477 498, 517 Madeira, 10, 60, 105, 113, 119-20, 123, 135, 308, 339, 357, 360, 391, 411, 415-16, 441, 452, 573 Madras, 251, 278, 282, 285, 290, 293-4, 308 Magnetic anomaly detection, see MAD Malacca Straits, 422 Malaga, 344 Malaya, 426, 436 Maldives, 239, 285, 304, 308, 313, 317, 322, 326, 353, 362, 367, 376, 378, 382-3, 396, 405, 407, 426-7 Malin Head, 52, 309, 450, 452, 454, 480, 482, 485, 491-2, 530, 540 Malta, 8, 11, 53, 71 Manke, Lieutenant Rolf, 333n Maracaibo 13 Mark 24 mine, 182, 558 Marstein, 458 Mascot, operation, 418-19 Masirah, 262, 297, 348 Massachusetts, 58 Massawa, 60 Matochkin Strait, 77 Matuschka, Captain Graf von, 450n, 454n, 535, 540 Mauritius, 210, 224-5, 233, 241, 274, 278, 302, 312-13, 317-18, 338, 405, 485 Mediterranean, xvii, 1-3, 5-8, 10-12, 14, 16-17, 24, 26, 29, 31, 32-4, 36, 46, 49, 51, 60, 63, 69, 74, 95-6, 99, 100-1, 108, 110, 113, 120-4, 133n, 148n, 164, 167, 179, 180, 197, 200, 204, 210-11, 213-14, 228, 248-9, 251-2, 259, 261-2, 267-8, 271n, 276, 278-9, 282, 284-5, 289-90, 293, 298-9, 302, 305-6, 308, 312-13, 321, 325, 329-30, 333-4, 336, 338-9, 343^, 347, 353, 356, 362, 367, 369, 371-3, 377-8, 382-3, 386-7, 390, 392, 395, 400, 405, 411, 420, 422, 423, 431, 437, 441-2, 455, 458-9, 462-3, 464, 484, 526-7, 581 Merchant ships: American, Andrew C. Curtin, 321; Black Hawke, 514; Bloody Marsh, 206; Cyrus H. McCormick, 582; Dan Beard, 504, 513, 517; ESSO Gettysburg 196; Ezra Weston, 431n; Fort Lee, 483, 495; Henry B. Plant, 536, 538; Jean Nicolet, 419n; Jonas Lie, 518, 520; Levis Woodbury, 239, 295; Lyman Stewart, 239; Oklahoma, 573, 576; Pan Pennsylvania, 361; Penelope Baker, 312; Roanoke, 520; Robin Goodfellow, 295; Robert E Hoke, 295; Seakay, 343; Thomas Scott, 544; William Gastin, 427; Yamhill, 362; British, Amerika, 171, Andulucia Star, 89; Ansdyer, 377; Asphalion, 321, 322; Athelduke, 581; Berwickshire, 441-2; Boston, 85n; British Chivalry, 356; British Loyalty, 338-9; British Unity, 344; Cap Padaran, 285; Ceramic, 120, 360, 362; City of Pretoria, 148; Clan MacArthur, 225; Carnvarron Castle, 501, 513; Dahomian, 356; Director, 423; Dumana, 392; Dumfries, 510-11, 513; Duchess of Atholl, 89; Empire Gerain, 558; Empire Gold, 582; Empire Health, 386; Empire Horseman, 295; Empire Javelin, 513-14; Empire Stanley, 229, 232; Empress of Canada, 150; Everleigh, 536; Filleigh, 582; Fort Bellingham, 312; Inger Toft, 559; Janeta, 377; Jutland, 37; Khedive Ismail, 320; King Frederick, 427; Laconia, xi, 83, 85; Lady Denison Feeder, 158; Livingston, 466; Llangibby Castle, 8, 10-11; Lornaston, 558; Maid of Orleans, 409, 411; Maja, 520; Monarch, 582; Marion Moller, 483; Nancy Moller, 344; Nebraska, 356, 362; New York, 85n; Normandy Coast, 520; Orcades, 89; Oronsay, 89; Palmas, 334, 338; Pereus, 304-5; Prince Leopold, 426-7; Queen Elizabeth, xxvii, 316n; Queen Mary, 456; Rimutaka, 506n; Riverton, 582; Samneva, 423, 425; Samtucky, 511; Scottish Heather, 116; Shirvan, 489; Savol, 24n; Slemesh, 511, 513; Silver 612 INDEX Merchant ships com. Laurel, 510, 516; Silver Maple, 171; Sutlej, 356; Tanda, 427; Tornus, 292, 295; Triona, 305; Ulva, 321; Waiwera, 56; Belgium, Leopoldville, 511-12, 514, 516, 548; Canadian, Cornwallis, 498; Dutch, Egholm, 547; Jagersfontein, 56; Tjisalak, 419n; French, Gaudaloupe, 527; Lor, 204; Sflwf Bos//, 400; Saw/ Denw, 1; German, Atlantis, In; Belchen, 74; £rafo, 225, 241, 324, 326, 335, 338-9; Charlotte Schliemann, 202, 302, 304, 308, 312, 317, 321-2, 327; Elsa Essberger, 4-5; Python, In; Speewall, 8-9; Icelandic, Godafoss, 489; Norwegian, Arthur Sewakk, 514; Fojordheim, 540; Idefjord, 582; L/r//?fl, 265; Spinanger, 522n; Syendfpye, 155; Panamanian, 339; Vestfold, 121n; Russian, 582; South African, Columbine, 405 Mexico, 58 Mersa Matruth, 2, 10 Midget U-boats, 320 Milford Haven, 425, 431, 488, 491, 501, 504, 506, 510, 513, 517-18, 520, 522, 554, 558 Minches, 416, 446, 461, 559, 562 Mining Experimental Command, 53 Ministry of Defence, xxxi Ministry of Economic Warfare, 536 Mississippi River, 39, 59, 68 Mogadishu, 248, 390, 419, 424 Mombasa, 89, 241, 244, 251, 367, 424, 452 Mona Passage, 26, 28,120, 390-1 Monrovia, 64, 81 Monsters, 316 Montrose, 558 Moray Firth, 440, 444, 448-9, 451-2, 454, 458-9, 461, 477, 514, 543, 545, 547, 559, 583 Muckle Flugga, 492, 506, 545 Mull of Kintyre, 522, 550 Murmansk, 1,17, 36, 293, 317, 335, 352, 356, 361, 365, 373, 458, 462, 473-4, 478, 485, 489, 495, 498, 500, 518-19, 521, 536, 541, 544, 559-60, 586 Muscat, 251 Nantes, 430 Nantucket, 360, 361, 365 Natal, 126, 129, 133, 200, 210-11, 262, 268, 462 National Security Agency, x, xxxi Naval Intelligence Division, xxx Narvik, 14,16, 27, 34, 40, 47, 59, 242, 381, 385, 389, 442, 469, 484, 487, 529, 559, 586 Newcastle, 565-6 New England, 361 Newfoundland, 7, 11-12, 21, 23, 26, 30, 33, 35, 39, 44, 68, 95-7, 102-3, 105, 109, 116-17, 119, 121, 131, 134-5, 138-9, 140-1, 144, 164, 168, 176, 178, 186, 262, 264, 267-8, 270, 272, 277, 317, 335, 364, 373, 376, 382-3, 386, 390, 459, 469-70, 488, 498, 560, 564, 566, 578, 581 Newfoundland Banks, 360, 373, 444, 455, 458, 464, 564, 572 New Guinea, 581, 585 Newhaven 409, 558, 562 New Jersey, 58 New London, 160 New Orleans, 51 Newport, R.I., 589 New York, 4, 9, 19-21, 33, 35, 39, 44, 46, 48, 51, 56, 87, 120-1, 148, 160, 164, 190, 304, 517, 525, 539 Nigeria, 217 Nollmann, Captain Rolf, 525 Norfolk, 148 Norfolk, Va., 410 Njorstranf Fjord, 478 North Africa, 286 North America, 4, 431 North Atlantic, xv, xvi, xxiv, 12, 41, 50, 66, 68, 73-4, 76, 79, 81, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99n, 100, 102, 105, 110, 112-14, 117, 127-8, 135, 138, 141-2, 144, 147-8, 150, 161, 164, 166-8, 172, 175, 179, 186-7, 189-91, 194, 197, 207-8, 210, 214, 217, 221, 229, 239, 244-5, 248, 251, 262, 270, 286, 288, 292, 294-5, 304-5, 313, 317, 321, 324, 329, 331, 333, 357, 361, 365, 367-8, 386-8, 391, 422-3, 430-1, 440, 442, 446, 477, 484, 485, 504, 507, 510, 518, 517, 554, 585, 587 North Britain, 487, 525, 543, 562, 566 North Cape, 24, 244 North Carolina, 9 North Cornish coast 431, 496, 499, 517, 520 North Cornwall, 451-2, 454, 456, 458, 498, 506, 508 North Channel, 298, 304, 306, 309, 311, 330, 334, 395, 399, 411, 440, 446, 448, 450, 452, 454, 456, 458-9, 461, 463, 470, 472, 474, 476-7, 480, 482, INDEX 613 494, 496, 498-501, 503-4, 510, 522, 530, 531, 535, 540, 544, 545, 550, 588 Northeast Approaches, 124 Northeast Land, 69 Northern Ireland, 306, 461 North Foreland, 367, 580, 582, 585, 587 North Germany, 571, 579, 589 North Minch, 418-19, 445, 448, 451-2, 459, 461, 476, 482, 489, 494, 499-500, 559, 566, 569 North Norway, 26, 29, 40, 47, 54, 59, 63, 66, 69, 87, 229, 427, 454, 456, 478, 537 North Norwegian waters, 16-17, 19-20, 37, 44, 49, 51, 79 North Rona, 540 North Russia, 231n, 312n, 500, 503 North Sea, 6, 11-12, 93, 147, 217, 387, 391, 422, 456, 524, 575, 583-4 Northwest Africa, 133 Northwest Approaches, 1, 3-4, 6, 8, 11-12, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 36, 39, 42, 44, 59, 68, 85, 96,121,124, 127-8, 130, 134-5, 138, 141, 144-6, 157,161,173,183, 207, 211, 216-17, 250-1, 254, 257, 270, 274, 278-9, 281, 283, 286, 289, 298, 301, 310, 326, 342-3, 346, 348, 351, 355, 357, 359, 371-3, 376, 382, 390, 445, 580, 582 Northwest Atlantic, 134 Northwest Atlantic Theatre of Operations, xxiiin Northwest Europe, xvii Norway, xiii, 25,147, 244, 257, 261, 367, 381-3, 385, 391, 398-9, 405-6, 410, 414-16, 418, 422, 430, 432, 437, 439^0, 444-7, 449-52, 455-6, 458, 461-2, 465-7, 469-70, 472-6, 479-80, 488, 492, 495, 503, 516-18, 535, 541, 569, 575-6, 584, 588-9, 592-3 Norwegian Leads, 521 Norwegian ports, 55,124, 262, 271, 422, 423, 433, 442, 487, 546, 589, 593-4 Norwegian waters, lOn, 14, 21, 233, 415, 478 Nova Scotia, 11, 14, 21, 23, 26, 28, 30, 33, 35, 39, 51, 58, 68, 169, 172, 187, 213, 219, 221, 317, 347-8, 352-3, 373, 376, 382, 386, 390-1, 469-70, 498, 506, 508, 510-11, 552, 566, 568, 581, 583, 585, 587 Nova Zemlya, 67, 74, 77, 229 Order River, 536 Oban, 566 Old Bahama Channel, 71, 183 One and a Half Degree Channel, 455 Operational Intelligence Centre, ix, xviii, xxiii, xxxiii OP-20Y-G(A), xxii, xxxiii Oran, 31, 289, 290 Orfordness, 577, 582 Orinoco River, 87 Orkneys 147, 503, 508, 514, 521, 529, 538, 541, 545 Oslo Fjord, 524, 534 Ottawa, xiv, xxiii Outer Baily Bank, 39 Overlord, operation, 309, 320, 394-5, 403, 414 Pacific Ocean, 190 Palermo, 339, 353 Panama Canal, 70 Pantelleria, 230 Para, 364 Paramaibo, 13, 76, 79, 110, 112, 120, 233, 137, 154, 157, 160, 199, 228, 265 Paramaiba, 29, 135 Pearl Harbor, xvi Pedestal, operation, 71 Penang, 193, 222, 238, 254, 258, 262, 265, 267, 274, 278, 285, 298-9, 302, 308, 312-13, 317, 334, 338, 342, 347-8, 352, 360, 362, 367-8, 386, 405, 422, 427, 431-2, 437, 441, 445, 449, 451-2, 455-6, 473, 483, 499, 517, 519 Pentland Firth, 506, 514, 521, 558 Persian Gulf, 225, 255 Peterhead, 576-7 Petsamo, 50 Philadelphia, 514, 525 Philippines, 531, 563, 592 Pillau, 529, 543 Piraeus, 2, 458-9 Plate, 190, 193, 285 Plymouth, 377, 541, 566 Pointe Noire, 93, 244, 261, 265, 282, 278 Pola, 302, 445, 484 Pondicherry, 304-5, 322 Ponta Delgada, 3 Porcupine Bank, 3, 28, 91, 116-17, 119, 306, 311, 313, 491, 562 Port au France, 13 Port Elizabeth, 137-8, 186, 342, 360 Portland, 401, 413 Portland, Me., 4 Portland Bill, 513-14 Port Limon, 58 Port Lyautey, 211 Port of Spain, 265 614 INDEX Port Said, 33, 96 Portsmouth, 409, 472, 500, 572 Portugal, 111, 120, 138-9, 179, 219-21, 213, 230, 268, 279, 283, 287, 289, 302, 305, 382, 593 Prien, Lieutenant Gunther, 301 Proctors, 558 Puerto Rico, 390-1 Public Record Office, xxx, xxxiv Quebec, 59, 426 Queenstown, 501 Radio fingerprinting, xiin Radio traffic analysis, xii, xxii Raeder, Grand Admiral 64 RAF, see Royal Air Force Ramsgate, 534 RAN, 24 Rathlin, 550 Raufbold U-boat group, xix-xx RCAF, see Royal Canadian Air Force Rech, Lieutenant Reinhart, 147 Recife, 236, 241 Red Fleet, 433 Retro bomb, 308 Reunion, 212-13, 477, 484 Reykja Nes, 459 Reykjavik, 8, 55, 93, 252, 309, 361, 440, 445, 451, 458-9, 461, 469, 472, 474, 476, 580, 482, 487-9, 493-4, 496, 499, 500, 553, 554, 558, 580, 588-9 Rhode Island, 588 Rimouski, 81 Rio de Janeiro, 190, 193, 197-9, 201, 203-4, 206-8, 210, 217, 219, 244, 248, 265, 285, 422-3, 427 Risfjord, 74 Roche, Lieutenant Reinhart, 84 Rockall, 1, 3, 9, 12, 15, 21, 28, 42, 59, 91, 112, 119, 306, 310, 391, 416 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin, 410 Romsdel, 316 Room 40, xxx Rosenbum, Lieutenant Commander Helmut, 71 Rosyth, 534 Royal Air Force, Bomber Command, 62, 437, 534; Coastal Command, xxxii, xxxiii, 62, 157, 176, 203, 274, 359, 368, 391, 534, 537, 556, 563, 565, 580, 589; 2nd Tactical Air Force, 589; Coastal Command, 18 Group, 361, 385, 387, 399, 401, 406, 411, 419, 421, 423, 455, 458, 478, 480, 541, 755, 577; 47 Squadron, 73; 53 Squadron, 73; 86 Squadron, 96n; 120 Squadron, 171n; 172 Squadron, 57n; 179 Squadron, 210n; 201 Squadron, 418n; 203 Squadron, 49n; 206 Squadron, 401n; 210 Squadron, 329n, 423n; 220 Squadron, 124n, 459n, 462n; 224 Squadron, 41 In, 455n; 240 Squadron, 51n; 248 Squadron, 401n; 259 Squadron, 229n; 330 Squadron (Norwegian), 378n; 612 Squadron, 322n, 368n; 621 Squadron, 372n Royal Australian Air Force, 10 Squadron, 289n; 461 Squadron 31 In Royal Canadian Air Force, 8, 68, 245n; 162 Squadron, 361n, 391n Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, xxx Russia, xvii, 16, 98, 110, 148, 197, 278, 280, 282, 306, 331, 399, 415, 559 Russian convoy, 352, 391, 405 Russian Northern Fleet, 459n Sabang, 481, 483 Sable Island, 189 St Abbs Head, 562, 582 St Alban’s Head, 510-11, 536, 541 St Catherine’s Head, 377, 399, 425, 427, 515 St David’s Head, 501 St George’s Channel, 445, 461, 463, 466, 470, 480, 517, 553^, 562 St Helena, 91, 167, 186, 193, 308, 339, 401, 427, 484, St John’s, 3^, 6,138,147,161^, 167-8, 320, 355 St Lawrence River, 19, 42, 58-9, 64, 85, 347-8, 426, 440, 477, 458, 469, 470, 474, 495 St Nazaire, 55, 78, 235, 346, 429, 432, 439, 449, 472, 476, 517, 539, 559, 562, 576, 581 St Paul Rocks, 44, 69, 107, 110, 120-1, 124, 126, 129, 133, 135, 182, 400 St Peter Port, 376 Salmis, 8 Saldanha Bay, 93, 193, 390, 392, 400-1, 405 Samnera, 427 Sandwich Islands, 483, 485 San Francisco, 483, 485 San Juan, 352-3, 356 Santos, 206, 210, 213, 219, 241, 265 Sandinia, 51 Scapa Flow, 583, 565 Scheldt, 479 Schillinghorn, 509 INDEX 615 Schnee, Lieutenant Commander Adalbert, 561, 581, 584 Schnorchel, see Snort Schroeter, Lieutenant Horst, 584 Schutz-Staffel (SS), 521n Scillies, 380-1, 399, 406, 425-7, 430-2, 558-9, 562, 566 Scoresby Sound, 69, 91 Scotland, 444, 494, 503, 582 Second World War, xiii xxxi Secret Room, xxiii, xxxi, xxxiii Seehund, 578, 587 Seine Bay, 404, 409, 427, 432, 435-6 Seine River, 472, 479 Seychelles, 271, 279, 289, 342, 344, 441 Seydisfjordor, 8, 21 Shark, xvi, xvii, xxii, xxvii Shetlands, 51, 68, 378, 381, 383, 396, 399, 406, 411, 436, 440, 455, 457, 459, 461-2, 469, 472, 496, 498, 508, 518, 534-6, 557, 590 Ships, see Merchant ships, Submarines, Warships Sicily, 113-14, 211, 214 Sidi Barrani, 19 Sierra Leone, 158n, 167, 191, 208, 217, 271n, 276 Singapore, 225, 274, 499, 592 Skagen, 458 Skagerrak, 27, 534, 575, 590 Skaramang, 459 Skaw, 541, 576 Slapton Sands, 372n Slyne Head, 311, 313, 317 Snort, xxv, 298, 325, 390, 394, 403^, 410, 414, 418, 422, 430, 440, 444, 451, 483n, 485, 501, 510, 513, 524, 531, 556, 556, 566 Socotra, 251, 285, 312-13, 314, 318, 321, 334, 338, 367, 369, 372-3, 390, 426-7, 431, 437, 441, 445, 449, 451, 465, 484, 499 South Africa, 113-14, 137-8, 141-2, 145, 147-8, 154, 157-8, 561-2, 164, 167-8, 173, 179, 182^, 186-8, 190, 193^, 196, 198, 200-2, 204, 207-8, 210-11, 216, 221, 308, 312, 341, 356, 362, 365, 376-7, 386, 405, 415-16, 431, 585 South African Air Force, 262 Squadron, 338n Southampton, 472, 474 South Atlantic, 1, 5, 10, 65, 85, 112, 120, 123, 126, 129, 133, 169, 188, 225, 232, 251, 285, 287, 289, 290, 308, 317, 355, 357, 360, 362, 364-5, 367-9, 372, 377, 382, 387, 400, 422-3, 426-7, 431, 527, 549 South Cape, 69 Southern Redoubt, 579 South Falls, 534, 538 South Norway, 375, 381, 389, 391, 405, 422, 426-7, 436, 442, 462, 468, 579, 584, 586, 589 South Norwegian ports, 34, 461, 466 Southwestern Approaches, 14, 34, 461, 466, 468, 470, 491-2, 501, 517-18, 531, 541, 557, 580, 582, 587, 593 Spain, 60, 176, 268, 271, 380 Spanish coastal route, 233, 266 Spanish Morocco, 239, 377n Special intelligence, 10, 12-14, 16-17, 19, 21-3, 26-7, 29, 32-3, 39, 44, 53, 71, 74, 76, 85, 112, 119, 120, 123, 140, 144, 150, 160, 163, 175, 189, 194, 207, 209, 213, 216, 219, 223, 227, 231, 238, 241, 244, 251, 254, 258, 261, 267, 319, 325, 333^, 350, 372, 377, 390, 484, 488-9, 506-7, 513, 552, 557, 572 Spithead, 419, 436 Spitzbergen, 69, 71, 74, 77, 83, 98, 203 Spout, 398, 404, 406, 409, 413-14, 416, 418-19, 425, 430, 444, 446 Spurn Point, 553, 577 Standland, 590 Stadlandet, 383, 385 Start Point, 380-1, 399, 406, 409, 564, 566, 575-7 Stavanger, 27, 478, 487, 521, 586 Stettin, 556 Straits of Gibraltar, 5-6, 19, 210, 248, 267, 305, 308, 317, 321, 328, 334, 338, 343^, 347, 351, 369, 377, 382-3, 462, 469-70, 473, 475, 518, 525, 557 Strelow, Lieutenant Siegfried, 83 Submarines: British, P 615, 169n; Saraceh, 68n, 99; Sealion, 25; Seawolf, 22, 25; Styian, 481, 483; Tapir, 583; Taurus, 274; Telemachus, 422n; Thule, 517, 519; Tuna, 167,169; Truelent, 305; Turbulent, 49; Ultimatum, 267n, 278; Unbeaten, 8; Venturer, 499, 543, 545; Dutch, Zwaardvisch, 465n; German, U-9, 92n, 95; U-19, 95; U-24, 91n, 95; U- 28, 367n, 377; U-34, 223n, 235n; U- 66, 371n, 373n, 376n, 386n; U-68, 357n, 360n, 361n; U-69,144n; U-72, 507n; U-73, 289n; U-75, 2n, 3; U-77, 51n; U-79, 2n, 3; U-81, 31n, 206n, 302; U-83, 54n; U-84, 230n, 235n, 616 INDEX Submarines cont. 236n; U-85, 30; U-88, 82, 85n; U-89, 180n, 182n; U-90, 64n; U-91, 81n, 64n, 331n; U-93, 6; U-94, 76n; U-96, 57n; U-117, 221n, 227n, 228n, 232n; U-118, 196n; U-119, 203, 204n, 207n; U-123, 196n; U-125, 178n; U- 133, 7n, 21n; U-154, 411n, 515n, 416n; U-I56, 416n; U-156, 83n, 154n; U-157, 53n; U-161, 93n; 261n; U-162, 179n; U-167, 129n; U-168, 465n; U-172, 287n; U-175, 168n, 169n; U-177, 321n, 328n; U-178, 445n; U-180, 172n; U-184, 236n; U- 185, 230n; U-186, 180n, 182; U-187, 134; U-188, 165n, 445n; U-189, 171n; U-190, 580n; U-192, 178n; U-193, 368n; U-194, 203n; U-197, 229n, 235n; U-198, 441n; U-200, 194n; U- 201, 141n; U-202, 191n, 193n; U-203, 171n, 172n; U-205, 54n; U-210, 71, 68n; U-211, 109n, 275n; U-212, 423n, 426n; U-213, 66n; U-214, 426n; U- 217, 194n; U-219, 465n; U-220, 244n, 254n, 262n, 264n; U-223, 353n; U- 226, 267n; U-127, 176n; U-129, 247n, 248n, 442n; U-230, 378n, 441n; U- 232, 210n; U-233, 285n, 410n; U-235, 415n, 576n; U-237, 576n; U-238, 320n, 322n, 328n, 346n, 426n; U-240, 387, 381n, 387n; U-241, 383n, 385n, 387n; U-245, 543n; U-247, 449n; U- 248, xxvii, 525n, 527n; U-250, 433n; U-51, 580n; U-255, 339n, 340n; U- 256, 325n; U-257, 328n; U-260, 558, 559n, 561n; U-264, 134n, 325n, 346n; U-269, 403n, 404n; U-270, 274n, 435n, 437n; U-274, 261n; U-275, 293n, 558n, 562n; U-277, 371 n, 377n; U-279, 254n; U-280, 271n; U- 282, 262n; U-283, 328n; U-284, 297n; U-286, 587n; U-287, 593; U- 288, 361n; U-292, 385n, 387n; U- 300, 549, 554n; U-302, 357n; U-305, 299n; U-306, 265n; U-307, 586n; U- 309, 415n, 543n 547n; U-315, 360n; U-317, 406n; U-322, 496n; U-327, 553n, 554n; U-329, 570n; U-332, 176n; U-333, 9n, 273n, 426n, 427n, 430n, 435n; U-335, 68n; U-336, 338n; U-339, 566n; U-340, 267n; U-341, 245n, 247n, 248n; U-342, 361n; U- 344, 442, 446n; U-347, 419n, 421n, 423n; U-348, 570n; U-350, 570n; U- 352, 39n; U-353, 91n; U-354, 442n, 446n; U-355, 361n; U-356, 116n, 436n, 500n; U-357, 113n; U-358, 331n, 333n, 435n; U-360, 312n, 350, 352n 361n; U-361, 419n, 421n, 423n; U-365, 503n; U-366, 353n, 335n; U- 371, 371n, 373n; U-372, 69n; U-373, 395n; U-376, 563n; U-377, 320n; U- 378, 253n; U-379, 68n, 71; U-380, 338n; U-382, 294n; U-383, 220n, 221n; U-385, 435n, 437n; U-386, 325n, 328n; U-388, 203n; U-389, 254n; U-390, 414n, 426n; U-391, 287n; U-392, 344n, 343n, 347n, 351n; U-399, 564n, 569n; U-402, 258n; U- 405, 262n, 267n; U-406, 324n, 325n, 328n; U-407, 279n, 455n, 457n, 458n, 459n; U-408, 105n; U-409, 213n; U-410, 338n, 373n; U-413, 325n 330n, 440n, 441n; U-415, 293n, 294n; U-416, 506n; U-419, 253n, 255n; U-420, 383n; U-421, 367n; U- 422, 252n, 254n, 258n; U-423, 399n, 401n; U-424, 322n, 328n, 346n; U- 425, 544n; U-426, 298n, 301n; U- 429, 570n; U-430, 570n; U-431, 267n, 278n; U-432, 150n, 515n; U-435, 83n, 209n; U-438, 178n; U-439, 179n; U-441, 403n; U-442, 85n; U-444, 150n, 151n; U-448, 359, 361; U-449, 204n, 207n; U-450, 338; U-453, 382n; U-454, 7n, 220n, 221n, 322n; U-455, 368n; U-456, 36n, 37n, 182; U-457, 82n, 85n; U-458, 230n, 371n; U-460, 228n, 244n, 252n, 254n, 258n, U-464, 74n; U-466, 445n; U- 468, 225n; U-470, 257n, 261n; U- 471, 434n; U-472, 333n, 335n, 338n; U-473, 371n, 373n; U-476, 383n, 385n, 387n; U-478, 411n; U-480, 440n, 441n, 548n, 550n; U-481, 261n; U-482, 448n, 450n, 522n, 535n; U-483, 480n, 540n; U-486, 583n, 584n; U-484, 540n; U-488, 228n 244n, 254n, 368n; U-489, 223n, 227n, 242n; U-490, 220n, 395n, 396n, 399n, 401n, 422n; U-499, 203n, U- 502, 57n; U-504, xix; U-505, xxii; U-506, 24n; U-507, 129n; U-510, 353n; U-513, 216n; U-515, 273, 357n, 361n; U-517, lOln; U-518, 585n, 587n; U-521, 193n; U-522, 144n; U- 525, 124n, 225n, 232n; U-526, 167n; U-531, 178n; U-533, 258n; U-536, 273n, 275n; U-540, 257n, 261n; U- 544, 305n; U-545, 328n; U-547, 400n; U-549, 391n; U-550, 360n, 365n; U- 555, 390n; U-557, 3, 4n; U-559, 96; INDEX 617 U-561, 211n, 213n; U-564, 303n, 262n; U-565, 19n; U-566, 261n; U- 568, 47n, 459n; U-571, 81n, 311n, U-574, 325n, 339n, 343n; U-581, 9n, 11; U-586, 357n, 415n, 426n; U-588, 66n; U-589, 82, 85n; U-592, 313n, 320n, 322n, 346n; U-593, 285n, 287n, 289n; U-594, 193n; U-596, 193n; U-601, 328n, 329n, 335n; U- 604, 228n; U-606, 124n; U-607, 21 In; U-608, 435n, 437n; U-610, 253n, 255n; U-613, 216n; U-616, 382n; U- 617, 239n, 242n, 377n; U-618, 435n, 437n; U-619, 91n; U-622, 216n; U- 624, 102n; U-630, xx, 178n; U-631, 178n, 257n, 261n; U-634, 236n; U- 636, 580n; U-642, 242n, 434n; U- 643, 253n, 255n; U-644, 167n; U-645, 293n; U-652, In, 21n, 24n, 49n; U- 653, 343n; U-655, 24n; U-659, 179n; U-660, 99; U-644, 169n, 228n; U- 666, 322n, 328n; U-667, 431n; U-671, 430n, 431n; U-672, 426n; U-673, 478n; U-674, 371n, 377; U-675, 383n, 385n, 387n; U-681, 558n, 559n, 562n, 566n; U-678, 414n, 415n; U- 701, 59n, 71n; U-703, 84n; U-706, 221n; U-710, 172n; U-711, 440n, 544n; U-713, 238n, 331n, 335n; U- 714, 562n,; U-715, 396n, 399n, 401n; U-718, 258n, 283n; U-722, 570n; U- 723, 267n; U-731, 378n, 382n; U-734, 320n, 328n, 346n; U-735, 518n; U- 736, 432n, U-737, 322n; U-739, 593; U-740, 395n; U-741, 436n, 441n; U- 742, 421n, 423n; U-743, 452n; U-744, 335n, U-745, xxv, 543n; U-749, 576n; U-751, 62n; U-753, 182n; U-757, 298n; U-758, 196n, 340n; U-760, 242n; U-761, 328n, 329n, 347n; U- 762, 317n 320n, 322n 328n, 346n; U-763, 430n; U-764, 398n; U-765, 371n, 373n; U-763, 398n, 400n, 406n; U-771, 492n, 499n; U-772, 569n; U-774, 575n; U-775, 500n; U- 792, 526n; U-793, 256n; U-794, 256n; 795, 526n; U-801, 342n, 344n, 347; U-804, 432n, 575n, 577n; U-806, 518n; U-821, 395n, 401n; U-840, 553n; U-841, 257n; U-842, 267n; U- 843, 575n; U-844, 257n, 261n; U- 846, 371n; U-847, 235n; U-848, 268; U-849, 278n, 279n; U-850, 295n, 518n; U-852, 371n, 372n, 373n; U- 854, 321n, 328n; U-860, 399n, 401n; U-863, 462n, 463n, 465n; U-864, 513n, 543n; U-866, 562n; U-867, 445n, 447n; U-868, 559n; U-870, 510n; U-871, 459n, 462n, 463n, 465n; U-874, 591; U-877, 519n, 515n; U-878, 559n; U-879, 581n, 583n, 585n; U-880, 581n 585n; U-884, 570n; U-921, 462n; U-927, 553n; U- 951, 213n; U-952, 434n; U-955, 395n, 399n; U-957, 312n; U-959, 371, 377n; U-960, 382n; U-961, 350n, 352n; U-963, 593; U-964, 261n; U- 965, 566n, 569n; U-966, 271n; U-967, 371n, 377n, 445n; U-968, 544n, 566n, 586n; U-969, 434n; U-970, 395n, 399n; U-971, 403n; U-972, 320n; U-973, 333n, 335n, 338n; U- 979, 589n; U-980, 396n, 399n: U- 981, 435n 437n; U-983, 242n, U-984, 406n; U-988, 406n, 411n; U-989, 543n; U-990, 329n, 385n, 387n; U- 992, 541n; U-998, 399n; U-1001, xxvi, 573n, 575n; U-1002, 554n; U- 1003, 564n, 566n; U-1004, 549n; U- 1006, 469n, 474n, 476n, 491n; U- 1014, 536n, 543n; U-1016, xxv; U- 1018, 550n, 553n, 554n; U-1020, 514n; U-1021, 569n; U-1024, 575n, 577n; U-1051, 530n, 531n, 536n; U- 1059. 344n, 347n, 477n, 478n; U- 1060. 477n, 478n, 480n; U-1061, 477n, 478n; U-1062, xxix, 463n, 465n, 477n; U-1063, 575n, 576n, 577n; U-1065, 575n, 577n; U-1105, 585n, 590n; U-1125, 406n; 1164, 426n; U-1167, 570n; U-1172, 530n, 531n, 536n; U-1191, 403n, 406n; U- 1195, 573n; U-1199, 525n, 526n; U- 1200, 488n; U-1202, 510n; U-1208, 544n, 548n; U-1209, 506n; U-1221, 572n, 576n; U-1222, 418n; U-1223, 469n; U-1226, 485n; U-1227, 465n, U-1228, 495n; U-1229, 440n; U-1235, 581n, 585n; U-1274, 582n; U-1279, 535n, 557n; U-1344, 543n; U-1405, 526n; U-1406, 526n; U-1407, 526n; U-2321, xxvi, 483; U-2323, 426n; U- 2326, xxvii; U-2328, xxvi; U-2340, 570n; U-2342, 518n; U-2344, 543n; U-2355, xxvii; U-2501, 423n; 483n; U-2532, 518n; U-2537, 518n; U-2542, 572n, 576n; U-3003, 576n; U-3505, 572n, 576n; U-3507, xv; U-3508, 570n; U-3520, 534n; U-1T 21, 445n; U-IT 22, 445n; Italian, Acciaio, 211n; Bronzo, 21 In; Dagabur, 71n; Giuliani, 40, 45-6; Granito, 99n; 618 INDEX Submarines cont. Leonardo Da Vinci, 150n; Nereide, 211n; Ondina, 60n; Perla, 60; Pietro Calvi, 61; Torrelli, 60, 62; Zafftro, 51n; Japanese, I 8, 234, 235n, 238n, 419; I 27, 320n, 322n; I 30, 78n, 79; I 34, 274; I 52, 405n, 407n; I 166, 422; RO-110, 321n, 322n; RO-113, 517 Submarine Tracking Room, xviii, ix, xx, xxiii, xxvii, xxx, xxxi, xxxii Sumatra, 422 Sundra Strait, 289 Sunderland, 565 Support Groups, 1st, xxvii; 2nd, 203, 204 Surabaya, 465, 483, 488 Swinemunde, xxv, 367, 518, 539 Syria, 33, 42, 51, 54, 204, 336 T 5 torpedo, see Gnat Takoradi, 30, 39, 41, 79, 87, 175n, 208, 239, 289-90, 321, 330, 334, 352, 355, 365, 382, 386, 391, 401 Tallinn, 410 Tampico, 53 Terbven, Josef, 591 Terceira, 264, 267, 279 Terschelling, 509 Thames, 536, 578n, 582 TINA, xiin Tjelsund, 480 Tobruk, 2, 5, 7, 47, 51, 290 Tokyo, xxv, 524 Torch, operation, 99, 101, 108, 111, 120 Toulon, 105, 197, 267, 278, 338-9, 351, 367, 415, 426, 434n, 437, 441, 445n Tours, 430 Traeger Tod U-boat group, 80 Trevose Head, 330, 380, 426, 431, 435-6, 451, 565-6 Trincomalee, 483, 585 Trinidad, 13, 35, 51, 59, 65-6, 70-1, 73, 76, 79, 83, 85, 87, 91, 95, 98, 100, 105, 110, 112-14, 116-17, 120-1, 124, 126-7, 129-31, 137, 142, 145, 148, 153, 190-1, 106-8, 210n, 213-14, 219, 236, 239, 262, 265, 339, 347-8, 415 Thring, Paymaster Captain Ernest W.C., xvii Trinity College, Cambridge, xxx Tristan de Cunha, 95 Tromso, 454 Trondheim, 8, 17, 22, 29, 36, 40, 110, 216, 238, 242, 244, 257, 381, 385, 386, 435-6, 455, 469, 478, 480, 487, 507 Tunis, 51 Tusker Rock, 544, 549 Tyne, 547 U-Boats: command of, 380-1, 398, 411; number sunk, xii; radio transmissions from, xiv, situations, xxixn xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxiv; torpedo carrier, 478; trends, xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxiv; Type II A-D, 579n; XB minelayer, 220n; Type XIV, 78, 220n; Type XVII, 526; Type XVIIA, 526; Type XVIIB, 526; Type XXI, 423, 487, 492, 495, 507, 509, 513, 518, 524, 526, 534, 543, 547, 553, 556-7, 561, 569, 571, 576, 579, 584; Type XXIII, 483, 492, 495, 507, 509, 513, 518, 524, 526, 534, 538-9, 543, 547, 553, 556-7, 565, 569, 571, 575, 577, 579, 580, 584, 585; Type Wa 201, 526n; Type Wk 202, 526n; Type Walter boat XXV, 377, 526 UK, see British Isles UK coastal waters, see British coastal waters US, see America USA, see America US Army, xxii, 372n US Army Air Force, xxii, 210n, 286, 338n, 415n, 434n, 459n, 518, 570, 572n, 576 US coast, see American coast US Navy: xi, xxiv, xxvi, xxvii, xxix; cryptographic effort, xxii, Patrol Squadron 63, 378n; TG 21.11, 391n Varanger Fjord, 498 Vest Fjord, 455 Vera Cruz, 56 Vichy, 79 Vigo, 1, 233^, 242 Virgin Rocks, 251, 347, 473-4, 484, 488 Virginia, 58, 285, 339, 361 Vizianagram, 289, 320-2 Walker, Captain F.J., 322 Walvis Bay, 93, 158, 186, 390, 392, 553-4, 557 Wanderers, operation, 399 Wanze radar detector, 244n Warships: American, Baker, 415n; Barber, 368n; Barr, 391n; Block Island, 264, 298, 341, 342n 344, 347, 373, 376, 386, 391, 478n; Bogue, 193-4, 196,198, 287n, 295n, 343, 405, 440, 442, 451, 455-6, 458; Bronstein, 342n; Buckley, 581, 583; Campbell, INDEX 619 142n, 144; Card, 221n, 225, 227-8, 232, 235, 252, 254, 257, 469, 473; Champlin, 357n; Clemson, 287; Core, 230, 235, 449, 458; Carry, 342n; Croatan, 357, 368, 387n, 395-6, 399; Donnel, 371n; DuPont, 287; Elmore, 391n; Fechteler, 371n 377; Fessenden, 463n; Fogg, 510-11; Fiske, 432n; Frost, 368n, 41 In, 518n; George E. Badger, 287n; Grandy, 365n; Guadalcanal, 305, 357, 360-1, 390-1, 423, 475; //aytar, 525n; Hubbard, 525n; /fiwe, 357n, 368n; Icarus, 39; /HC/Z, 41 In; Joyce, 365n; Le0ry, 292-3, 294n; Leopold, 339n, 340, Low, 562; LST 359, 510n; LST 921, 444n; Madison, 338n; Maryland, 44; Menges, 562n, 571n; Mission Bay, 463n; Mosely, 562n; Nea/ /I. Scoff, 587n; Offer, 287n, 525n; PC 558, 378n; Peterson, 365n; PrzWe, 562n; Ranger, 171; /toper, 30; Schenck, 293; Shanton, 581n; Snowden, 368n; Solomons, 399; Spencer, 168n; TTzesis, 53n; Thomas, 415n; Tnppe, 289n; Vforwm, 525n; Wainwright, 287; Wingfield, 531; Woolsey, 289n; ywfcow, 459, 461; Australian, Ipswich, 321 n; Launceston, 321n; British, Aberdeen, 557, 558; Aj?7ecfc, 331n, 333n, 343-4, 351, 406n, 511, 513-14, 516; Alinwick Castle, 453, 544; Amethyst, 545, 548, 550; Anguilla, 586n; Anthoney, 494-5; ,4rfc floya/, 206; Ascension, 496n; Asphodel, 339, 440n; Asturias, 217; Aubrietia, 378; ^iveizger, 82n; Ay/raer, 530, 531, 571n; Balfour, 406n; fla/i/jf, 445; £aff/er, 338-9; Bayntun, 535n, 543n; £aze/y, 580n; Begum, 437; Bentinck, 580n; Beverley, 134n, 165; Bickerton, 371n 404, 406, 442, 446; Birdlip, 400; Birmingham, 279n; £/fer, 171, 173, 180n, 182-3, 271, 359, 361; Blackfly, 378n; Blackwood, 398, 406n; Blankney, 338n; Blencathra, 338n; £//g/z, 304, 371; Bluebell, 544; Braithwaite, 535n; Brecon, 335n; Britannia, xxx; Broadway, 180n; Bulldog, 411; #K//e/z, 500; Byard, 257; £yro/z, 570, 573n; Gz/Wer, 530-1; Ca/pe, 287; Campania, 462n 500; Cape/, 513-14, 516, 548; Cassandra, 500, 503, 507; Chanticleer, 273, 275n; C7zaser, 329, 33n, 338; Co/i/i, 566, 569n; CooA:e, 41 In; Cotton, 586n; Croome, 69n; Cuckmere, 285; Curzon, 423; Daffodel, 559; Denbigh Castle, 541, 544; Domett, 41 In; Drwry, 580n; Duckworth, 41 In, 564, 566, 569n; Delverton, 39, 96; Duncan, 262; Effort, 230; £6or Wyfce, 589; Edinburgh, 36, 37; EJW/w, 423; Emerald, xxx; Eagle, 71; Eridge, 47n; £>rte, 66n; Escapade, 245; Essington, 411; Exmoor, 338; Fa/, 325; Fame, 400n; Farouk, 54n; Faulknor, 82n; Fencer, 322, 328; Findhorn, 441; Firedrake, 109n; Fitzroy, 570n, 573n; Foresight, 37n; Forester, 440n; Furious, xxx, 96; Garlies, 435n; Glasgow, 53; Goodall, 585n, 586; Goodson, 406; Gore, 331n; GoiiW, 331n, 333; Grenville, 234; Grove, 51n; Gurkha, 7; Hadliegh Castle, 491; //0rdy, 312-13; /farr, 535n; /tofy, 3; Harvester, 151; Havelock, 400n; Helmsdale, 452n; Hermione, 53, 54n; //ero, 47n, 69n; Hesperus, 6n, 112-13, 180n; Heythrop, 21n; Holcombe, 285; Holmes, 558; Hotspur, 3; Hurricane, 293, 294n; //wrsf Castle, 448n, 452n; Hurworth, 47n, 96n; Hyacinth, 60n; /earns, 525n; Implacable, 473, 478, 480; Impulsive, 82n; Inconstant, 282, 400n; 7fc/ze>z, 248n; Jaguar, 24n; tfeafs, 530, 571; tfeppe/, 328n, 350, 352; Kilmarnock, 378n; Kimberley, 5n; Kmg George K 289; AT/te, 442, 446; Kipling, 3; Laforey, 353; Lagon, 180n, 244, 245n; Lapwing, 566n; Larfc, 544, 553; Le^, 83, 84; Loc/z Craggie, 535n; Loc/z £c&, 535n, 543n; Loc/z FflJa, 550n; Loc/z Glendhu, 577n; Loc/z 7/w/i, 586n; Loc/z 427n, 430n, 576, 577; Loc/z 545; Loc/z S/zm, 536n, 586n; Lofws, 99n; Lowestoft, 331, 549; Loyalty, 441n, 444n; Lulworth, 61n; Maaloy, 353; Manners, 530-1; Matabele, 7; Mahiratta, 329, 331n, 335n; Mignonette, 525n; Mourne, 398, 406n; MM//, 356; Atooofc, 442, 446n; Mi/ad, 19; Ne/5o«, 61; A^e/te, 273; Northern Reward, 488; Northern Sun, 480, 485, 488-9; Nyasaland, 506, 510, 536n; Obdurate, 312n, 313; P/jfe, 312-3; O/15/ow, 82n; Orc/zw, 436, 440n, 441; Or/«5y, 265; 620 INDEX Warships cont. 320, 322n; Pathfinder, 79n, 171, 173; Peacock, 535n; Pelican, 359, 373; Pelard, 96n, 322n; Phoebe, 93; Pink, 406, 409; Polyanthus, 245n, 248; Portchester, 452n; Quentin, 79n; /tecm/f, 549; /tedmi//, 570n 585, 587; Relentless, 321-2; Roebuck, 339; /toyfl/ Sovereign, 459n; Rupert, 569n; Sandwich, 66n; Scavaig, 536n; S/w/i, 437; Sharpshooter, 24; S/fc/i, 69n; 5oma/i 84; Sorfc, 31; Southern Flower, 554n; Speedy, 54; Spry, 324-6; Ster/i/ig, 191, 193, 350, 352, 427, 430n, 535n; Starwort, 99; Statice, 415n; Stayner, 430n, 431; Sunflower, 262n; Swfl/e, 357; Tavy, 415; Terpsichore, 455n; Tetcott, 96n; TTiflHe, 522; Totland, 124n; Tracker, 267; Trentonian, 549, 500; Troubridge, 455n; Tynedale, 285; Vanco, 351n; Vanessa, 113n; Venus, 312n; Veraiw, 544, 548-9; Verify, 325; Vefc/i, 31; Vefera/i, 85; Viceroy, 582; Videffe, 262, 440; Viscount, 76; Victorious, 101; Vicking, 415; Vimy, 79n, 134n; Vimfex, 371n, 373, 446n, 451; W<wderer, 230,=”” 414,=”” 415n;=”” warwick,=”” 325-6,=”” 330;=”” watchman,=”” 537;=”” wensleydale,=”” 430n,=”” 431n,=”” 440n,=”” 441;=”” wescott,=”” 9,=”” 11;=”” wetaskiwin,=”” 66n;=”” whitaker,=”” 480,=”” 482,=”” 492,=”” 540;=”” w=”” goose,=”” 451;=”” wolverine,=”” 71;=”” woodpec=”” cer,=”” 325n;=”” zephyr,=”” 513,=”” 514n;=”” zw=”” w,=”” 69n;=”” canadian,=”” alberni,=”” 440,=”” annan,=”” 469;=”” calgary,=”” 273;=”” charlottetown,=”” 81;=”” chebogue,=”” 465,=”” 467;=”” clayoquot,=”” 518n;=”” dunver,=”” 450n;=”” esquimalt,=”” 580n,=”” 582,=”” 588n;=”” guysborough,=”” 559n,=”” 562;=”” hespeler,=”” kootenay,=”” la=”” hulloise,=”” 558n;=”” magog,=”” 469,=”” 470,=”” 477,=”” 484;=”” new=”” glasgow,=”” 564,=”” 566;=”” oakville,=”” 76;=”” ottawa,=”” 81,=”” regina,=”” 431n;=”” sr=”” croix,=”” 449,=”” 543n;=”” sf=”” laurent,=”” 116n;=”” thomas,=”” shawingan,=”” 495-6,=”” 507;=”” skeena,=”” stathadam,=”” swansea,=”” 359,=”” 449n;=”” tweed,=”” 229,=”” 299,=”” 300;=”” vallyfield,=”” 371n;=”” was=”” resin,=”” 329;=”” french,=”” acomf,=”” 151;=”” annamite,=”” 85;=”” georges=”” leygues,=”” 204;=”” g=”” oire,=”” l’enjoue,=”” 518;=”” senegalais,=”” tonkinois,=”” 515;=”” vicking,=”” 31n;=”” germany,=”” admiral=”” sheer,=”” 74,=”” 77;=”” bismark,=”” 294;=”” btacfc=”” wifc=”” i,=”” 480;=”” graf=”” spee,=”” 79,=”” scharnhorst,=”” 293^;=”” tirp=”” fz,=”” 17,=”” 19,=”” 418n,=”” z=”” 24,=”” 37n;=”” greek,=”” pwdos,=”” 320n;=”” indian,=”” godaviari,=”” 441n;=”” wrartfl,=”” 321n;=”” suf=”” ey,=”” 419,=”” 427;=”” italian,=”” orione,=”” 4;=”” norwegian,=”” montbretia,=”” 102n;=”” aford=”” z0v=”” 77,=”” 558;=”” 5rord,=”” 313;=”” £=”” te«=””>a, 507; Polish, Garland, 455n; Orkan, 253n; Russian, Arkhangelsk, 459; South African, Atota/, 562; Protea, 60n; Southern Maid, 60n Washington, D.C., xiv, xv, xxxii Wattenberg, Commander Jurgen, 79 Wesermuende, 572, 577 West Africa, 65, 95, 130, 210, 213, 225, 228-9, 232, 236, 251, 261, 268, 274, 283, 289, 293-5, 298-9, 302, 304, 306, 312, 316, 321, 330, 334, 339, 342, 360, 362, 369, 372, 376, 383, 390, 410-11, 431, 442, 451-2, 455, 465, 510, 539, 553, 557, 564 Western Approaches, 113, 405, 488n, 515 Western Approaches Command, xxxii, xxxiii Western Atlantic, 2, 8, 15, 17, 52, 306, 423, 576 Western Baltic, 529, 575 Western Mediterranean, 2, 71, 94, 101, 103, 105, 110 West Indies, 13, 15, 18, 21, 124, 144-5, 529 West Prussia, 529 Weymouth Bay, 514 White Sea, 5, 6, 69, 498, 500, 544 Wilhelmshuen, 533, 570, 572 Wilmington, 19, 20, 39, 68, 236 Windward Passage, 71, 76, 148, 193, 206-8, 120 Winn, Commander Rodger, ix, xvii, XXX Winterbotham, F.W., x Wolf Rock, 506-7, 510 Yokohama, 8 Yucatan Channel, 51, 59, 145,148 Zaunkonig, see gnat
Born 8 January 1939 in White Plains, New York was the son of a well-known historian of the early American republic and editor of The Papers of Alexander Hamilton,. He graduated from Columbia University in 1961, completed his MA there in 1964 and moved to the University of London, where he completed his PhD in 1966 with a thesis on “Shipping and the American War of Independence”. He became Distinguished Professor of History at Queen’s College, City University of New York .
His principal areas of interest were eighteenth-century British naval history and the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II.
He died in New York on 18 October 2004, and his widow, Elena Frangakis-Syrett, has published some of his work posthumously.
His publications include
• Shipping and the American war, 1775-83: a study of British transport organisation (Athlone Press, 1970).
• The Siege and Capture of Havana, 1762 (Navy Records Society, 1970).
• The Royal Navy in American Waters, 1775-83 ( Scolar Press, 1989).
• The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 1660-1815 (Navy Records Society, 1994).
• The Defeat of the German U-boat: the Battle of the Atlantic ( University of South Carolina Press, 1994).
• The Royal Navy in European Waters during the American Revolutionary War (University of South Carolina Press, 1998).
• The Battle of the Atlantic and Signals Intelligence: U-boat situations and trends, 1941-45 (Navy Records Society, 1998).
• The Battle of the Atlantic and Signals Intelligence: U-boat tracking papers, 1941-47 (Navy Records Society, 2002).
• The Rodney Papers, selections from the correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney, Volume I (Navy Records Society, 2005).
• Admiral Lord Howe: A Biography (Spellmount, 2006).
• The Rodney Papers: selections from the correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney, Volume II (Navy Records Society, 2007).
• Shipping and Military Power in the Seven Years War: The Sails of Victory (Liverpool University Press, 2007).
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